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Vector-pathogen interactions within the vector, Culicoides sonorensisMills, Mary Katherine January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Division of Biology / Kristin Michel / The biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis, vectors orbiviruses of economic importance, such as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Due to the limitations in available molecular tools, critical Culicoides-orbivirus interactions underlying vector competence remain unclear. To provide a foundation for the study of midge-EHDV interactions, RNA interference (RNAi) was developed as a reverse genetic tool, and EHDV-2 infection dynamics were determined within C. sonorensis. To develop RNAi, exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was injected into C. sonorensis adults specific to the C. sonorensis inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (CsIAP1) ortholog (dsCsIAP1). A significant decrease in CsIAP1 transcripts was observed in whole midges, with highest reduction in the midgut. In addition, dsCsIAP1-injected midges had increased mortality, a loss of midgut tissue integrity, and increased caspase activity. The longevity and midgut phenotypes were partially reversed by the co-injection of dsRNA specific to the C. sonorensis initiator caspase Dronc ortholog and CsIAP1. These results demonstrated that RNAi can be achieved in the midge midgut through injection of target dsRNAs into the hemolymph. Furthermore, the time course of EHDV-2 infection within C. sonorensis was characterized. EHDV-2 infection was observed in the midgut and secondary tissues, including the salivary glands, by 5 days post-feeding (dpf). These data are consistent with dissemination of EHDV-2 to secondary susceptible tissues throughout the midge via the hemolymph and indicate that virus transmission by C. sonorensis may occur as early as 5 dpf. This work provides a foundation for the future study of Culicoides-orbivirus interactions, including the antiviral role of RNAi at the midgut barrier.
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Molecular studies of the salivary glands of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)Mutti, Navdeep S. January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Gerald R. Reeck / John C. Reese / Salivary secretions are a key component of aphid-plant interactions. Aphids’ salivary proteins interact with plant tissues, gaining access to phloem sap and eliciting responses which may benefit the insect. In an effort to isolate and identify key components in salivary secretions, we created a salivary gland cDNA library. Several thousand randomly selected cDNA clones were sequenced. We grouped these sequences into 1769 sets of essentially identical sequences, or clusters. About 22% of the clusters matched clearly to (non-aphid) proteins of known function. Among our cDNAs, we have identified putative oxido-reductases and hydrolases that may be involved in the insect's attack on plant tissue. C002 represents an abundant transcript among the genes expressed in the salivary glands. This cDNA encodes a novel protein that fails to match to proteins outside of aphids and is of unknown function. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry localized C002 in the same sub-set of cells within the principal salivary gland. C002 protein was detected in fava beans that were exposed to aphids, verifying that C002 protein is a secreted protein. Injection of siC002-RNA caused depletion of C002 transcript levels dramatically over a 3 day period after injection. With a lag of 1 – 2 days, the siC002-RNA injected insects died, on average 8 days before the death of control insects injected with siRNA for green fluorescent protein. It appears, therefore, that siRNA injections of adults will be a useful tool in studying the roles of individual transcripts in aphid salivary glands.
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Suppression of African horse sickness virus NS1 protein expression in mammalian cells by short hairpin RNAsRoos, Helena Johanna 22 October 2009 (has links)
African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family, causes an acute disease in horses with a high mortality rate. AHSV encodes four nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2, NS3/NS3A), whose functions in the viral life cycle are not fully understood. The NS1 protein is the most abundantly expressed viral protein during AHSV infection and forms tubular structures within the cell cytoplasm. No function has been ascribed to these tubules to date, although it has been suggested that they may play a role in cellular pathogenesis. Studies aimed at understanding the function of NS1 have been hampered by the lack of a suitable reverse genetics system for AHSV. However, the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful tool whereby the function of individual genes can be studied. In mammalian cells, RNAi can be triggered by exposing cells to double-stranded RNA either via exogenous delivery of chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or endogenous expression of short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Consequently, the aim of this investigation was to develop a plasmid DNA vector-based RNAi assay whereby expression of the AHSV-6 NS1 gene could be suppressed in BHK-21 cell culture with shRNAs directed to the NS1 gene. To investigate, complementary oligonucleotides corresponding to selected AHSV-6 NS1 gene sequences were chemically synthesized, annealed and cloned into the pSUPER shRNA delivery vector under control of the RNA polymerase III H1 promoter. The plasmid DNA vector-expressed shRNAs targeted sequences within the NS1 gene corresponding to nucleotides 710 to 728 (shNS1-710) and 1464 to 1482 (shNS1-1464), respectively. A NS1- eGFP chimeric gene was constructed and used towards establishing a simple assay whereby the gene silencing efficiency of different RNAi effector molecules could be evaluated by analysis of the protein level visually and quantitatively by fluorometry. The effect of the NS1- directed shRNAs on AHSV-6 NS1 protein expression was subsequently evaluated by cotransfection of BHK-21 cells with the respective recombinant pSUPER shRNA delivery vectors and the NS1 reporter plasmid pCMV-NS1-eGFP. The results indicated that shNS1- 710 and shNS1-1464 suppressed NS1-eGFP expression by 19% and 9%, respectively. The potential of the NS1-directed shRNAs to suppress NS1 mRNA expression was investigated by transfection of BHK-21 cells with the respective recombinant pSUPER shRNA delivery vectors, followed by transfection with the recombinant mammalian expression vector pCMVNS1 or infection with AHSV-6. Results obtained by semi-quantitative real-time PCR assays indicated that both NS1-directed shRNAs interfered with NS1 mRNA expression, albeit to different extents in the respective assays. Taken together, these results demonstrated that AHSV-6 NS1 gene expression can be suppressed in BHK-21 cells by plasmid DNA vectorderived shRNAs and suggests that this approach may, with further optimization, be useful in determining the function of the NS1 protein in virus-infected cells. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted
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Blocking the RNA Interference Pathway Improves Oncolytic Virus TherapyAitken, Amelia January 2017 (has links)
Oncolytic viruses are novel candidates for cancer therapy and their efficacy relies on their capacity to overcome the host’s anti-viral barriers. In mammalian cells, the anti-viral response involves a protein-signaling cascade known as the interferon pathway, which alerts the immune system and limits the propagation of infection. Given that most cancer cells have defects in this pathway, they are susceptible to viral infection and responsive to oncolytic virotherapy. For reasons that remain unknown, many cancers are still refractory to oncolytic viruses, which suggests the existence of additional antiviral mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the potential involvement of an alternative antiviral pathway in cancer cells. Given that insects and plants rely on the RNA silencing pathway for their anti-viral protection, we investigated the presence of a similar mechanism in cancer cells. We found viral genome-derived small RNAs in various cancer cell lines upon infection, which is indicative of an RNA-mediated antiviral response. Also, various viruses encode suppressors of the RNA interference pathway. To determine if an oncolytic virus could benefit from such a factor, we engineered an oncolytic virus variant to encode the Nodamura virus B2 protein, a known inhibitor of RNA silencing-mediated immune responses. Using this virus, we observed enhanced cytotoxicity in 33 out of the 38 human cancer cell lines tested. Furthermore, our results show inhibition of viral genome cleavage and altered microRNA processing by our B2-expressing oncolytic virus. Taken together, our data suggests the blockade of RNA silencing antiviral pathways and/or antiviral microRNA processing improves the efficacy of our B2-encoding virus in a cell-line specific manner. Overall, our results establish the improved potential of our novel virus therapy and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of RNA pathways in the antiviral defense of cancer cells.
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Analysis of SATB1 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: SATB1 in HNSCCPanchal, Omkar Vikram 05 June 2020 (has links)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with generally poor prognosis and high mortality. The Special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a genome organizer protein that participates in regulating gene expression by acting as a trans-acting element as well as by recruiting chromatin remodeling complexes and enzymes. SATB1 is often overexpressed in cancer, and its possible role in tumour progression has been explored in several types of cancers and also suggested in HNSCC. However, its influence on molecular and cellular processes in HNSCC has not been examined, and, using primary cell lines, provided the basis of this thesis.
This is a comprehensive study of molecular and cellular processes being affected upon siRNA-mediated SATB1 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. 15 HNSCC primary cell lines were obtained from the University of Turku and screened for SATB1 mRNA levels. The comparison of SATB1 mRNA levels with location, lymph node metastasis, disease staging (TNM) or SATB2 mRNA levels revealed no association. Hence, for deeper analysis 7 primary cell lines were selected based on growth inhibitory effects upon transient SATB1 knockdown, rather than their initial SATB1 mRNA levels. Growth inhibition upon SATB1 depletion was shown in monolayer (viable cell quantitation and colony forming ability) as well as non-adherent (spheroid assay) culture conditions. In some cell lines, cell death induced by apoptosis or retardation of cell cycle progression was observed as well. Parallel to this, using the FLAVINO assay, colony forming abilities of tumour cells from patient biopsies obtained from the University Hospital of Leipzig (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery) were tested post SATB1 knockdown. For molecular analysis, effects of SATB1 knockdown on transcription rates of selected oncogenes were analyzed. Among EMT markers, N-cadherin and beta catenin levels were found reduced upon SATB1 knockdown. The transcription of HER3 and its ligands Heregulin α & β was attenuated in all the seven primary cell lines, irrespectively of the growth inhibitory effects of SATB1 knockdown. These results demonstrated the role of SATB1 in the process of EMT and in autocrine signalling. Effects of HER3 inhibition on transcription rates of SATB1 were tested as well. HER3 inhibition was achieved by Patritumab, a novel monoclonal antibody against HER3. While SATB1 transcription rates remained unchanged upon HER3 inhibition, growth inhibition assays (2D and 3D) revealed that the combined use of HER1 and HER3 inhibitory antibodies provides better tumour cell inhibition over the single treatment. Finally, antitumor effects of SATB1 knockdown were monitored in vivo in two xenograft models (UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-42B). Treatment of tumor xenograft-bearing mice with siRNAs formulated in polymeric nanoparticles revealed reduced tumour growth, based on the knockdown of SATB1 as demonstrated on the protein level.
Taken together, in this work SATB1 knockdown is demonstrated to mediate growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle retardation, negative impact on EMT and autocrine signaling and in vivo anti-tumour effects, thus highlighting the relevance of SATB1 in HNSCC.:156 pages
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Nanopartikel-vermittelter Gen-Knockdown in orthotopen und subkutanen Maus-Xenotransplantat-GlioblastommodellenSchulz, Marion 13 November 2020 (has links)
Einleitung: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) gehören zu den häufigsten und bösartigsten Hirntumoren. Eine vollständige Heilung ist derzeit noch nicht möglich. Ziele: Es wurde ein orthotopes GBM-Xenotransplantat-Modell in der Maus etabliert, optimale Durchführungsprotokolle wurden erstellt und die Wachstumskinetik der Tumoren charakterisiert. Außerdem erfolgte eine lokale therapeutische Intervention mit Komplexen aus Polymeren und siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) bzw. AntimiRs (Anti-micro-RNAs) und der Verlauf wurde mittels Biolumineszenz-imaging (BLI) überwacht. Die tumortragenden Hirne wurden immunhistochemisch untersucht. Neben der Therapie wurden erstmals Tissue Slice Cokulturen aus Maushirnen mit orthotopen Xenotransplantaten hergestellt und durch immunhistochemische Untersuchungen bezüglich des Tumorwachstums und der Invasivität in das umliegende Normalgewebe charakterisiert. Des Weiteren wurde ein subkutanes (s.c.) Xenotransplantat-Modell etabliert, dessen Tumorwachstum mittels BLI überwacht wurde, welches eine therapeutische Applikation von PEI-komplexierten siRNAs enthielt und deren Tumoren mittels Messung der Proteinkonzentration und der Lumineszenz charakterisiert wurden. Mit dieser Arbeit wurden durch die Verwendung von siRNAs bzw. AntimiRs im Rahmen der RNA-Interferenz Strategien entwickelt, mit denen eine Grundlage für die spezifisch auf ein bestimmtes Gen gerichtete GBM-Therapie geschaffen werden konnte. Tiere, Material, Methoden: In insgesamt 190 immundefizienten Mäusen wurden s.c. und orthotope Xenotransplantate aus der Reporterzelllinie G55T2-Luc-GFP hergestellt. Eine Behandlungsgruppe mit s.c. Xenotransplantaten bestand aus 7-8 Tieren. Die Behandlungsgruppe erhielt intraperitoneale (i.p.) Injektionen des PEI-siRNA-Komplexes LP10Y-siLuc3 (LP10Y: AG Aigner, Universität Leipzig, Deutschland, siLuc3: Eurogentec, Belgien), während die Negativkontrollgruppe (NC) i.p. Injektionen mit dem Komplex LP10Y-siLuc2 erhielt. Diese Behandlung erfolgte 3 x wöchentlich über 6-12 d. Das Wachstum der Tumore wurde mit BLI in vivo verfolgt und die Lumineszenz im zeitlichen Verlauf gemessen. Die Tumore wurden lysiert und deren Lumineszenz bezogen auf die Proteinkonzentration gemessen. Für das orthotope Xenotransplantat wurde eine Schraube mit Führungskanal (Screw guide, Plastics One, USA) 1 mm rostral und 2 mm lateral des Bregmas stereotaktisch implantiert. Mit einer Mikroinfusionspumpe und einer Mikrodosierspritze wurden die Zellen über den Führungskanal mit 12 µl/ h in das rechte Striatum injiziert. 5-7 d nach der Inokulation der Zellen erfolgte das Einbringen von 3 µl der PEI-AntimiR bzw. siRNA-Komplexe PEI/antimiR-155-Komplex (PEI: AG Aigner, Universität Leipzig, Deutschland, AntimiR 155-ZEN: Integrated DNA Technologies, USA) bzw. LP10Y-siPLK1 (PLK1: Eurogentec, Belgien). Die Tiere der NC wurden mit den Komplexen PEI/antimiR-NC5-Komplex bzw. LP10Y-siLuc3 behandelt. Zum Vergleich wurde eine Gruppe gar nicht behandelt. Die Behandlung erfolgte 3 x wöchentlich über 12 d. Eine Behandlungsgruppe bestand aus 10 randomisiert verteilten Tieren. Das Wachstum wurde in vivo mit BLI verfolgt. Die Hirne wurden entnommen und mit einem Vibratom Gewebeschnitte erstellt, die mit Kresylviolett gefärbt und an denen mit einer Bildbearbeitungssoftware die Tumorflächen ausgemessen wurden. Außerdem wurden mit einem Mikrotom Paraffinschnitte hergestellt und diese immunhistochemisch beurteilt. Es wurden Tissue Slice Cokulturen aus unbehandelten Tumoren und gesundem Gewebe des Striatums bzw. Cortex erstellt und aus diesen ebenfalls Paraffinschnitte hergestellt, welche immunhistochemisch beurteilt wurden. Ergebnisse: Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Tumorwachstum s.c. injizierter GBM-Zellen in vivo mit BLI verfolgt werden kann und dass die siRNA siLuc3 mit LP10Y erfolgreich in G55T2-Luc-GFP eingeschleust wurde. Bei der Untersuchung der Luciferaseaktivität bezogen auf die Proteinkonzentration der lysierten s.c. Tumoren konnte eine Reduktion der Lumineszenz in der Behandlungsgruppe nachgewiesen werden. Das orthotope Xenotransplantat-Modell wies eine Tumoranwuchsrate von bis zu 96 % und eine Mortalitätsrate von bis zu 0 % auf. Das Tumorwachstum konnte nicht in vivo mit BLI verfolgt werden, da die umliegenden Gewebe die Lumineszenz vollständig abschirmten. Bei den Behandlungen mit LP10Y-siPLK1 und dem PEI/antimiR-155-Komplex konnte histologisch eine Reduktion der Tumorgröße und immunhistochemisch Apoptose und eine Tendenz zur Reduktion der Proliferation und Migration nachgewiesen werden. In der Behandlungsgruppe mit LP10Y-siPLK1 konnte außerdem eine verminderte Expression von PLK1 im Tumorgewebe und eine gesteigerte Überlebensrate nachgewiesen werden. Mit den Tissue Slice Cokulturen konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Xenotransplantate in den verschiedenen Hirnabschnitten unterschiedliches Migrationsverhalten zeigen. Die auf dem Cortex wachsenden Tumore waren kleiner als die auf dem Striatum wachsenden Tumore, wiesen jedoch mehr Migration in das umliegende Hirngewebe und mehr raumforderndes Wachstum im Verhältnis zum nicht raumfordernden Wachstum auf. Das Verhältnis der migrierenden Zellen zur Länge des Tumors des Xenotransplantats im Cortex wies höhere Werte auf als das im Striatum. Schlussfolgerungen: LP10Y eignet sich zur Einschleusung von siRNA und könnte ein vielversprechendes Nano-Therapeutikum darstellen. Das BLI von Luciferase exprimierenden, s.c. Tumoren ist ein gutes Verfahren zur Verfolgung der Wachstumskinetik. Es scheint sich jedoch nicht zur Untersuchung der Transfektionseffizienz von PEI-Komplexen zu eignen, da die Erscheinungsform von Glioblastomen mit Einblutungen, Nekrosen und Zysten sehr verschieden sein kann. Es ist also möglich dass die Tumoren unterschiedlich viele lebende Zellen pro Volumen mit entsprechender Luciferaseaktivität aufweisen. Alternativ dazu ist das Untersuchungsmodell der Lumineszenz bezogen auf die Proteinkonzentration lysierter Tumoren ein geeignetes Verfahren für die Quantifizierung der Luciferaseaktivität und der Transfektionseffizienz von PEI-Komplexen in GBM. Das im Zuge dieser Arbeit etablierte orthotope Xenotransplantat-Modell ist ein valides Modell mit verschiedenen Eigenschaften humaner GBM. Die Ergebnisse aus den Behandlungen der orthotopen GBM mit den PEI-siRNA bzw. AntimiRKomplexen sprechen für eine gute biologische Aktivität, niedrige Zytotoxizität, eine gute Knockdowneffizienz und somit auch therapeutische Effizienz der Komplexe in vivo. Das orthotope Xenotransplantat-Modell und die Tissue Slice Cokulturen stellen geeignete, gut reproduzierbare und genetisch unmanipulierte Modelle dar, welche die Untersuchung von Wachstums- und Migrationsverhalten mit und ohne therapeutische Intervention, sowie des Behandlungserfolges erlauben. Beide Polymere könnten vielversprechende Nano-Therapeutika darstellen. Ein neues exvivo-Modell, in dem die GBM in ihrer natürlichen Umgebung gewachsen sind und sich in der Cokultur weiterhin sehr ähnlich der Originalsituation verhalten können, wurde etabliert. Für die Statistiken wurde, zum Vergleich von Gruppen, der One-Way ANOVA-Test von SigmaPlot 13 verwendet.
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Investigating the Re-initiation of Segmentation with Temporally Restricted RNAi in Tribolium castaneumKaufholz, Felix 06 July 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Gaining Focus: Using RNAi during Lens Development to Understand Emmetropization Mechanisms Found within the Diving Beetle Larvae Thermonectus MarmoratusHassert, Jennifer C. 19 November 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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Inhibition of HER Receptors Reveals Distinct Mechanisms of Compensatory Upregulation of Other HER Family Members: Basis for Acquired Resistance and for Combination TherapyGutsch, Daniela, Jenke, Robert, Büch, Thomas, Aigner, Achim 03 May 2023 (has links)
Overexpression of members of the HER/erbB transmembrane tyrosine kinase family like HER2/erbB2/neu is associated with various cancers. Some heterodimers, especially HER2/HER3 heterodimers, are particularly potent inducers of oncogenic signaling. Still, from a clinical viewpoint their inhibition has yielded only moderate success so far, despite promising data from cell cultures. This suggests acquired resistance upon inhibitor therapy as one putative issue, requiring further studies in cell culture also aiming at rational combination therapies. In this paper, we demonstrate in ovarian carcinoma cells that the RNAi-mediated single knockdown of HER2 or HER3 leads to the rapid counter-upregulation of the respective other HER family member, thus providing a rational basis for combinatorial inhibition. Concomitantly, combined knockdown of HER2/HER3 exerts stronger anti-tumor effects as compared to single inhibition. In a tumor cell line xenograft mouse model, therapeutic intervention with nanoscale complexes based on polyethylenimine (PEI) for siRNA delivery, again reveals HER3 upregulation upon HER2 single knockdown and a therapeutic benefit from combination therapy. On the mechanistic side, we demonstrate that HER2 knockdown or inhibition reduces miR-143 levels with subsequent de-repression of HER3 expression, and validates HER3 as a direct target of miR-143. HER3 knockdown or inhibition, in turn, increases HER2 expression through the upregulation of the transcriptional regulator SATB1. These counter-upregulation processes of HER family members are thus based on distinct molecular mechanisms and may provide the basis for the rational combination of inhibitors.
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Contributions of abrupt in the evolution of beetle elytraRavisankar, Padmapriyadarshini 15 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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