It has been said that Defoe's writings embody an unresolvable split between a Puritan morality and an essentially capitalist economic interest. Defoe is either a Puritan, in some cases, writing works with heavy moral and religious overtones; or he is a capitalist, disregarding the virtues of a Puritan morality in the pursuit of economic gain. This split between trade and religion becomes a central critical issue in his first novel, Robinson Crusoe. There are sections of the novel in which Crusoe meditates upon religion, virtue, God's providence, his own place in the divine scheme, or in which he reflects on his past life of sin and adventure. There are other sections in the book in which the excitement of the narrative is generated through a focus on an action-economics pattern. Thus, the reader becomes involved in Crusoe's various survival projects, his explorations of the island wilderness, even in his early trading ventures. The latter, of course, are antithetical to the religious point of view maintained throughout the novel. The split in Crusoe's character, and the concomitant split in the structure of his "autobiography," can be resolved by looking at Defoe's ideological background as it relates to the themes and structure of Robinson Crusoe. Defoe's religion is a form of Puritanism; he comes from a Presbyterian household. Therefore, his ideas on economics tend to be moralistic and conservative; he is a mercantilist, not a capitalist. In Crusoe, the main character's "capitalistic" schemes for getting quickly ahead in the world are justly punished by Providence. Providence, in this sense, is the hand of God operating as a force for moral and economic order in human affairs. Through a careful structuring of his narrative, Defoe indicates his own moral and thematic intentions. There is a religious pattern in Robinson Crusoe which manifests itself through spiritual emblemism (i.e., events can be read for their spiritual significance), traces of allegory, the actions of Providence in Crusoe's life, Crusoe's own series of moral reflections, and a structure based on the conventional patterns of the seventeenth century spiritual autobiography. In the latter, the conversion scene is always the central dramatic event, and in Crusoe, the conversion stands squarely at the center of the novel; it is the scene central to Crusoe's own development as he evolves from a "capitalist" to a moral and religious man. In all, the religious pattern gives the reader a perspective on Crusoe's economics; rather than being a capitalist and disrupting the status quo, Crusoe learns to create order and stability on his island through an application of the principles of reason and faith. Thus, the religious and economic patterns work together throughout the novel; they are not antithetical. One other basic pattern in Robinson Crusoe is that of Crusoe's growth to moral wisdom and rational knowledge. Crusoe evolves through three stages, from an early "brute" stage (Crusoe as capitalist), through reason, and finally to faith. Again, Defoe's intention is to show that reason and faith should operate to control impulsive behavior and action. Thus, this pattern blends with the religious pattern in the book, but it also indicates Defoe's knowledge of the seventeenth-century natural law philosophers. Basing himself firmly on philosophical definitions of man and nature (as found in Grotius, Hobbes, and especially Locke), Defoe structures his text in order to show Crusoe's growth into faith and rationality. The result is, of course, that Crusoe becomes an example of the "good" eighteenth-century Englishman, able to control his actions through reason and morality, and thus he becomes a force for moral order and social stability throughout the last part of the book. Robinson Crusoe, then, can be seen as a text structured to indicate a resolution of the conflict between trade and morality. Defoe reduces and simplifies a complex ideology—made up of elements of Puritanism, conservative economic theory, natural law philosophy— for purposes of fictional presentation. It is this model, reduced and simplified, that the reader must understand in order to fully comprehend Defoe's moral and economic intentions in Robinson Crusoe and, finally, to see the book as it resolves the trade-morality conflict. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

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In studying the early history of the legends, the author have found that it could be divided into three periods: 1) the period of origins, 2) the period of literary creation, and 3) the period of translation and adaptation. The last period may be said to have never reached a conclusion, for writers of many nations are still finding in the ancient legends material for poem and song.

It is the intent of this project to show that Marilynne Robinson's novel Gilead might be profitably read within the context of the rabbinical exegetical tradition of midrash. It examines Gilead as a midrashic retelling of the Abraham story in the Bible, and shows how reading it in this light illuminates some of the key theological and social concerns at play in the novel. Midrash offers a unique model for reading Gilead because it combines elements of intertextuality, narrative theology and formal exegesis. Since midrash provides the framework for such a reading of Gilead, the first chapter discusses some of the theoretical issues surrounding the practice of midrash. The second chapter traces elements of the Abraham story from Genesis as retold in Gilead. Finally, the third chapter discusses the theological and social implications of reading Gilead as a midrashic retelling of the biblical story, thereby revealing Robinson's theology which emphasizes the holiness of the everyday.

In this essay i examine the adaption process of the book Robinson Crusoe (1719) and the movie Robinson Crusoe from 1997. From my findings i will discuss the didactic potential of working with classic literature in a widened textual sense. I aim to answer the following questions: 1. What could be found in the adaption process between text and movie? 2. How can film be used as didactical tool in teaching classical literature in upper secondary school? The methods i have used in this essay are narrative method which means that you study the story as a whole and it´s parts. In specific I have studied the plot, use of time and the characters. I have found that the characters have been modernized in order to fit in a changed society. Which is also shown is the polarization of the characters´ religion. A women is added to the story which change the cultural context in comparison to the original story. I found several potential didactic dimensions; for example the use of a female character in the movie which can engage a larger audience, different living conditions and the questions of different religions.

Considerado a alternativa mais pesquisada para substituir o diesel, o biodiesel, oriundo da transesterificação, é cotado como a mais promissora opção de combustível obtido de fontes renováveis para o lugar dos ameaçados combustíveis de origem fóssil. A reação de transesterificação para produção do biodiesel pode ocorrer de forma catalítica, a mais utilizada atualmente, e não-catalítica, por meio de fluidos supercríticos. A grande diversidade de matérias-primas que pode ser usada na obtenção do biodiesel supercrítico é apenas um dos atrativos para sua produção, porém uma produção em larga escala esbarraria nos altos custos operacionais do processo. Devido ao potencial revelado nos processos supercríticos, o estudo do comportamento de fases dentro de um reator se mostra relevante ao domínio do processo, visto que pesquisas indicam que é possível balancear os custos de uma produção de biodiesel em condições supercríticas com os custos de uma produção de biodiesel com uso de catalisadores. Na termodinâmica, a modelagem é um método prático e rápido de se estimar o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) do sistema e reduzir gastos com excessivos experimentos, através de um modelo termodinâmico apropriado. Para isso, os modelos testados foram obtidos pela equação de estado (EdE) de Peng-Robinson com as regras de misturas de van der Waals com um (vdW1) e dois (vdW2) parâmetros de interação binária em sistemas formados por componentes presentes na produção do biodiesel. Utilizando a abordagem phi-phi e o método de BOLHA P, sistemas binários em condições próximas ao ponto crítico e em condições supercríticas, encontrados na literatura, foram modelados. A modelagem termodinâmica foi realizada após a aplicação de um teste de consistência termodinâmica, uma vez que foram encontradas diferenças nas propriedades críticas de um mesmo composto em diferentes referências. A adequação dos modelos termodinâmicos variou de acordo com as condições do processo, o que fará necessária uma análise específica da situação de acordo com o caso em que estiver sendo empregada. Na simulação termodinâmica, as redes neurais artificiais foram utilizadas para o ajuste computacional dos dados experimentais, produzindo os melhores resultados com a introdução dos descritores moleculares, junto às variáveis independentes do processo (temperatura e composição na fase líquida), na primeira camada de neurônios nas diversas configurações analisadas dentre as arquiteturas utilizadas, demonstrando ser uma ferramenta interessante para o estudo do equilíbrio de fases. / Considered the most researched alternative to replace the diesel fuel, the biodiesel, from transesterification, is rated as the most promising fuel option from renewable sources for the place of threatened fossil fuels. The transesterification reaction for biodiesel production can occur catalytically, commonly used, and non-catalytic, through supercritical fluids. The diversity of raw materials that can be used to obtain supercritical biodiesel is only one of the attractions for its production, but a large-scale production would encounter obstacles in the high operating costs of the process. Due to the potential revealed in the supercritical processes, the study of phase behavior in a reactor is relevant for domaining the process, since researches indicates that it is possible to balance the costs of producing biodiesel in supercritical conditions with the costs of a production of biodiesel using catalysts. In thermodynamics, modeling is a quick and practical method of estimating the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) behavior of the system and reducing expenses with excessive experiments, using an appropriated thermodynamic model. For this, the models tested were obtained by the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) with the mixture rules of van der Waals with one (vdW1) and two (vdW2) binary interaction parameters in systems formed by components present in the production of biodiesel. Using the phi-phi approach and the BOL P method, binary systems in conditions near to the critical point and under supercritical conditions, found in the literature, were modeled. The thermodynamic modeling was performed after the application of a thermodynamic consistency test, since differences were found in the critical properties of the same compound in different references. The suitability of the thermodynamic models varied according to the process conditions, which will require a specific analysis of the situation according to the case in which it is being used. In the thermodynamic simulation, the artificial neural networks were used for the computational adjustment of the experimental data, producing the best results when the molecular descriptors were used with the independent variables of the process (temperature and composition of the liquid phase) in the first layer of nodes in the different configurations analyzed among the architectures used, proving to be a tool of interest for the study of phase equilibria.

Magister Artium - MA / This thesis will critically analyse two theatrical adaptations of J. M. Coetzee's Foe (1986). Primarily, this thesis will be seeking to understand the complex relationship of the primary text to its adaptations more closely, regarding them not only as second-order versions or interpretations of the novel, but also to consider the way they may retrospectively construct new readings and understandings of the source text. This thesis will not only consider the way in which Foe is used in the adaptations but also how Robinson Crusoe (1719) influenced the adaptors and adaptive process. Theories of adaptation will be discussed, drawing extensively on work by Linda Hutcheon (2006) and Robert Stam (2005). One of the key ideas in adaptation theory is that adaptive fidelity to the source text is neither possible nor desirable, but that adaptation is a more complex, multi-layered intertextual and intermedial interplay of fictional material. One of the aims of this thesis is to ask whether or not Foe can be successfully transposed to the stage. This thesis will serve as a close analysis of the two theatrical adaptations, focusing on the beginning and endings of the respective adaptations. This research will contribute a new approach to Coetzee studies and to Foe in particular by exploring how these texts can lead to a broader understanding of Coetzee's work and the way it crosses into different media.

Considerado a alternativa mais pesquisada para substituir o diesel, o biodiesel, oriundo da transesterificação, é cotado como a mais promissora opção de combustível obtido de fontes renováveis para o lugar dos ameaçados combustíveis de origem fóssil. A reação de transesterificação para produção do biodiesel pode ocorrer de forma catalítica, a mais utilizada atualmente, e não-catalítica, por meio de fluidos supercríticos. A grande diversidade de matérias-primas que pode ser usada na obtenção do biodiesel supercrítico é apenas um dos atrativos para sua produção, porém uma produção em larga escala esbarraria nos altos custos operacionais do processo. Devido ao potencial revelado nos processos supercríticos, o estudo do comportamento de fases dentro de um reator se mostra relevante ao domínio do processo, visto que pesquisas indicam que é possível balancear os custos de uma produção de biodiesel em condições supercríticas com os custos de uma produção de biodiesel com uso de catalisadores. Na termodinâmica, a modelagem é um método prático e rápido de se estimar o comportamento do equilíbrio líquido-vapor (ELV) do sistema e reduzir gastos com excessivos experimentos, através de um modelo termodinâmico apropriado. Para isso, os modelos testados foram obtidos pela equação de estado (EdE) de Peng-Robinson com as regras de misturas de van der Waals com um (vdW1) e dois (vdW2) parâmetros de interação binária em sistemas formados por componentes presentes na produção do biodiesel. Utilizando a abordagem phi-phi e o método de BOLHA P, sistemas binários em condições próximas ao ponto crítico e em condições supercríticas, encontrados na literatura, foram modelados. A modelagem termodinâmica foi realizada após a aplicação de um teste de consistência termodinâmica, uma vez que foram encontradas diferenças nas propriedades críticas de um mesmo composto em diferentes referências. A adequação dos modelos termodinâmicos variou de acordo com as condições do processo, o que fará necessária uma análise específica da situação de acordo com o caso em que estiver sendo empregada. Na simulação termodinâmica, as redes neurais artificiais foram utilizadas para o ajuste computacional dos dados experimentais, produzindo os melhores resultados com a introdução dos descritores moleculares, junto às variáveis independentes do processo (temperatura e composição na fase líquida), na primeira camada de neurônios nas diversas configurações analisadas dentre as arquiteturas utilizadas, demonstrando ser uma ferramenta interessante para o estudo do equilíbrio de fases. / Considered the most researched alternative to replace the diesel fuel, the biodiesel, from transesterification, is rated as the most promising fuel option from renewable sources for the place of threatened fossil fuels. The transesterification reaction for biodiesel production can occur catalytically, commonly used, and non-catalytic, through supercritical fluids. The diversity of raw materials that can be used to obtain supercritical biodiesel is only one of the attractions for its production, but a large-scale production would encounter obstacles in the high operating costs of the process. Due to the potential revealed in the supercritical processes, the study of phase behavior in a reactor is relevant for domaining the process, since researches indicates that it is possible to balance the costs of producing biodiesel in supercritical conditions with the costs of a production of biodiesel using catalysts. In thermodynamics, modeling is a quick and practical method of estimating the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) behavior of the system and reducing expenses with excessive experiments, using an appropriated thermodynamic model. For this, the models tested were obtained by the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) with the mixture rules of van der Waals with one (vdW1) and two (vdW2) binary interaction parameters in systems formed by components present in the production of biodiesel. Using the phi-phi approach and the BOL P method, binary systems in conditions near to the critical point and under supercritical conditions, found in the literature, were modeled. The thermodynamic modeling was performed after the application of a thermodynamic consistency test, since differences were found in the critical properties of the same compound in different references. The suitability of the thermodynamic models varied according to the process conditions, which will require a specific analysis of the situation according to the case in which it is being used. In the thermodynamic simulation, the artificial neural networks were used for the computational adjustment of the experimental data, producing the best results when the molecular descriptors were used with the independent variables of the process (temperature and composition of the liquid phase) in the first layer of nodes in the different configurations analyzed among the architectures used, proving to be a tool of interest for the study of phase equilibria.

A partir des années 1740, sous l’action de plusieurs phénomènes comme les découvertes archéologiques, les grands travaux de Louis XV ou encore la crise des Académies, le monde de l’architecture entre dans une période de profondes mutations. Les questions d’architecture, désormais au cœur des enjeux culturels, nourrissent aussi en profondeur l’imaginaire littéraire. Nous explorons les différentes formes et figures de cet imaginaire, avec le souci d’envisager le fait architectural dans toutes ses dimensions. Comme discipline, l’architecture connaît une crise sans précédent. Le savoir architectural quitte les cercles académiques pour se diffuser largement dans la presse. Celle-ci accueille des débats nourris sur les embellissements de la capitale dont s’inspire presque directement la littérature utopique. Mais l’architecture engage aussi une pratique, un geste de construction, dont la littérature exploite la valeur symbolique. Le motif du bâti joue ainsi un rôle essentiel dans la représentation imaginaire des nouveaux rapports de l’homme à la nature – pont, ruine ou cabane figurent tantôt une lutte de l’homme dans la nature, tantôt leur fusion harmonieuse – et à la société : le geste de construire son logement engage désormais les valeurs fondamentales de l’individu moderne. Enfin, comme espace – espace pratiqué, habité – l’architecture s’impose désormais comme une composante décisive de l’imaginaire romanesque. De Rousseau à Sade, les architectures intérieures du roman, qu’elles soient vertueuses ou libertines, ne se réduisent plus à de simples décors : elles sont indissociables des projets du personnage ou des fantasmes du lecteur. / Starting in the 1740's, influenced by various factors such as archaeological discoveries, the "grands travaux" of Louis XV, and the "Academies crisis", the world of architecture entered a period of deep transformation. Questions of architecture, then at the heart of cultural debate, also nourished the literary imagination. This work explores the forms and figures of this imagination, as it relates to architecture in all of its dimensions. As a field, architecture wasexperiencing an unprecedented crisis. Architectural knowledge was shifting from academia to the general press. The press hosted substantial debates on the embellishments of the capital, Paris, which inspired utopian literature. But there was also a practical dimension to architecture, the act of construction, and literature exploited the symbolic value of this. This element also played an essential role in the imaginary representation of the new relationships between man and nature - bridges, ruins,or huts represented man's struggle againstnature or their harmonious fusion - and man and society: building one's home brought out the core values of the modern individual. Finally, as a space, worked on and lived in, architecture asserted itself as a critical component of literary imagination. From Rousseau to Sade, the internal architectures of the novel, virtuous or libertine, became more than just simple decor - they were inseparable from the character's actions or the reader's fantasies.