In this thesis, suggestion of appropriate excavation and support systems and selection of rock mass strength parameters for the determination of these systems were carried out for the &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel in Antalya. &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel is a twin tube flute shaped tunnel with 1985 m length, 12 m width, 10 m height and maximum overburden thickness of 130 m. The tunnel area consists of limestone, clayey limestone, claystone, marl and siltsone. Rock mass classification systems are used for evaluation of rock mass characteristics and estimation of strength parameters. Selection of appropriate numerical method and software tool, namely Phase2, is accomplished after an extensive literature survey. The rock mass was divided into sections according to the RMR, Q, NATM and GSI classification systems along the tunnel and excavation and support systems were determined empirically along these sections. Thereafter, geomechanical parameters (i.e. modulus of deformation Em, Hoek-Brown material constants m and s etc.) were selected based on these classification systems. Finite element analysis was carried out as the final step of the design in order to investigate deformations and stress concentrations around the tunnel, analyze interaction of support systems with excavated rock masses and verify and check the validity of empirically determined excavation and support systems. As the result of design studies accomplished along tunnel route, B1, B2, B3 and C2 type rock classes are assumed to be faced during construction of &Ccedil / ubukbeli Tunnel and appropriate excavation and support systems are proposed for these rock classes.

Most rock masses encountered in civil and mining engineering projects contain pre-existing discontinuities. These discontinuities weaken the rock masses to an extent, which depends very much on the size of engineering structure relation to discontinuity spacing. The strength and deformability of rock mass is controlled not only by the intact portion of rock, but by the characteristic of the joints that break up the mass, particularly their pattern and their orientation with respect to the in-situ stresses. In considering the effect of joints, the discrete approach emerged as an efficient tool and advocated since 1970s (Cundall, 1971). However, the numerical approach with modelling the joints explicitly has the limitation of computational complexity for modelling large-scale problems with extremely large number of joints. As an alternative to this limitation, the equivalent continuum approach models the jointed rock masses as a continuum with the equivalent properties that represent implicitly the effects of the joints. Several numerical methods have been developed by various researchers to model jointed rock masses as equivalent continuum, using various techniques. However, the existing equivalent continuum models are complicated and need more input data from experimental or field testing in order to carry out the analysis. Present approach attempts to use statistical relations, which are simple and obtained after analyzing a large data from the literature on laboratory test results of jointed rock masses. Systematic investigations were done including laboratory experiments to develop the methodologies to determine the equivalent material properties of rock mass and their stress-strain behaviour, using a hyperbolic approach (Duncan and Chang, 1970). Present study covers the development of equivalent continuum model for rock mass right from developing statistical correlations to find out equivalent material properties based on experimental results, to the implementation of the model in FLAC3D for 3-dimensional applications and subsequently verification leading to real field application involving jointed rocks. Experimental work carried out to study the strength and deformation characteristics of jointed rock by using standard laboratory tests on cylindrical specimens of plaster of Paris by introducing artificial joints. The objective was to derive the compressive strength and elastic modulus of rock mass as a function of intact rock strength/modulus and joint factor. The obtained experimental results and developed relations were compared with the previous experimental data on jointed rocks. Further, a failure criterion as proposed by Ramamurthy (1993) has been validated from these experimental results of intact and jointed rock specimens. Empirical relationships similar to Ramamurthy’s relations are established for the prediction of rock mass strength and were compared with proposed equation by Ramamurthy (1993) and are found comparable. However, the equations by Ramamurthy were based on different variety of rocks and therefore recommended for further use and were used in numerical models. For efficient application to the field problems the equivalent continuum model is implemented in the program Fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC3D). The model was rigorously validated by simulating jointed rock specimens. Element tests were conducted for both uniaxial and triaxial cases and then compared with the respective experimental results. The numerical test program includes laboratory tested cylindrical rock specimens of different rock types, from plaster of Paris representing soft rock to granite representing very hard rock. The results of the equivalent continuum modelling were also compared with explicit modelling results where joints were incorporated in the model as interfaces. To represent highly discontinuous system, the laboratory investigation on block jointed specimens of gypsum plaster (Brown and Trollope, 1970) was modelled numerically using equivalent continuum approach. To extend the applicability of the model to field applications, investigation were done by undertaking numerical modelling of two case studies underground caverns, one Nathpa Jhakri hydroelectric power cavern in Himachal Pradesh, India, and the other one Shiobara hydroelectric power cavern in Japan. This study verifies the efficiency of the present approach in estimating ground movement and stress distribution around the excavations in jointed rock masses. The modelling results were also compared with six other computation models as presented by Horii et al. (1999) for the Shiobara power house cavern. An attempt has also been made to numerically model the support system for the cavern and investigate the efficiency of reinforcements using FLAC3D. The model was also used for analyzing large scale slope in jointed rocks using the equivalent continuum model by undertaking numerical modelling of Anji bridge abutment slopes, in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Slope stability analysis is done using equivalent continuum approach for both, the original profiles as well as with the pier loads on cut profiles. Attempt was also made to exhibit the shear strength dependency of the strain though the hyperbolic stress- strain model. The shear strain developed in the slope increases with reducing the shear strength. The relationship between the shear strength reduction ratio ‘R’ and axial strain ‘ε’, for different values of failure ratio ‘Rf’ was studied and it was observed that, the value of ‘ε’ increases, as the value of ‘R’ increases especially it increases rapidly when the value ‘R’ approaches certain critical value, which varies with the value of ‘Rf’. This critical value of R is known as the critical shear strength reduction factor Rc and is highly sensitive to the confining stress. As the value of Rf increases, representing a transition from linear elastic nature to nonlinear nature, the value of critical shear strength reduction ratio also decreases. Relationship between the critical shear strength reduction ratio and the safety factor were examined to elucidate their physical meaning. It was observed that at critical value of the shear strength reduction ratio, a well defined failure shear zone developed from the toe to the crest of the slope. Intelligent models using ANNs were also developed to predict the elastic modulus of jointed rocks as an alternative to empirical equations and without predefining a mathematical model to correlate the properties.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής αποτελεί η διερεύνηση των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού και η εφαρμογή αυτών στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητας της βραχομάζας. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή, έγινε οριοθέτηση της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς του βραχώδους υλικού, διατύπωση συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των φυσικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων του καθώς και ημιποσοτική εκτίμηση της επίδρασης της ορυκτολογικής σύστασης στη διαφοροποίηση της συμπεριφοράς τους. Η επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων της έρευνας έγινε μέσω ενός «Σχεσιακού Συστήματος Διαχείρισης Φυσικών και Μηχανικών Παραμέτρων Γεωλογικών Υλικών» που σχεδιάστηκε και δημιουργήθηκε στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε σε ιζηματογενή πετρώματα, χημικά (ασβεστόλιθους) και κλαστικά (ψαμμίτες και ιλυόλιθοι του φλύσχη) που συναντώνται εκτεταμένα στη Δυτική Ελλάδα καθώς επίσης και σε μεταμορφωμένα πετρώματα (μάρμαρα). Η δειγματοληψία των ιζηματογενών πετρωμάτων επικεντρώθηκε στους σχηματισμούς που απαρτίζουν τις γεωτεκτονικές ζώνες των Εξωτερικών Ελληνίδων, οι οποίες καλύπτουν το δυτικό ήμισυ του Ελλαδικού χώρου και φιλοξενούν πλήθος τεχνικών έργων. Για τα μεταμορφωμένα, δείγματα μαρμάρων λήφθηκαν από λατομεία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας που περιλαμβάνονται στις ζώνες των Εσωτερικών Ελληνίδων. Συνολικά, στα πλαίσια της έρευνας λήφθηκαν βραχώδη τεμάχη από 62 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας από τα οποία διαμορφώθηκαν και εξετάστηκαν ως προς τις φυσικές, δυναμικές και μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες 519 δείγματα βραχώδους υλικού. Ειδικότερα πρόκειται για 33 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας σε ασβεστολιθικούς σχηματισμούς (271 δοκίμια), 22 θέσεις σε σχηματισμούς του φλύσχη (152 δοκίμια ψαμμίτη και 24 δοκίμια ιλυόλιθου) και 7 θέσεις σε μάρμαρα (72 δοκίμια). Για κάθε θέση δειγματοληψίας διαμορφώθηκαν, με εργαστηριακό αδαμαντοτρύπανο, αδαμαντοτροχό και συσκευή λείανσης, έξι δοκίμια για τον εργαστηριακό προσδιορισμό των φυσικών, των δυναμικών και των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού. Οι εργαστηριακές δοκιμές πραγματοποιήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τις προδιαγραφές της ISRM (1981), του ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ (Ε102-84) καθώς και της ASTM (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). Έτσι, συνολικά εκτελέστηκαν: • 476 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του πορώδους n (%), ξηρής πυκνότητας ρd (kN/m3), κορεσμένης πυκνότητας ρsat (kN/m3), λόγου κενών e και δείκτη κενών Iv (%). • 249 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της ταχύτητας διάδοσης των υπερήχων Vp και Vs (m/sec). • 336 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της σκληρότητας SHV. • 120 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του δείκτη σημειακής φόρτισης Is(50) (MPa). • 67 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε μοναξονική θλίψη σc (MPa) από τις οποίες οι 58 έγιναν με σύγχρονη μέτρηση των αξονικών και πλευρικών παραμορφώσεων για τον προσδιορισμό του μέτρου ελαστικότητας Ε και του λόγου Poisson ν. • 75 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε εφελκυσμό σt (MPa). • 62 τριαξονικές δοκιμές. Κατά την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών κρίθηκε σκόπιμη η προετοιμασία και παρατήρηση στο μικροσκόπιο 20 λεπτών τομών που προήλθαν από διαφορετικά δείγματα με σκοπό την καλύτερη πληροφόρηση σχετικά με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση και τη δομή των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Μετά το πέρας των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών τα αποτελέσματα αυτών συγκεντρώθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν. Ακολούθησε στατιστική επεξεργασία από την οποία προέκυψαν ιστογράμματα διακύμανσης των τιμών της κάθε παραμέτρου και οριοθετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Επιπλέον, μεταξύ των διαφόρων παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού σχεδιάστηκαν τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα συσχέτισης και προτάθηκαν εμπειρικές σχέσεις που συνδέουν αυτές. Επίσης, πολύ σημαντικές ποιοτικές και ημιποσοτικές εκτιμήσεις προέκυψαν από τη συσχέτιση των παραμέτρων αντοχής με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση των βραχωδών υλικών. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής οι παράμετροι αντοχής (αντοχή σε μοναξονική θλίψη και σταθερά mi) που υπολογίστηκαν για το βραχώδες υλικό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση κυρίως της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. Για το σκοπό αυτό εκτιμήθηκε ο Γεωλογικός δείκτης Αντοχής, GSI, σε 32 συνολικά θέσεις και προσδιορίστηκαν με τη χρήση του προγράμματος Roclab οι παράμετροι αντοχής της βραχομάζας για τις θέσεις αυτές. Στη συνέχεια και για να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της διακύμανσης των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στη συμπεριφορά της βραχομάζας υπολογίστηκαν οι παράμετροι αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητάς της με βάση τις προτεινόμενες από τη βιβλιογραφία τιμές του mi και όχι αυτές που υπολογίστηκαν εργαστηριακά. Από τη σύγκριση των δύο αποτελεσμάτων προέκυψαν χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη σημασία των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών αλλά και τη σημαντική επίδραση που έχουν οι ακριβείς τιμές των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. / The aim of this thesis is the determination of the mechanical properties of intact rock and their application to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass. There has been made an attempt to set up the boundaries in rock material behavior and to formulate empirical correlations between rock material parameters. In the frame of the current research a data base has been developed in order to file all laboratory testing results that had been conducted before in Greece by the Laboratory of Engineering Geology in University of Patras as well as the Central Public Works Laboratory. There has been recorded a total number of 5885 entries which correspond to an equal amount of rock specimens subjected to laboratory tests of their physical and/or mechanical properties. The research was focused on triaxial tests of clastic and chemical sedimentary rock specimens as well as marble rock specimens. Clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks are known to be the most widespread rock formations in Western Greece and a lot of major constructions have been made on or within these formations. Block samples were collected from 62 different sites in Greece, in order to be investigated through laboratory testing procedures. After the cutting of the samples laboratory tests were conducted in 519 cylindrical specimens. From these sites 33 were in limestones (271 specimens), 22 in flysch formations (152 sandstone specimens and 24 siltstone specimens) and 7 in marbles (72 specimens). Laboratory core drill and saw machines were used to cut the samples and end faces were ground in order to provide cylindrical specimens in size, shape and ends geometries according to testing requirements. The execution of laboratory tests was in accordance with ISRM suggested methods (1981, 1986) and ASTM standards (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). More specifically the following laboratory tests were conducted: • 476 tests for porosity n (%), ρd (kN/m3), ρsat (kN/m3), e and Iv. • 249 tests for sound velocities (Vp and Vs). • 336 SHV tests. • 120 point load tests. • 67 uniaxial compressive tests with determination of modulus of deformation E and Poisson ratio, ν (in 58 UCS tests). • 75 brazilian tests. • 62 triaxial tests for rock material constant mi determination. During the evaluation of the results of laboratory testing, 20 thin sections have been made corresponding to different samples, in order to provide all the information as far as the mineralogy and structure of the samples are concerned. Statistical analyses were used in order to evaluate the test results. The strength and deformability of the rock mass corresponding to 32 selected sites were estimated. The Geological Strength Index, GSI and the Disturbance Factor, D were estimated in each site and used as input parameters. The values of mi, also used as input parameters, were those estimated by triaxial testing in the laboratory. Additionally, in order to evaluate the impact of the mechanical parameters of intact rock to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass, rock mass parameters were estimated using the mi values proposed by relevant bibliographical references. As a result of the comparison between the two methods,the remarkable usefulness of the laboratory testing, as a means of preliminary design as well as the considerable impact of the mechanical parameters of the rock material to the strength and deformability of the rock mass have been pointed out.

Closely jointed greywacke rock masses are widespread throughout both the North and South Islands of New Zealand and much of New Zealand's infrastructure is constructed upon greywacke rock masses. This thesis deals with determining the rock mass strength of unweathered closely jointed New Zealand greywacke rock masses. Currently, the estimation of rock mass strength and deformability is reasonably well predicted through the use of such empirical failure criteria as the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and empirical expressions to predict deformability. However, previous studies upon predicting the strength and deformability of unweathered closely jointed New Zealand greywacke rock masses has shown that existing empirical methods of determining strength and deformability are unsatisfactory. The problem with predicting rock mass strength and deformability moduli of New Zealand greywacke and the lack of adequate data to calibrate a failure criterion was the starting point for this work. The objective of this thesis was to increase the knowledge of intact and defect properties of closely jointed greywacke, develop reliable rock mass data with which to calibrate a failure criterion and improve the ability to estimate the rock mass strength of greywacke rock masses. A review of existing failure criteria for rock masses was conducted and of these criteria, the Hoek-Brown rock mass failure criteria was selected to calibrate to both the intact rock and rock mass failure data, because of its broad acceptance in the rock mechanics community. A database of greywacke properties was developed based on previous studies upon unweathered greywacke around New Zealand and is attached to the thesis as an Appendix. The database included descriptions of greywacke defect properties and mechanical properties of the intact rock and joints. From this database, inputs could be justified for numerical modelling and later analyses of failure criteria. Records from the construction archives of the Benmore and Aviemore hydroelectric power projects in the South Island of New Zealand were reviewed to obtain information and results from a series of shear tests carried out on unweathered closely jointed greywacke in the 1960s. Data on rock mass strength at failure and rock mass deformability were extracted from these records to assess the predictability of the failure criterion and deformability expressions. Problems experienced during the shear tests at the Aviemore dam site created doubt as to the actual rock mass strengths achieved at failure. The behaviour of these tests was studied using the finite difference code FLAC. The work was aimed at investigating the potential for transfer of shear force between the two concrete blocks sheared in each test and the impact shear force transfer had upon the likely normal stresses beneath each block at failure. The numerical modelling results indicated that a combination of preferential failure occurring in one direction, and doubt in the actual normal load applied to the concrete blocks during testing lead to premature failure in the blocks sheared upstream. The blocks sheared in the opposite direction failed at normal stresses that are reflective of the strength of an unweathered greywacke rock mass, but these results could be explained by failure occurring along defects therefore not satisfying the assumptions of homogeneity typically required of a rock mass failure criterion. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion for intact rock was investigated by fitting it to the largest intact greywacke datasets. For a full set of test data (i.e. including tensile data), the Mostyn & Douglas (2000) variant of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion gave the best fit for a full set of rock mass data. A multiple regression method was developed which improved the fitted curve to intact data in the tensile region and gave the best estimate of tensile strength if no existing lab results for tensile strength were available. These results suggest that the Hoek-Brown failure criterion is significantly limited in its applicability to intact NZ greywacke rock. Hoek-Brown input parameters different to those suggested by Hoek et al (2002) are recommended for using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion for intact NZ greywacke. For closely jointed NZ greywacke rock masses, the results from the shear tests at Aviemore and Benmore were separated into different GSI classes and Hoek-Brown envelopes fitted to the datasets by multiple regression. Revised expressions were proposed for each Hoek-Brown input parameter (mb, s, ab) as a function of the GSI. The resulting revised Hoek-Brown failure envelopes for NZ greywacke offer a significant improvement on the existing criterion used to predict the strength of NZ greywacke intact rock and rock masses. The differences in the behaviour of the reaction blocks that failed before the test blocks and the reduction in rock strength due to sliding along defects from that predicted could be reasoned from recorded observations and the behaviour of the concrete blocks during the shear tests. This study has clearly illustrated the need for continued research in this area. This includes (1) a means of assessing the role of defects upon the shear strength of closely jointed greywacke rock mass into a failure criterion, (2) further modelling of the in-situ shear tests by a discrete element procedure to expressly determine the role of the defect on failure, (3) more testing on rock masses to obtain more data to calibrate a rock mass failure criterion, and (4) more studies on predicting the strength of extremely disturbed rock masses.

The purposes of this study are to investigate the possible effects of variables like testing depth, length to diameter ratio of the probe, presence of disturbed annulus around the borehole etc. on the derived parameters from the pressuremeter test, and to develop possible alternative methods for the determination of undrained shear strength of cohesive soils, and cohesion and internal friction angle of intermediate geomaterials. For this purpose numerical simulations of pressuremeter test were performed. In the study, it is also aimed to investigate the effect of rock quality designation (RQD) or some other rock mass parameters such as geological strength index (GSI) and rock mass rating (RMR) and intact rock strength on the deformation modulus determined from the pressuremeter test. To accomplish this task, Dikmen greywackes, weathered andesites and mudrocks exposed around Ankara - Sincan region were selected for field and laboratory studies. Empirical relationships using GSI, RMR, RQD were developed for the estimation of deformation modulus of greywackes and mudrocks cropping out around Ankara. Numerical simulations revealed the presence of disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of deformation modulus and overestimation of undrained shear strength. Test depth has no effect on the deformation modulus and undrained shear strength / the effect of length to diameter ratio of the probe on the deformation modulus is minor where as it causes overestimations of undrained shear strength. Pore pressure dissipation in low permeability soils around the pressuremeter was studied using numerical simulations. These analyses suggest that for permeabilities lower that 10-10 m/sec there is no pore pressure dissipation around the pressuremeter probe. It was determined that the inverse analysis yielded successful results for the determination of shear strength parameters of intermediate geomaterials.

When the point under consideration is not near to the source of vibration, the strains developed in the rock mass due to the passage of waves are usually of small magnitude, and within the elastic range. However, the rock mass may be subjected to a wide range of strain levels depending on the source of vibration and the wave frequency, even within the elastic limit. The present study is based on the two general conditions existing at field, long wave length propagation of waves and intermediate wavelength propagation of waves. When the wavelength of propagating wave is much longer than the joint spacing, it is referred to as long wavelength condition and is associated with propagation of low frequency waves across closely spaced joints. When wavelength of propagating wave is nearly equal to joint spacing, it is known as intermediate wavelength condition and is associated with propagation of high frequency waves. Long wave length propagation of waves has been studied by conducting laboratory experiments using Resonant Column Apparatus on developed plaster gypsum samples. The influence of joint types, joint spacing and joint orientation on wave propagation has been analyzed at three confining stresses under various strain levels. The wave velocities and damping ratios at various strain levels have been obtained and presented. Shear wave velocities are more dependent on confining stress than compression wave velocities across frictional joints whereas, compression wave velocities are more dependent on confining stress than shear wave velocities across filled joints. Wave velocities are at minimum and wave damping is at maximum across horizontal joints whereas wave velocities are at maximum and wave damping is at minimum across vertical joints. Shear wave velocity and shear wave damping are more dependent on joint orientations than compression wave velocity and compression wave damping. As Resonant Column Apparatus has some limitations in testing stiff samples, a validated numerical model has been developed using Discrete Element Method (DEM) that can provide resonant frequencies under torsional and flexural vibrations. It has been found from numerical simulations, that reduction of normal and shear stiffness of joint with increasing strain levels leads to wave velocity reduction in jointed rock mass. Intermediate wave length propagation of waves has been studied by conducting tests using Bender/ extender elements and the numerical simulations developed using 3DEC (Three Dimensional Distinct Element Code).Parametric study on energy transmission, wave velocities and wave amplitudes of shear and compression waves, has been carried out using the validated numerical model. The propagation of waves across multiple parallel joints was simulated and the phenomenon of multiple reflections of waves between joints could be observed. The transformations of obliquely incident waves on the joint have been successfully modeled by separating the transmitted transformed P and S waves. The frequency dependent behavior of jointed rocks has been studied by developing a numerical model and by applying a wide range of wave frequencies. It has been found that low frequency shear waves may involve slips of rock blocks depending on the strength of rock joint, leading to less transmission of energy; while low frequency compression waves are well transmitted across the joints. High frequency shear and compression waves experience multiple reflections and absorptions at joints.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9684635 bytes, checksum: 3491aec02ba187b7f125d21090d312b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / This paper presents a slope stability and groundwater flow analysis of rock masses of Alegria Centro and Alegria Sul pits, Samarco Mineração S.A., located in the Iron Quadrangle region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The main purpose was to characterize the mechanical properties - throughout GSI and RMR geomechanics classification methods, and hydrogeological characterization, of all rock and soil masses in the studied area, in order to produce data to support the preparation of a suitable pit design covering local particularities. This study included geological-geotechnical mapping, geotechnical drillhole logging, sampling of 45 undisturbed highly weathered block samples (classes V and VI) and drillhole core sampling. Physical and strength tests performed comprised geotechnical characterization tests, direct shear tests, uniaxial and triaxial strength tests and point load tests. To characterize the hydrogeological properties, in addition to the monitoring of groundwater level, field and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the hydraulic conductivity and frequency fractures analyzes through the Cubic Law relation. In this study slope stability analyzes were performed by limit equilibrium and analyzes of flows by the finite element method, using the software SLIDE Rocscience Inc., with the determination of the critical safety factors before and after the drawdown. / Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação da estabilidade e do fluxo subterrâneo dos maciços das cavas de expansão da Samarco Mineração S.A., denominadas Alegria Centro e Sul, localizadas na região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O principal objetivo foi realizar uma caracterização das propriedades mecânicas para as quais combinaram-se os métodos de classificação geomecânica RMR e GSI, e hidrogeológicas, dos maciços rochosos e solos existentes na área de estudo, de maneira a produzir dados que permitissem a elaboração de um projeto de cava adequado à essas características. Este estudo contou com mapeamento geológico-geotécnico, descrição geotécnica de testemunhos de sondagens rotativas, amostragem de 45 blocos indeformados de rochas de alto grau de alteração (classes V e VI) e amostragem de testemunhos de furos de sondagens. Para caracterização das propriedades de resistência foram realizados ensaios de caracterização física, ensaios de cisalhamento direto, ensaios de compressão uniaxial e triaxial e ensaios de resistência à compressão puntiforme. Para caracterização das propriedades hidrogeológicas, além do monitoramento do nível d água subterrânea, foram conduzidos ensaios para determinação da condutividade hidráulica em campo, em laboratório e análises de frequência de fraturas através da relação conhecida como Lei Cúbica. No presente estudo foram realizadas análises de estabilidades por equilíbrio limite e análises de fluxos pelo método de elementos finitos, utilizando o software SLIDE da Rocscience Inc., com a determinação dos fatores de segurança críticos antes e após o rebaixamento do nível d água.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Floriano Rodrigues de Moraes Neto.pdf: 3384428 bytes, checksum: 25598c7b69ec1f6df8596059eb0b923b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / With the accelerated occupation of the space, the use of tunnels play an important role in engineering, in this sense, the deformations control during it s construction process is very important for the best performance of tunnels. In this sense the numerical analyzes represent a likely economy in the design process. This paper uses a theory of elasticity in the FlexPDE, the same allows the solution of a system of partial differential equations using the finite elements method and producing a graphical output of the problem. In this sense simulations were performed using three-dimensional numerical deep tunnel under the elastic rock in a physical environment continuously, equivalent to the rock mass. Analyzes were made of three-dimensional numerical condition and constructive process of a circular tunnel deep in the rock. These results were compared with the elastic solution of Kirsch for a cross section corresponding to the plane strain state, showing good concordance of numerical results with the analytical. After the verification stage of the numeric model has also been given to the numerical simulation 3D and analyses based on monitoring data from the tunnel auxiliary of the Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) of Simplicio/Anta, located in Paraiba do Sul River, in the state of Rio de January - RJ. In this work were carried out measurements of convergence in various sections of the tunnel at the same time of excavation progress. These results and the parameters of characterisation, strength and deformation were colected from Vissoto Junior (2009). Finally the results of the analyzes numerical 3D were compared with the results of field, and after the adjustment of geotechnical parameters in back analyses was obtained a good concordance of numerical results with field data. In this case studied the excavation of the tunnel had a linear elastic behavior since the rock mass is of good quality and the tunnel relatively small. / Com a ocupação acelerada dos espaços superficiais, a utilização de túneis passa a desempenhar um papel importante na engenharia, neste sentido o controle de suas deformações durante o processo construtivo dos mesmos, é de vital importância para o melhor desempenho de túneis. Nesse sentido as análises numéricas representam uma provável economia na fase de projeto. Este trabalho utiliza-se a teoria da elasticidade no programa FlexPDE, o mesmo permite a solução de um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais utilizando o método de elementos finitos e produzindo uma saída gráfica do problema. Neste sentido foram realizadas simulações numéricas tridimensionais de escavação de túneis profundos em regime elástico em maciços rochosos num meio físico contínuo, equivalente ao maciço fraturado. Foram feitas análises numéricas tridimensionais da condição e processo construtivo de um túnel circular profundo escavado em rocha. Estes resultados foram comparados com a solução elástica de Kirsch para uma seção transversal correspondente ao estado de deformação plana, observando-se boa concordância dos resultados numéricos com os analíticos. Após a etapa de verificação do modelo numérico deu-se também a simulação numérica 3D e retroanálise com base em dados de monitoramento do túnel auxiliar de jusante da Usina Hidroelétrica (UHE) de Simplício/Anta, localizada no Rio Paraíba do Sul, município do Rio de Janeiro RJ. Nesta obra foram realizadas medições da convergência em diversas seções do túnel ao mesmo tempo em que ocorria o avanço da frente de escavação. Estes resultados e os parâmetros de caracterização, resistência e deformação foram retirados do trabalho de Vissoto Junior (2009). Finalmente os resultados obtidos das análises numéricas 3D foram comparados com os resultados de campo, e após o ajuste dos parâmetros geotécnicos realizados na retroanálise foi obtida uma boa concordância dos resultados numéricos com os dados de campo. Neste caso estudado a escavação do túnel teve um comportamento elástico linear já que o maciço rochoso é de boa qualidade e o túnel relativamente pequeno.

Au cours du temps, les cavités souterraines sont soumises à un vieillissement et plusieurs types de dégradation peuvent apparaitre. Les anciennes exploitations souterraines, parfois constituées d’un ou plusieurs niveaux, n’ont, sans doute, pas été conçues pour être stables à long terme. Elles ont été réalisées à une époque où n'existaient pas d'enjeux en surface, de zones de travaux, ce qui permettait d’éviter de se préoccuper des mouvements de sol induits. Elles ont pu quelquefois être totalement ou partiellement remblayées, mais pas de manière systématique. L’effondrement d'une cavité souterraine engendre la déconsolidation des niveaux supérieurs des terrains de recouvrement. Ces mécanismes peuvent provoquer en surface deux types de désordres : un affaissement ou un fontis. L'affaissement et le fontis peuvent provoquer des graves dommages aux structures et aux infrastructures en surface mais aussi mettre en péril la sécurité des populations. Les travaux de cette thèse s’articulent autour de l’étude du foisonnement, du fontis et de sa propagation dans les terrains de recouvrement.Les objectifs de cette thèse sont doubles : tout d’abord il s’agit d’étudier le foisonnement de la roche lors d’un effondrement de toit de carrières souterraines ; ensuite il s’agit de modéliser la propagation du fontis dans les terrains de recouvrement et ainsi hiérarchiser les paramètres associés à ce phénomène.La première partie de cette thèse repose sur une étude bibliographique qui récapitule les méthodes d’exploitation, méthodes d’analyse de stabilité de carrières souterraines, méthodes de prévision de la hauteur d’effondrement et estimation de foisonnement. A l’issue de cette synthèse bibliographique l’étude s’est focalisée sur les carrières souterraines à faible profondeur exploitées par chambres et piliers. Ainsi, la modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets (MED) a été choisie pour analyser l’instabilité des toits de carrières souterraines.La seconde partie s’intéresse au développement d’un modèle numérique qui a pour objectifs : d’une part, le développement d’un Programme de Discrétisation des Massifs Rocheux (PDMR) qui constitue le préprocesseur du logiciel STTAR3D et le développement d’un code permettant le calcul du coefficient de foisonnement des débris de l’effondrement. D’autre part, l’implémentation des lois de comportement sur STTAR3D.La troisième partie consiste à déterminer, d’une part les caractéristiques physico-mécaniques d’échantillons prélevés dans la carrière de la Brasserie (Paris-France), qui a été choisie pour une tester le modèle développé et d’autre part, les deux paramètres de la loi de comportement utilisée pour modéliser les contacts à savoir  et µ.Enfin, la dernière partie de ce travail est constituée des simulations numériques pour lesquelles les paramètres de la loi de comportement mesuré expérimentalement ont été introduits dans STTAR3D. Dans la première étude numérique menée, on s’intéresse à l’effet de la hauteur de chute, du rayon de l’ouverture initiale du fontis et du degré de fracturation sur le foisonnement des décombres, ainsi qu’à l’effet de la variation du foisonnement sur la hauteur de l’effondrement et sur l’affaissement. Dans un second temps, on réalise un modèle de la carrière de la Brasserie dont on calcule le comportement par simulation numérique afin d’obtenir l’affaissement en surface et la hauteur de l’effondrement qui sont comparés aux observations in-situ / Over time, the underground cavities are subjected to aging and several types of degradation can occur. The old underground cavities have probably not been designed to be stable over the long term. They have sometimes been totally or partially backfilled, but not in a systematic way. The collapse of a mine causes deconsolidation of the upper levels of the overburden. These mechanisms can cause two types of disorders on the surface: subsidence or sinkhole. Subsidence and sinkhole can cause severe damage to structures and infrastructures in surface, but also jeopardize the safety of the population.The work of this thesis revolves around the study of rock's bulking, sinkhole and its spread in the overburden. The aims of this thesis are twofold: firstly, to study the bulking of rock during the roofs mine collapse; Secondly, modeling the spread of the sinkhole in the overburden and thus to prioritize the parameters associated with this phenomenon.The first part of this thesis is a bibliographical study which summarizes the methods of exploitation, methods of analysis of stability of underground quarries, methods of prediction of the height of collapse and estimation of the bulking factor. At the end of this bibliographic synthesis, the study focused on shallow underground quarries operated by rooms and pillars. Thus, numerical modeling using the discrete element method (MED) was chosen to analyze the instability of roofs of underground quarries.The second part focuses on the development of a numerical model with the following objectives: on the one hand, the development of a Rock Mass Discretization Program (RMDP) which constitutes the preprocessor of the STTAR3D software and the development of a Code allowing calculation of the bulking factor of the rubble of collapse. On the other hand, implementation of the behavior laws on STTAR3D.The third part consists of determining, on the one hand, the physicals and mechanicals characteristics of samples taken from the quarry of the Brasserie (Paris-France), which was chosen to test the model developed. On the other hand, determining of parameters of the behavior law used for modeling the contacts, namely “” and “μ”.Finally, the last part of this work is made of numerical simulations for which the parameters of the behavior law measured experimentally have been introduced in STTAR3D. In the first numerical study, we investigate the effect of fall height, the radius of the initial opening of the sinkhole and the fracturing degree on the bulking of the rubble, as well as the effect of variation of the bulking on the collapse height and on the subsidence. In a second step, a model of the Brasserie’s mine is realized, the behavior of which is studied by numerical simulation in order to obtain the subsidence on the surface and the collapse height, which are compared with the in-situ observations

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta a aplicação das metodologias de análise de estabilidade para taludes rochosos de grande altura comumente aplicados dentro do mundo da mineração. Mostra os principais fatores que influem dentro de uma análise de estabilidade como são a determinação das propriedades geomecânicas do maciço rochoso (rocha intacta e descontinuidades) e a caracterização geológica estrutural da região estudada. Esses parâmetros geralmente são obtidos a partir de ensaios de laboratório e de campo, além da informação que fornecem os mapeamentos geológicos. Outra forma de determinar estas propriedades de resistência é através de retro-análises em regiões onde tenha ocorrido algum tipo de colapso ou pela recopilação de dados que foram utilizados em análises anteriores e possam ser extrapolados. Também é apresentado um passo a passo das distintas etapas de um estudo de estabilidade e a obtenção de dados que finalizam na aplicação de softwares especializados na área de geotécnia e geomecânica, os quais permitirão determinar e pré-visualizar os possíveis problemas de instabilidade dentro dos taludes de um pit mineiro. Serão apresentados dois tipos de análises de estabilidade, o primeiro baseado na teoria do método de equilíbrio limite, o qual procura a possível superfície crítica de deslizamento dentro de um talude e que, condiciona a estabilidade da parede aos valores do fator de segurança. A segundo análise está relacionada com um modelo numérico, o qual aplica o método de elementos distintos ou de blocos, que permite a aplicação de um modelo constitutivo que descreva o comportamento dos materiais e das descontinuidades dentro do maciço rochoso, fornecendo como resultados a pré-visualização de variação de deslocamentos e vetores de velocidade para cada etapa de escavação. / [en] This thesis presents the application of procedures for the stability analysis of high slopes commonly applied in the mining world. It presents the main parameters that influence the stability analysis: determination of the rock mass geomechanical properties (intact rock and discontinuities) and the geological structures characterization of the studied region. These parameters generally are the result of laboratory and field tests, in addition, the information about the geological mapping. Another procedure for determining the properties strength may be through a back analysis of a collapsed zone or extrapolation of a data compilation from previous analyses. Apart from strength parameter determination and concept applying of rock mechanics, this research describes step by step the different stages of a stability analysis and its obtained data, this work then finishes with a geotechnical and geomechanical software application, which will determines and previews slope stability problems for a mining pit. This thesis includes two stability analysis procedures: the first method applies the limit equilibrium theory, which looks for the critical failure surface that depends on depends on a factor of safety. The second one applies a numerical model that uses distinct element method, which through a constitutive model, describes how the materials and discontinuities behave in a rock mass, obtaining as a result, the displacement and velocity vectors for each excavation stage.