abstract: Thousands of children are being injured every day in bicycling accidents. Interventions, like Safe Routes to School, are currently in place to combat injury rates by providing programs to teach children safe biking behaviors. In order to develop effective behavioral change programs, behavior and the components of which it is composed must be understood. Attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy are important predictors of intention to perform a behavior. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which attitude, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and bike rodeo participation explain third through eighth graders' intentions to bike safely. These constructs were tested using a survey research design in a purposive sample of fifty-seven third through eighth grade students in Safe Routes to School schools in the Southwest. Students took an online survey in the computer lab at their respective schools supervised by a teacher. The study found attitudes to be comprised of three factors: happy/safe, not afraid, and calm. Overall, the model explained approximately 71% of the variance in children's intentions to bike safely, R2=.749, Adjusted R2=.713, F(7, 49)=20.854, p<.01. The significant predictors were happy/safe attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and a quadratic self-efficacy term explaining 10% (p=.019), 28% (p<.01), 18% (p<.01), and 15% (p<.01) respectively. The results of the study can be used to create future and improve current bike safety interventions for children. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Recreation and Tourism Studies 2011

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 madeirafilho_ml_me_rcla.pdf: 2123543 bytes, checksum: d090158ebbfe5d8e158ac788ba3fae22 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação discute a maneira como a reprodução do capital atinge diferentes espaços da vida na hipermodernidade, reproduzidos através de um consumo induzido pela instauração de uma cotidianidade programada. O espaço simbólico da vida transmuta-se em signo de consumo, adquirindo valor de troca, o que inclui a entrada em cena do capital imaterial, como ocorre nas festas de peão de boiadeiro, em que o espaço tornado mercadoria na contemporaneidade, sofre diversas metamorfoses, conforme se procura demonstrar aqui. A análise recai, então, sobre a sociedade da representação, em que os signos de consumo tornam-se vocabulário convencionado, permitindo nesses espaços certa identificação social, mediada, até então, pelos elementos culturais e agora tornados objetos enlatados para consumo, principal indício da existência de outro espaço que não o da festa. Assim, cabe, aqui, demonstrar as coordenadas históricas capitalistas que vêm promovendo incessantes repaginações nos espaços das festas de peão de boiadeiro / This dissertation discusses the way how the capital reproduction reaches different spaces of life in the hypermodernity, reproduced through an induced consumption by the establishment of a programmed quotidianness. The symbolic space of life changes itself into consumption sign, acquiring exchange value, what includes the extraction of the most-valuable through the nonmaterial capital, as occurs at the rodeo fests, in which the space turned into merchandize in the quotidianness, undergoes several metamorphosis, as it is tried to be demonstrate here. The analysis is focused, then, on the society of the representation, in which the consumption signs turn into agreed vocabulary, allowing in these spaces certain social identification, mediated, so far, by the cultural elements and now turned into canned objects for consumption, the main evidence of the existence of other space not the fest one. Thus, it fits, here, to demonstrate the capitalist historical coordinates which have been promoting incessant reimagining in the spaces of rodeo fests

This essay is a survey and a gender-theoretical study of Western Riders Association of Sweden(from here on: Wras) between 1982-2006. The purpose of the study is to contribute to equestrian historical research as well as gender historical research by examining Wras from a gender theoretical perspective. The aim is broken down to two research questions: • What did the organization, as well as collaboration with other organizations and authorities,look like in Wras between 1982-2006, and can this be connected to the gender structures within the association? • What was the gender structure in leading positions within Wras and in competitions held by the association between 1982 and 2006, and how did this change over time? The material in this paper consists of various documents from Wras, including documents from board meetings, results from competitions, magazines and letters. The study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative method, as both were considered necessary to fulfil the purpose of the essay. In the qualitative study texts has been interpreted and analyzed. The quantitative study has collected the number of men and women in charts and based on these figures interpreted the result.The results of the study have been compared to Hirdman's theory of gender regarding gender segregation.The survey shows that when Wras was formed in 1982, the association was male-dominated.The association invested in educating the Swedish western riders. During the 1990s, Wras cooperated with several other organizations and authorities, which in some cases led to competition and some fragmentation between western riders.During the 1990s, more women became members in Wras, having leading positions and competed. The study shows that several competition classes were feminized and became female dominated when more and more women started to compete. This mainly applied to classes that within the rodeo was gender coded as feminine, or classes where assessment was on appearance and therefor required a well-groomed horse. The classes associated with the rough work on the ranches were given a male gender coding. In America, this division between classes and gender distinction had already taken place in the western riding and rodeo, and Sweden took notice. The result shows that Hirdman's theory of gender segregation can be applied to western riding where men and women are divided according to the characteristics they are considered to have.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilnaraKNS_DISSERT.pdf: 4990943 bytes, checksum: 1f73543f3c2c265d1d74601cbd38b6cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / No decorrer dos s?culos o espa?o geogr?fico sofreu intensas transforma??es em n?vel mundial, passando a ser visto como mercadoria, portanto, revestido de valor de troca. Diante desta premissa, alguns ge?grafos ao analisar o consumo do/no espa?o t?m procurado explicar como e por que a economia, a cultura, o simb?lico e o material se encontram, demonstrando como os complexos significados e express?es do consumo, por sua vez conectados a outros espa?os e escalas, contribuem criticamente, no entendimento da rela??o entre a sociedade e o espa?o. ? importante fazermos esta an?lise, pois, estes aspectos nos ajudam a compreender como o consumo penetra no espa?o e na vida das pessoas, haja vista que as mais abastadas s?o seus principais agentes, consumindo al?m de suas necessidades. Nesse sentido, percebemos que o modo de produ??o capitalista ? respons?vel por produzir e reproduzir o espa?o garantindo a sua acumula??o e expans?o, transformando as diferentes formas espaciais, produzindo a partir dessas, novas espacialidades que envolvem desde a cultura, ?s tradi??es e os costumes da sociedade, fazendo surgir novos h?bitos de consumo e entretenimento. Nesta perspectiva, percebemos que o capital e o consumo est?o intrinsecamente ligados ao processo de massifica??o da cultura, tendo em vista a multiplicidade de objetos criados no espa?o, os quais s?o divulgados por meio da propaga??o da informa??o e da comunica??o. A cultura de massa ou Ind?stria Cultural, com o advento da tecnologia da comunica??o e da informa??o, sobrep?e-se ? cultura popular, transformando-a em um produto industrial, sendo a mesma elaborada pelos ve?culos midi?ticos, os quais est?o ligados ao capital industrial e financeiro. Inserimos neste contexto de consumo do/no espa?o e massifica??o cultural, as festas de vaquejada, consideradas um fen?meno cultural para o povo nordestino brasileiro, que teve in?cio entre os s?culos XVII e XVIII nas fazendas de gado sertanejas. Observamos que as mesmas t?m passado por v?rias transforma??es ao longo dos s?culos, quando modificada pelo capital, tornando-se, sobretudo, uma festa ou espet?culo urbano, o qual acontece em v?rias cidades da regi?o Nordeste. Diante do exposto, buscamos compreender neste trabalho as transforma??es que ocorreram nas festas de vaquejada a partir de 1980 a 2012, especialmente, nos eventos que acontecem em Maca?ba-RN, atentando-se para suas correla??es com o processo de (re)produ??o do capital no espa?o. Portanto, considerando que as transforma??es deste evento s?o evidentes no espa?o geogr?fico, neste trabalho, destacamos sua import?ncia para os nordestinos, principalmente, para os sertanejos, fazendo um resgate de sua hist?ria, observando como este evento, aos poucos, foi ganhando novos elementos e valores, perdendo suas caracter?sticas campesinas. Notamos que ao mesmo tempo em que a vaquejada produziu um novo p?blico, transformou-se, tamb?m, em um evento-espet?culo, sobretudo, urbano, influenciando a economia das cidades que organizam tais festas e, por conseguinte, no processo de reprodu??o do capital no espa?o. Ademais, o evento passou a fazer parte do contexto mercantil-regional e do calend?rio festivo de v?rias cidades nordestinas

The agricultural sector is one of the largest consumers of fresh water. With the ever-increasing problem of water scarcity, urbanization, over-population, and climate change, fresh water resources used by agriculture could be put to better use by redirecting it for drinking water purposes. In this context, many countries reuse treated urban waste water for irrigation, to overcome this problem. While this is a sustainable practice, the reuse of urban wastewater could facilitate the spread of pathogenic bacteria (or antibiotic resistant bacteria) in the subsoil region and consequently the groundwater. Since groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water, the contaminants could pose a risk to human health. Furthermore, obtaining scientific data for emerging contaminants during water reuse is the need of the hour. The objective of this work is to build a mechanistic model that can aid in the development of large-scale risk assessment models; thus facilitating the setup of water reuse regulations for the relevant pathogenic organisms. In the present study, process based models were developed and evaluated using lab scale results. Then, the relative time scales of the processes are compared, and the relative importance of the various process studies are assessed. When assessing time scales of the processes, it is kept in mind that processes with relatively fast time scales can be approximated using equilibrium models, relatively slow processes can be neglected, and only the rate limiting processes can neither be neglected or further simplified in further model development. Therefore, an idea of the rate limiting processes assessed in lab scale can serve as important tools facilitating model simplification when evaluating larger scale models. A combined experimental and modelling approach has been used to study relevant transport and reactive processes during bacteria transport through sandy sediments. The mechanistic model contained transport processes which were implemented using the advective dispersive equation. An additional straining process was added using non-linear rate law. The biological processes of decay, respiration, attachment, and growth were expressed using linear rate laws. This mechanistic model was verified using data from fully water saturated, sediment packed lab-scale column experiments. Continuous injection of tracer, microspheres, and Enterococci (in water environments with and without dissolved oxygen and nutrients) was performed. The experiment was verified for three flow velocities (0.13, 0.08 and 0.02 cm/min), and the parameter values were compared for these flow velocities using dimensionless numbers. The linear rate coefficients were converted to a dimensionless form (Peclet and Damkoehler numbers respectively) to facilitate the comparison of processes across the various flow velocities. The results indicate that the processes of attachment and growth are flow dependent. Furthermore, in the presence of dissolved oxygen, attachment of bacteria to sediment was the most influential process. Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters representing growth and respiration were influential, and care must be taken when using the results for field-scale experiments or models. These processes and parameters add new knowledge on the impact of urban wastewater reuse on the spread of pathogenic bacteria (especially resilient species like Enterococci), and emphasizes the importance of research in this area. Future work could focus on obtaining data from culture independent methods and extension of the model framework, and include (where necessary) non-linear rate laws. This will provide a critical pathway to developing a decision support framework for use by regulatory frameworks, policy makers, stakeholders, local and global environmental agencies, World Health Organization, or the United Nations.:List of Figures vii List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations xiii List of Symbols xv Summary xvii Zussamenfassung xix 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Broad Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Hypotheses and Research objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Outline of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Concepts, terminologies, and methodology 7 2.1 Concepts and terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 The vadose zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 Porosity and pore models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.4 Darcy’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Bacteria strain used and Processes Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.1 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.2 Advection and Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.3 Straining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.4 Microbial Decay and Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.5 Microbial Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.6 Microbial Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.7 Dimensionless numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Experimental design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4 Model setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 Reactive-transport modelling of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 passage through water saturated sediment columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.1 Experimental study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.2 Modeling and data analysis procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.1 Determination of hydraulic and non-reactive transport parameters (experiments E1 and E2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.2 Determination of parameters related to the bacteria transport (E3 series) . . . 45 3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.1 Physical processes (E1 and E2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.2 Biological Processes (E3 series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.6 Supplementary material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Determining the impact of flow velocities on reactive processes associated with Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.1 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.2 Model Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.1 Tracer and microsphere experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.2 Bacteria experiments - comparison of processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.4 Conclusions and Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.5 Supplementary material 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.6 Supplementary Material 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5 Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.1 Discussion and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2 Critical review, pathways towards future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Note on the commencement of the doctoral procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Übereinstimmungserklärung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 List of Publications and conference presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 / Der Agrarsektor ist einer der größten Verbraucher von Süßwasser. Angesichts der zunehmenden Wasserknappheit, der Verstädterung, der Überbevölkerung und des Klimawandels könnten die von der Landwirtschaft genutzten Süßwasserressourcen besser genutzt werden, indem sie für Trinkwasserzwecke umgewidmet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang verwenden viele Länder aufbereitetes kommunales Abwasser für die Bewässerung, um dieses Problem zu lösen. Dies ist zwar eine nachhaltige Praxis, aber die Wiederverwendung von kommunalem Abwasser könnte die Ausbreitung pathogener Bakterien (oder antibiotikaresistenter Bakterien) im Untergrund und damit im Grundwasser fördern. Da das Grundwasser eine der Hauptquellen für Trinkwasser ist, könnten diese Schadstoffe eine Gefahr für die menschliche Gesundheit darstellen. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Gebot der Stunde, wissenschaftliche Daten über neu auftretende Verunreinigungen bei der Wasserwiederverwendung zu gewinnen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein mechanistisches Modell zu erstellen, das bei der Entwicklung groß angelegter Risikobewertungsmodelle behilflich sein kann und somit die Aufstellung von Vorschriften für die Wiederverwendung von Wasser für die relevanten pathogenen Organismen erleichtert. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden prozessbasierte Modelle entwickelt und anhand von Ergebnissen im Labormaßstab bewertet. Anschließend werden die relativen Zeitskalen der Prozesse verglichen und die relative Bedeutung der verschiedenen Prozessstudien bewertet. Bei der Bewertung der Zeitskalen der Prozesse wird berücksichtigt, dass Prozesse mit relativ schnellen Zeitskalen durch Gleichgewichtsmodelle angenähert werden können, relativ langsame Prozesse können vernachlässigt werden, und nur die ratenbegrenzenden Prozesse dürfen in der weiteren Modellentwicklung weder vernachlässigt noch vereinfacht werden. Daher kann eine Vorstellung von den ratenbegrenzenden Prozessen, die im Labormaßstab bewertet werden, als wichtiges Instrument zur Vereinfachung des Modells bei der Bewertung von Modellen in größerem Maßstab dienen. Ein kombinierter experimenteller und modellierender Ansatz wurde verwendet, um relevante Transport- und reaktive Prozesse während des Bakterientransports durch sandige Sedimente zu untersuchen. Das mechanistische Modell enthielt Transportprozesse, die mit Hilfe der Advektions-Dispersions-Gleichung implementiert wurden. Ein zusätzlicher Filtrationsprozess ('straining') wurde mit Hilfe nichtlinearer Ratengesetze hinzugefügt. Die biologischen Prozesse des Zerfalls, der Atmung, der Anhaftung und des Wachstums wurden durch lineare Ratengesetze ausgedrückt. Dieses mechanistische Modell wurde anhand von Daten aus vollständig wassergesättigten, sedimentgefüllten Säulenexperimenten im Labormaßstab verifiziert. Kontinuierliche Injektion von Tracer, Mikrosphären und Enterokokken (in Wasserumgebungen mit und ohne gelösten Sauerstoff und Nährstoffe) wurde durchgeführt. Das Experiment wurde für drei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten (0,13, 0,08 und 0,02 cm/min) verifiziert, und die Parameterwerte wurden für diese Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten anhand dimensionsloser Zahlen verglichen. Die linearen Ratengesetze wurden in eine dimensionslose Form umgewandelt (Peclet- bzw. Damköhler-Zahlen), um den Vergleich der Prozesse bei den verschiedenen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten zu erleichtern. Die Konzentrationen wurden in regelmäßigen Abständen sowohl am Einlass als auch am Auslass der Kolonnen gemessen. Die überprüften Prozesse waren Advektion, Dispersion, Filtration, Zerfall, Atmung, Wachstum und Anhaftung. Der Versuch wurde für drei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten (0,13, 0,08 und 0,02 cm/min) wiederholt, und die verifizierten Parameterwerte wurden für diese Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Prozesse der Anhaftung und des Wachstums strömungsabhängig sind. Darüber hinaus war bei Vorhandensein von gelöstem Sauerstoff die Anhaftung der Bakterien an das Sediment der einflussreichste Prozess. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigte, dass die Parameter, die das Wachstum und die Atmung repräsentieren, einflussreich sind, so dass bei der Verwendung der Ergebnisse für Experimente oder Modelle im Feldmaßstab Vorsicht geboten ist. Diese Prozesse und Parameter liefern neue Erkenntnisse über die Auswirkungen der Wiederverwendung von kommunalem Abwasser auf die Ausbreitung pathogener Bakterien (insbesondere widerstandsfähiger Arten wie Enterokokken) und unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Forschung in diesem Bereich. Zukünftige Arbeiten könnten sich auf die Gewinnung von Daten aus kulturunabhängigen Methoden und die Erweiterung des Modellrahmens konzentrieren und (wo nötig) nichtlineare Parameter einbeziehen. Dies wird einen entscheidenden Weg zur Entwicklung eines Rahmens für die Entscheidungsfindung darstellen, der von Regulierungsbehörden, politischen Entscheidungsträgern, Interessengruppen sowie lokalen und globalen Umweltbehörden, der Weltgesundheitsorganisation oder den Vereinten Nationen genutzt werden kann.:List of Figures vii List of Tables xi List of Abbreviations xiii List of Symbols xv Summary xvii Zussamenfassung xix 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Broad Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Hypotheses and Research objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Outline of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Concepts, terminologies, and methodology 7 2.1 Concepts and terminologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 The vadose zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 Porosity and pore models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.4 Darcy’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Bacteria strain used and Processes Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.1 Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.2 Advection and Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2.3 Straining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.4 Microbial Decay and Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.5 Microbial Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.6 Microbial Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.7 Dimensionless numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Experimental design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4 Model setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 Reactive-transport modelling of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 passage through water saturated sediment columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.1 Experimental study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2.2 Modeling and data analysis procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.1 Determination of hydraulic and non-reactive transport parameters (experiments E1 and E2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3.2 Determination of parameters related to the bacteria transport (E3 series) . . . 45 3.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.1 Physical processes (E1 and E2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4.2 Biological Processes (E3 series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.6 Supplementary material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Determining the impact of flow velocities on reactive processes associated with Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.1 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.2 Model Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.1 Tracer and microsphere experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3.2 Bacteria experiments - comparison of processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.4 Conclusions and Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.5 Supplementary material 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.6 Supplementary Material 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5 Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.1 Discussion and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2 Critical review, pathways towards future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Note on the commencement of the doctoral procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Übereinstimmungserklärung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 List of Publications and conference presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

The Dryland Diaries is a multigenerational narrative in the epistolary style, a tale of four women, central character Luka; her mother Lenore; grandmother Charlotte; and great-grandmother Annie – cast in the Quebecoise tradition of the roman du terroir, invoking place and family, the primal terroir of a storyteller. The novel is driven by three acts of violence – the possible murder of Annie’s husband, Jordan, by her Hutterite father; the rape of Charlotte; and the probable murder of Lenore by a notorious serial killer. Set in rural Saskatchewan and Vancouver, Luka, a single mother, finds Annie’s and Charlotte’s journals in the basement of her farm home, where both her predecessors also lived. She reads their stories while attempting to come to terms with her search for her missing mother, and with her attraction to her former flame, Earl, now married. Luka learns that Jordan disappeared shortly after the Canadian government enacted conscription for farmers in the First World War, when Annie became a stud horsewoman, her daughter Charlotte born before the war ended. Letters and newspaper clippings trace the family’s life through the drought and Great Depression; then Charlotte’s diaries reveal her rape at Danceland during the Second World War. Her daughter, Lenore, grows up off-balance emotionally, and abandons her daughters. Luka returns to Vancouver and learns her mother’s fate. Told from Luka’s point of view, in first-person narrative with intercutting diary excerpts and third-person narratives, the novel examines how violence percolates through generations. It also examines how mothers influence their children, the role of art, how the natural world influences a life, and questions our definition of “home.” At its heart, the novel is a story about what makes a family a family, about choices we make toward happiness, and about how violence perpetuates itself through the generations. Inspired by Margaret Lawrence’s The Stone Angel, Carol Shields’ The Stone Diaries, and the place-particular writing of Annie Proulx and Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Dryland Diaries paints a family portrait of loss, hope and redemption, locating it on the boundaries of historical fiction, firmly within the realm of epistolary and intergenerational narrative.