SKF interndatasystem innehåller produktionsdata som har samlats i operatörsrapporter. En av kategorierna i dessa rapporter – Kassationer & Omarbete - är direkt relaterad till kvalitetsbrister. I nuläget är denna data inte använd för något specifikt ändamål. Stora mängder av data är därför insamlad och lagrad utan någon direkt nytta för företaget. En konsekvens av detta är att kassationskoderna för olika typer av defekter och var defekter hittas är felaktigt kategoriserade. Målet med detta projekt var att ta fram förslag för att minimera kvalitetsbrister i en av kanalerna i RK fabriken i SKF Göteborg. Kanalen som valdes kallas RR04. Målet var vidare att ge förslag för nya kassationskoder så att operatörer kan rapportera kvalitetsbrister på ett bättre sätt. Detta skulle göra interndata mer trovärdig och användbar fö rförbättringsarbete. Slutligen var resultaten från kanal RR04 validerade för replikering i en annan kanal i samma fabrik. Följande metoder användes under projektets gång: datainsamling från interndatasystemet, observationer av kanal RR04 och intervjuer med involverad personal. Dessutom gjordes en rotorsaksanalys och validering. Kassationskoderna som används i RR04 orsakar förvirring, slöseri med tid och att data inte blir trovärdig. Resultaten från projektet visar att operatörernas inrapporteringssystem är designat på ett sådant sätt att sannolikheten är stor att kassationskoderna inrapporteras felaktigt. Detta gäller även koderna för var kassationer hittas. Under valideringen har det visat sig att resultaten för RR04 kan replikeras i andra kanaler i samma fabrik. / SKF internal data systems contain production data that has been collected in operator reports. One of the categories in these reports - Scrap & Rework - is directly connected to non-quality issues. Currently, this data is not used for any specific purpose. Large amounts of data are therefore collected and stored with no actual benefit to the company. A consequence of this is that scrap groups for different defect types and the location where defects are found are incorrectly categorized. The purpose for this thesis project was to make suggestions for minimizing non-quality product in one of the channels at the RK factory at SKF Gothenburg. The channel chosen is called RR04. The purpose was further to suggest new defect type names so operators more correctly can report non-quality product. This would make internal data more reliable and useful. Finally, the results from channel RR04 were validated for replication on another production channel at the same factory. To accomplish the project, the following methods were used: data collection from the internal data system, observations of individual operations at RR04, and interviews with related internal personnel involved with this channel. In addition, a root cause analysis and a validation were performed. The defect type codes used at RR04 cause confusion, waste of time, and unreliable data. The results from this project show that the operator reporting system is designed in such a way making probability large for defect codes to be reported incorrectly. This is also true for codes used for the locations where defects are found. The validation shows that results obtained at RR04 can be replicated into other channels in the same factory.

<p>U radu se razmatra problematika ponašanja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja za uležištenje glavnih vretena mašina alatki i osovinskog sklopa vučenih vozila na železnici. Za definisano konstrukciono rešenje uležištenja sklopa glavnog vretena izvršena su eksperimentalna ispitivanja toplotnog ponašanja čime su provereni i potvrđeni rezultati računarskog modelovanja (2D i 3D).<br />U prvom poglavlju polazi se od značaja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja za uležištenje sklopova glavnih vretena i osovinskog sklopa vučenih vozila na železnici.<br />Konstrukcioni parametri valjkastih ležaja opisani su i objašnjeni u drugom poglavlju.<br />U trećem poglavlju izvršen je pregled stanja u oblasti u dva pravca: ponašanje sklopova glavnih vretena i osovinskih sklopova na železnici. Literaturni izvori su grupisani na one koji se bave problematikom statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja i oštećenjima ležaja.<br />Matematički modeli za analizu statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja, veka ležaja kao i programsko rešenje za određivanje veka ležaja dati su u okviru četvrtog poglavlja. Prikazan je opšti algoritam ponašanja cilindrično valjkastih ležaja, kao i agoritmi statičkog, toplotnog ponašanja i veka ležaja. Dati su modeli za određivanje nelinearne krutosti u radijalnom pravcu za valjkaste ležaje. Na osnovu Ševalove teorije rasporeda opterećenja razvijen je nelinearni model generisanja toplote u ležaju.<br />U petom poglavlju izvršeno je računarsko modelovanje statičkog i toplotnog ponašanja sklopa glavnog vretena uležištenog cilindrično valjkastim dvoredim ležajem. Analizirani su modeli dvodimenzionog i trodimenzionog sklopa glavnog vretena i određene su vrednosti temperature na vrhu vretena. Veličina konačnih elemenata imala je zanemarljiv uticaj na rezultate toplotnog ponašanja. U okviru ovog poglavlja ukazuje se na činjenicu da je predikcija toplotnog ponašanja mašine alatke uslovljena ponašanjem odgovarajućih sklopova, a posebno sklopa glavnog vretena.<br />Definisanje svih izvora generisanja toplote u osovinskom sklopu kao i njihova analiza izvršeni su u okviru poglavlja šest. Potvrđena je hipoteza da na temperaturu ležaja zanemarljiv uticaj imaju generana toplota usled kotrljanja točka po šini i generisana toplota usled kočenja u odnosu na temperaturu koja se generiše u ležaju usled obrtanja i opterećenja.<br />Sedmo poglavlje odnosi se na eksperimentalna istraživanja toplotnog ponašanja konstrukcionog rešenja sklopa glavnog vretena uležištenog cilindrično valjkastim dvoredim ležajem. Za eksperimentalna istraživanja korišćeni su savremeni merni instrumnti za merenje temperature kontaktnim i bezkontaktnim metodama.<br />Uticaj generisane toplote usled kotrljanja točka po šini i usled kočenja eksperimentalno je ispitivan termovizijskom kamerom i prikazan u poglavlju osam.<br />Na kraju je u poglavlju devet izvršena analiza eksperimentalnih i računarskih rezultata ponašanja valjkastih ležaja za glavna vretena, kao i analiza rezultata računarskog modelovanja ležaja za osovinske sklopove vučenih vozila na železnici.<br />Deseto poglavlje sadrži zaključke, na osnovu rezultata pojedinih poglavlja i izvedenih istraživanja. Nakon toga dati su pravci budućih istraživanja.<br />Jedanaesto poglavlje sadrži pregled korišćene literature, koju čini 135 literaturnih naslova od kojih je određeni broj citiran u radu.</p> / <p>The paper deals with the problem of behavior of cylindrical roller bearings for<br />loosening the main spindles of machine tools and the axle assembly of towed<br />vehicles on the rail. For the defined constructional arrangement of the<br />mounting of the main spindle assembly experimental tests of thermal<br />behavior were performed which confirmed and confirmed the results of<br />computer modeling (2D and 3D).<br />The first chapter starts from the significance of cylindrical roller bearings for<br />the installation of the main spindle assemblies and the axle assembly of<br />towed vehicles on the rail.<br />The construction parameters of roller bearings (external and internal bearing<br />geometry and bearing lubrication) are described and explained in the second<br />chapter.<br />The third chapter was conducted review of the state in the field in two<br />directions: the behavior of the main spindle assemblies and axle assemblies<br />on the rail. The papers are grouped into those dealing with problems of<br />static, thermal behavior and bearing damage.<br />Mathematical models for the analysis of static, thermal behavior, bearings life<br />as well as the software solution for determining the bearing life are given in<br />the fourth chapter. A general algorithm behavioral for cylindrical cylindrical<br />bearings, as well as and algorithm static, thermal behavior and bearing life.</p><p>Models are given for determining nonlinear stiffness in the radial direction for<br />roller bearings. Based on Sjov&auml;ll&#39;s theory of load distribution, a nonlinear<br />model of heat generation in a bearing is developed.<br />In the fifth chapter, a computer modeling of the static and thermal behavior of<br />the main spindle assembly is carried out with a double row cylindrical roller<br />bearing. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of the main<br />spindle were analyzed and the temperature values at the top of the spindle<br />were determined. The size of the finite elements had a negligible impact on<br />the results of thermal behavior. Within this chapter, it is pointed out that the<br />prediction of the thermal behavior of the machine tool is conditioned by the<br />behavior of the corresponding assemblies, and in particular the main spindle<br />assembly.</p><p>The definition of all sources of heat generation in the axle as well as their<br />analysis were carried out under Chapter six. The hypothesis was confirmed<br />that the negligible impact on the bearing temperature is due to generating<br />heat due to rolling the wheel along the rail and generated heat due to braking<br />relative to the temperature generated in the bearing due to rotation and load.<br />Chapter Seven refers to experimental investigations of the thermal behavior<br />of the construction of the main spindle assembly with cylindrically cylindrical<br />two-row bearing. For experimental measurements were used modern<br />measurement instruments for temperature measurement by contact and<br />without contact methods.<br />The influence of generated heat due to rolling of the wheel along the rail and<br />due to braking was experimentally tested by a thermal camera and shown in<br />chapter eight.<br />In the end, in chapter nine, an analysis of the experimental and computer<br />results of the behavior of roller bearings for the main spindles was<br />performed, as well as an analysis of the results of computer modeling of<br />bearings for axle assemblies of towed vehicles on the rail.<br />Chapter ten contains conclusions, based on the results of individual chapters<br />and research carried out. After that, the directions of future research are<br />given.<br />Chapter eleven contains an overview of the used literature, made up of 135<br />literary titles, of which a certain number is cited in the paper.</p>

The aim of this master thesis is the comparison of selected methods and parameters for roller bearings diagnostics. Selected statistical parameters are kurtosis, crest factor, and parameter K(t). The other selected methods are envelope analysis, cepstral analysis, and ACEP method. These methods are implemented in LabVIEW software and compared based on noise resistance, computation speed, and overall capability of identifying roller bearing faults.

This master’s thesis deals with construction design of cylindrical roller bearing for traction motor and design of life test tool for designed bearing. At the thesis beginning there is an overview of new trends in design of cylindrical roller bearing, according to new trends is designed a new construction design of cylindrical roller bearing. Other part of thesis is strain stress analysis, which assesses an optimal inclination of collar faces and optimal raceway modification of hybrid bearing rings. At the end life test will be analyzed.

This master’s thesis deals with a fatigue analysis of a roller bearing. The fatigue analysis consists of determining service-life of a roller bearing using a stress-strain analysis with finite element method and subsequent numeric calculation using software fe-safe with application of Brown-Miller multiaxial fatigue criterion. Service-life of a roller bearing is determined by number of cycles to failure in the form of pitting formation which is consequence of contact fatigue. According to calculations was found an inappropriateness of Brown-Miller criterion for high-cycle contact fatigue. Test of other available criteria was performed. Principal-Strain criterion provided the best match with ISO 281 standard.

<p dir="ltr">Rolling element bearings (REBs) are common components in rotating equipment. They are used to carry loads and allow for rotation and misalignments with minimal friction. There exists a wide variety of ball and roller bearings that are suited for a wide variety of applications. All varieties of REBs operate with the same fundamental principles: force transferred from the shaft is applied to the inner race of a bearing, distributed among the rolling elements, and passed on through the outer race to the bearing housing. Load distribution among the rolling elements and the dynamic performance of the bearing is dependent on the bearing’s specifications and operating conditions. Bearing-housing and inner race-shaft fit classifications also control the bearing radial internal clearance (RIC), which eventually affects the bearing performance and load transferred to the housing.</p><p dir="ltr">This thesis experimentally and analytically investigates the load distribution and dynamic performance of rolling elements and investigates roller slip, tilt, and skew in a spherical roller bearing (SRB) under various combinations of loads and speeds. In order to have better insight into the effect of flexible housing and shaft on load distribution and dynamics of REBs, it was experimentally investigated the variation of inner race-shaft and outer race-housing interfaces on load and pressure maps at the bearing-housing interface for four different varieties of rolling element bearing: deep groove ball bearings, angular contact ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, and spherical roller bearings. Moreover, an integrated rotor-bearing housing system model developed to examine the behaviors of the rotor, bearing, and housing operating under various conditions.</p><p dir="ltr">In order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic behavior of REBs, a full six degree of freedom SRB dynamic model was developed in MSC ADAMS software. C++ based ADAMS/Solver subroutines, called dynamic bearing model (DBM), were developed and incorporated in ADAMS to compute reaction forces and moments in a rolling element bearing. DBM is based on the discrete element method (DEM), which assumes each of the bearing elements (i.e., rolling elements, cage, inner race, and outer race) to be a rigid body with six degrees-of freedom (DOF) in a three-dimensional space. A novel test rig (spherical roller bearing test rig, SRBTR) was also designed and developed to investigate load distribution and roller slip, tilt, and skew in an SRB. The test rig utilized a double-row SRB and was designed to allow for direct visual access to each row using a high-speed camera. The dynamic behavior of the rollers was corroborated with the developed analytical model. The experimental and analytical results indicate that the roller tilt angle increases with axial load, remains constant with speed, and decreases with increasing radial load when the roller is located in the load zone. Furthermore, roller skew in the load zone increases with axial load and shaft speed; however, it decreases with the radial load. The results indicate that when the radial-to-axial load ratio is greater than 4, roller tilt and skew are minimized. Due to roller intermittent slip and roller cage pocket collision in the unload zone, tilt and skew become unpredictable. The magnitude of the tilt and skew in the unload zone is directly related to the roller-race and roller-cage pocket clearances, respectively. Another test rig (pressure mapping test rig, PMTR) was designed to solely investigate how bearing-housing and inner race-shaft interfaces affect the load distribution in REBs. Thin film pressure sensors were utilized and placed around the perimeter of the test bearings inside of a housing to experimentally evaluate the pressure distribution between REBs and a housing under different loads and bearing-shaft and bearing-housing interfaces. Pressure map results were used to evaluate the effect of radial internal clearance on the load distribution of different bearing types. Pressure map results confirmed that the amplitude of load variation reduces with the bearing internal clearance. The thin film sensor system was also used to investigate the circumferential load distribution on the housing.</p><p dir="ltr">Previous ADAMS bearing models have assumed the bearing outer race to be fixed to the ground and the bearing inner race to be attached to a rigid shaft. In order to develop a more realistic and versatile bearing simulation tool, ADAMS bearing models were combined with flexible housings and rotor. To achieve an integrated rotor-bearing housing system model, the ADAMS bearing model was coupled through a set of interface points using component-mode-synthesis (CMS) for the rotor and housing model. The bearing outer races were discretized into multiple nodes to compute the force and deformation at the bearing housing conformal contact as well as to minimize the computational requirements associated with the conformal contact problems. The integrated model was then utilized to investigate the effects of rotor flexibility in the bearing rotor system and the effect of bearing clearance and housing clearance on bearing dynamics. It was demonstrated that the flexibility of the rotor has a significant effect on bearing element motion and dynamics. The results also indicated that depending on the bearing type, the shaft deflection can induce a moment within the bearing that is not readily identifiable from elementary theory. The results showed that the flexible housing undergoes deformations that create ovality in the bearing housing, thus affecting bearing dynamics. The model was also used to investigate bearing performance in a miniature wind turbine main shaft, utilizing a combination of SRB and cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) ADAMS models. Results suggest that the axial-to-radial load ratio should be less than the tangent of the SRB contact angle to avoid premature failure due to rollers sliding in the SRB as well as detrimental parallel misalignment in the CRB.</p>

Der Vortrag stellt das neue, unendlich reibungsbehaftete Kontaktmodell der FEM-Berechnungssoftware Pro/ENGINEER Mechanica in der Version Wildfire 4.0 von PTC vor. Dabei werden sowohl die Grundlagen des reibungsfreien Kontaktes als auch die Theorie des unendlich reibungsbehafteten Kontaktmodells behandelt sowie die Grundlagen der zur numerischen Lösung in der Software verwendeten Penalty- und Newton-Raphson-Methode erläutert. Als Anwendungsbeispiel für das reibungsfreie Kontaktmodell wird ein Zylinderrollenlager vollständig mit sämtlichen Wälzkontakten für verschiedene Lager- und Einbauspiele berechnet, die Ergebnisse umfassend dargestellt sowie eine analytische Gegenrechnung nach der Hertzschen Theorie ausgeführt, die sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit der numerischen Simulation zeigt. Für das reibungsbehaftete Kontaktmodell wird exemplarisch eine geschrumpfte Welle-Nabe-Verbindung unter Torsion berechnet. Diese wird einer analytischen Lösung sowie verschiedenen 2D-Idealisierungen (ebener Spannungszustand, ebener Dehnungszustand, 2D-Axialsymmetrie) gegenübergestellt.

Der Vortrag stellt das neue, unendlich reibungsbehaftete Kontaktmodell der FEM-Berechnungssoftware Pro/ENGINEER Mechanica in der Version Wildfire 4.0 von PTC vor. Dabei werden sowohl die Grundlagen des reibungsfreien Kontaktes als auch die Theorie des unendlich reibungsbehafteten Kontaktmodells behandelt sowie die Grundlagen der zur numerischen Lösung in der Software verwendeten Penalty- und Newton-Raphson-Methode erläutert. Als Anwendungsbeispiel für das reibungsfreie Kontaktmodell wird ein Zylinderrollenlager vollständig mit sämtlichen Wälzkontakten für verschiedene Lager- und Einbauspiele berechnet, die Ergebnisse umfassend dargestellt sowie eine analytische Gegenrechnung nach der Hertzschen Theorie ausgeführt, die sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit der numerischen Simulation zeigt. Für das reibungsbehaftete Kontaktmodell wird exemplarisch eine geschrumpfte Welle-Nabe-Verbindung unter Torsion berechnet. Diese wird einer analytischen Lösung sowie verschiedenen 2D-Idealisierungen (ebener Spannungszustand, ebener Dehnungszustand, 2D-Axialsymmetrie) gegenübergestellt.