L’originalité de notre apport parmi les recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques roumaines porte sur l’analyse de la relation multidimensionnelle entre la migration et l’habitation rurale, mettant l’accent sur la compréhension du logement comme lieu de rencontre des modèles culturels différents. En effet, la maison doit être analysée comme un produit social et par rapport à la vie sociale et privée de la famille qui y réside. Donc, notre cadre théorique s’appuie sur le croisement entre l’analyse sociologique des processus migratoires et leur expression architecturale et matérielle. La question centrale de la recherche porte sur les continuités et discontinuités - observées par rapport à la tradition - qu’on trouve, après la chute du communisme, dans les habitations des migrants roumains, issus du milieu rural. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons choisi une approche anthropologique du logement, en menant des enquêtes de terrain, de type qualitatif (auprès de villageois et migrants de village de Marginea), durant les années 2009, 2010 et 2011. On remarque que les nouvelles maisons se présentent comme des formes hybrides, qui articulent les références locales aux éléments nouveaux, apportés par la migration. Ainsi, nous avons introduit deux dimensions essentielles dans l’analyse du concept de la maison du migrant: les «traces du passé» et les «traces de la migration». La première dimension se réfère aux influences des anciennes formes, modèles, pratiques, mentalité etc., alors que la deuxième dimension désigne les éléments nouveaux et les innovations qui ont pénétré dans la conception, la construction et l’utilisation des maisons. / The originality of our contribution to the Romanian sociological and anthropological research concerns the analysis of the multidimensional relation between migration and the rural dwelling, emphasizing an understanding of the house as the meeting place of the different cultural models. Indeed, the house must be analyzed as a social product, with regard to the social and private life of the family which dwells there. Thus, our theoretical frame is based on the interplay between the sociological analysis of the migratory processes and their architectural and material expression. The central question of our research concerns the continuities and the discontinuities - observed with regard to the local tradition - which we find, after the fall of the communism regime, in the houses of the Romanian migrants, of rural origin. To answer this question, we chose an anthropological approach to the house, by conducting a qualitative field research (with villagers and migrants of Marginea village), in 2009, 2010 and 2011. We noticed that the new houses appear as hybrid forms, which articulate the local models to the new elements, brought by migration. So, we introduced two essential dimensions into the analysis of the concept of the migrant house: the "traces of the past" and the "traces of the migration". The first dimension refers to the influence of the old forms, models, practices, mentalities etc., while the second dimension indicates the new elements and innovations which penetrated the house design, its construction process and its exploitation. / Originalitatea contributiei noastre noastre intre cercetarile sociologice si antropologice romanesti consta in analiza relatiei multidimensionale migratie-locuinta rurala, subliniind intelegerea locuintei migrantilor din tara de origine ca loc de intalnire a diferitelor modele culturale. Intr-adevar, casa trebuie vazuta ca un produs social si in relatie cu viata sociala si privata a familiei ce o locuieste. In consecinta, cadrul teoretic si de analiza imbina analiza sociologica a migratiei internationale cu expresia arhitecturala si materiala a acesteia. Intrebarea centrala a cercetarii priveste continuitatile si discontinuitatile - observate in raport cu modelele de dinainte de 1989 – ce se manifesta, dupa caderea regimului comunist, in proiectarea, realizarea si utilizarea locuintelor migrantilor din mediul rural. Pentru a raspunde la aceasta intrebare, am optat pentru o abordare antropologica a locuintelor migrantilor, realizand un studiu de caz in comuna Marginea, jud. Suceava. Anchetele de teren s-au desfasurat in intervalele iulie – octombrie 2009, iulie-octombrie 2010 si in august 2011. Am remarcat cum locuințele migrantilor se prezinta asemenea unor forme hibride ce combina elementele noi, aduse de migratie (« urmele migratiei »), cu referintele locale, de dinainte de 1989 (« urmele trecutului »). Am introdus astfel doua dimensiuni esentiale in analiza conceptului de locuinta a migrantului in tara de origine: « urmele trecutului » si « urmele migratiei ». Prima dimensiune se refera la influentele vechilor forme, modele, practici, mentalitati etc., in timp ce a doua dimensiune indica elementele noi si inovatiile ce au patruns in proiectarea, construirea si utilizarea acestor case.

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La thèse présentée s'inscrit dans le contexte de l'adhésion de la Roumanie à l'UE et plus largement fait le point sur la seconde décennie post-communiste (2000-2010) de l'évolution des structures agricoles de production roumaines. Dans ce contexte se pose la question des principaux facteurs d'évolution des structures et du rôle des politiques publiques d'accompagnement. Tout d'abord, le cadre théorique s'appuyant sur l'économie du développement et l'économie institutionnaliste historique est construit. Il permet d'analyser dans une première partie l'encastrement social du secteur agricole roumain, après avoir défini et caractérisé ce qui était appelé « structures agricoles de production ». Le rôle d'amortisseur social de l'activité agricole se poursuit ainsi sur la période étudiée, même si d'autres formes de régulation sont apparues (émigration nationale et internationale). On fait ensuite le constat des évolutions apparues en croisant différentes bases de données. On observe ainsi une diminution des plus petites unités au bénéfice d'exploitations moyennes. Les plus grandes entités ont elles aussi connu des diminutions de nombre et de taille, que l'on attribuera à la fin des privatisations et restitutions. La thèse tente d'identifier par la suite lesfacteurs de ces évolutions (survie et croissance) à l'aide d'un modèle économétrique en deux étapes.Enfin, une évaluation de politiques est menée sur une série de mesures identifiées pour avoir un objectif de restructuration. Il apparaît de manière globale que l' objectif intermédiaire d'absorption des fonds est privilégié à un objectif final de la politique qui est la pénétration en milieu rural de ces leviers d'action. Ainsi, si le soutien aux exploitations moyennes paraît pertinent, des limitations apparaissent dans la mise en oeuvre. Enfin la réorientation de la population agricole ne se fera pas seulement par les mesures étudiées, sous-budgétées ou dont les effets sont surestimés / This thesis deals with the context of the accession of Romania to the EU and more widely with thesecond post-communist decade (2000-2010) in which we analyse the evolution of Romanian agricultural structures. In this context, the question of the main factors of structural changes arised as well as the role of supportive public policies. Firstly, the theoretical framework based on development economics and historical institutional economics is built. It then enables in a first partthe analysis of the embeddedness of Romanian agricultural sector within its social context. In thispart, we are also define and characterize so called “agricultural production structures”. The role of agriculture as a social buffer is also observed over the period studied, in addition to other forms of regulation which have emerged (national and international migrations). Structural evolutions arethen analysed using different databases. We observed a decrease in smaller units for the benefit of the average farms. Larger farms have also known a decrease in number and in size, which we attribute to restitution and to the end of privatization. The thesis attempts to identify the factors of these evolutions (survival and growth) using an econometric model in two stages. For that purposewe are also compare the evolution of Romanian structures to those of other European countries including Hungary and Slovenia. Finally, a policy evaluation is conducted on a series of measures identified to have restructuring goal. It appears that in general the absorption of funds, the intermediate target, is prefered to rural penetration of these levers, which is the final objective of thepolicy. Thus, while support for average farms seems relevant somes limitations appear in the implementation. Finally, the reorientation of the agricultural population will not be achieved onlyby the measures studied, for they are under-budgeted or because their effects are over-estimated / Teza susţinută se deruleaza în contextul aderării României la UE, şi pe scară mai largă teza analizeaza evoluţia structurilor de producţie agricola românesti pe al doilea deceniu post-comunist(2000-2010). În acest context, se pune problema pe principalii factori de schimbare structurală şirolul politicilor publice de susţinere. In primul rând, un cadru teoretic bazat pe economie dedezvoltare şi economie istorica instituţională este construit. Multumita acestui cadru se poateanaliza într-o primă parte, sectorul agricol românesc cuprins in sfera sociala, după definirea şi caracterizarea a ceea ce sa numit "structurile agricole de producţie”. Rolul de amortizor social aagriculturii se mai observa în perioada studiată, cu toate că alte forme de regulare au apărut(emigraţia naţionala şi internaţionala). Se face apoi observarea evoluţiilor folosind diferite baze dedate. Şi se observă o reducere în unităţi mai mici în beneficiul fermelor medii. Entităţile mai mari,de asemenea, cunosc o micşorare negativa în număr şi mărime, pe care le atribuim la sfârşitul procesului de privatizare şi de restituire. Teza încearcă să identifice apoi aceşti factori (de supravieţuire şi de creştere), utilizând un model econometric în două etape. Comparam evoluţia structurilor româneşti, cu cele din alte ţări europene, inclusiv Ungaria şi Slovenia. În ultima parte, oevaluarea politică se desfăşoară pe o serie de măsuri identificate pentru a avea un obiectiv de restructurare. Se pare că, în general, absorbţia fondurilor, obiectivul intermediar, este privilegiata laprenetratie in mediu rural din aceste pârghii, obiectivul final al politicii. Astfel, în timp ce sprijinulpentru fermele medii pare relevant apar niste limitarii în punerea în aplicare. In sfirsit, reorientarea populaţiei agricole va avea loc nu numai prin măsurile studiate, care sunt sub-bugetate sau ale cărorefecte sunt supra-estimate

This study addresses the post-revolutionary history of Roma in the Romanian public sphere by examining the social construction of this minority in press and history textbooks. The objective is to illuminate synchronic and diachronic structural patterns in public texts debating Roma in order to offer a deeper understanding of the Romanian xenophobia assuming that the public debate affects the status quo of Roma. Public texts represent fruitful channels of communication through which selective social realities par excellence, stocks of knowledge and typifications are proclaimed by different societal actors. The press possess a critical function whilst history textbooks a manipulative function advocating normative historical realties par excellence. The modi operandi utilized are quantitative, qualitative content- and critical discourse analysis, which are applied in the monitoring of approximately 6000 newspapers, 197 articles (1991-2012) and 6 textbooks (2008-2014). The results indicate that the media history of Roma resembled police investigations rather than conventional journalism. Manifest and latent stereotypifications have synchronically and diachronically formed uncritical and demonizing stocks of knowledge, whose societal truths sustained the othering of Roma in press and were depicted as a force behind the destruction of [“our”] national self-image. History textbooks have offered an inexistent stock of historical knowledge omitting, e.g. the slavery and deportations of Roma but highlighting ethnocentric perspectives, patriotism and other minorities.

<p>The objectives of this thesis are to establish a chronological framework for environmental changes during the last 15,000 years in northwest Romania, to reconstruct the vegetation development, and to evaluate the underlying processes for forest dynamics. Furthermore, an overview of earlier and ongoing pollenstratigraphic work in Romania is provided. </p><p>Sediments from two former crater lakes, Preluca Tiganului and Steregoiu, situated in the Gutaiului Mountains, on the western extremity of the Eastern Carpathians at 730 m and 790 m a.s.l., respectively were obtained and analysed for high-resolution pollen, macrofossils, charcoal, mineral magnetic parameters and organic matter. The chronostratigraphic framework was provided by dense AMS ¹⁴C measurements. </p><p>Cold and dry climatic conditions are indicated by the occurrence of open vegetation with shrubs and herbs, and cold lake water prior to 14,700 cal. yr BP. The climatic improvement at the beginning of the Lateglacial interstadial (around 14,700 cal. yr BP) is seen by the development of open forests. These were dominated by <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Betula</i>, but contained also new arriving tree taxa, such as <i>Populus</i>, <i>Alnus</i> and <i>Prunus</i>. The gradual establishment of forests may have led to a stabilization of the soils in the catchment. Between ca. 14,100 and 13,800 cal. yr BP the forest density became reduced to stands of <i>Pinus</i>, <i>Betula</i>, <i>Alnus</i>, <i>Larix</i> and <i>Populus</i> trees and grassland expanded, suggesting colder climatic conditions. <i>Picea</i> arrived as a new taxon at around 13,800 cal. yr BP, and between 13,800 and 12,900 cal. yr BP, the surroundings of the sites were predominantly covered by <i>Picea </i>forest. This forest included <i>Betula</i>, <i>Pinus</i>, <i>Alnus</i>, <i>Larix</i> and <i>Populus</i> and, from 13,200 cal. yr BP onwards also <i>Ulmus</i>. At ca. 12,900 cal. yr BP, the forest became significantly reduced and at 12,600 cal. yr BP, a recurrence of open vegetation with stands of <i>Larix</i>, <i>Pinus</i>, <i>Betula</i>, <i>Salix</i> and <i>Alnus</i> is documented, lasting until 11,500 cal. yr BP. This distinct change in vegetation may by taken as a strong decline in temperature and moisture availability.</p><p>At the transition to the Holocene, at ca. 11,500 cal. yr BP, <i>Pinus</i>, <i>Betula</i> and <i>Larix</i> quickly expanded (from small local stands) and formed open forests, probably as a response to warmer and more humid climatic conditions. At 11,250 cal. yr BP<i> Ulmus</i> and <i>Picea</i> expanded and the landscape became completely forested. The rapid increase of <i>Ulmus</i> and <i>Picea</i> after 11,500 cal. yr BP may suggest the existence of small residual populations close to the study sites during the preceding cold interval. <i>Ulmus</i> was the first and most prominent deciduous taxa in the early Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains. From ca. 10,750 cal. yr BP onwards <i>Quercus,</i> <i>Tilia</i>, <i>Fraxinus </i>and <i>Acer</i> expanded and <i>Corylus</i> arrived. A highly diverse, predominantly deciduous forest with <i>Ulmus</i>, <i>Quercus</i>, <i>Tilia</i>,<i> Fraxinus</i>, <i>Acer</i>, <i>Corylus</i> and <i>Picea</i> developed between 10,700 and 8200 cal. yr BP, which possibly signifies more continental climatic conditions. The development of a <i>Picea-Corylus</i> dominated forest between 8200 and 5700 cal. yr BP is likely connected to a more humid and cooler climate. The establishment of <i>Carpinus</i> and <i>Fagus</i> was dated to 5750 cal. yr BP and 5200 cal. yr BP, respectively. The dominance of <i>Fagus</i> during the late Holocene, from 4000 cal. yr BP onwards, may have been related to cooler and more humid climatic conditions. First signs of human activities are recorded around 2300 cal. yr BP, but only during the last 300 years did local human impact become significant. </p><p>The vegetation development recorded in the Gutaiului Mountains during the Lateglacial is very similar to reconstructions based on lowland sites, whereas higher elevation sites seem not to have always experienced visible vegetation changes. The time of tree arrival and expansion during the past 11,500 cal. yr BP seems to have occurred almost synchronously across Romania. The composition of the forests during the Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains is consistent with that reconstructed at mid-elevation sites, but differs from the forest composition at higher elevations. Important differences between the Gutaiului Mountains and other studied sites in Romania are a low representation of <i>Carpinus </i>and a late and weak human impact. </p><p>The available data sets for Romania give evidence for the presence of coniferous and cold-tolerant deciduous trees before 14,700 cal. yr BP. Glacial refugia for <i>Ulmus</i> may have occurred in different parts of Romania, whereas the existence of <i>Quercu</i>s, <i>Tilia</i>, <i>Corylus</i> and <i>Fraxinus</i> has not been corroborated. </p>

This paper focuses on introduction of Romania as a potential outbound tourism destination for Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to present the real picture of Romania, pointing out some unjust prejudice against this country which can be found in Czech Republic as well as pointing out the real insufficiencies of Romania in the field of tourism which are often overlooked. This paper also contains results of on-line questionnaire which may help to create a better picture of how Romania is being perceived by the Czechs today and which are the possibilities for future developments in this area.

Cette recherche éclaire la prise de décision en politique extérieure dans la Roumanie de Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, entre 1944 et 1965. Les mécanismes en amont de la décision, les processus de sa mise en œuvre, les problématiques liées à sa réception sont analysés. La thèse étudie les relations entre acteurs impliqués - cercles dirigeants du parti et de l'État diplomates en poste à Moscou, fonctionnaires du ministère des Affaires étrangères, spécialistes des questions économiques ou conseillers soviétiques -, interroge leurs trajectoires et leurs compétences. À partir d'une influence, soviétique omniprésente, véhiculée par des canaux et des institutions multiples, il s'agit de voir comment le rapport à cette domination est renversé. Les acteurs du processus décisionnel, structurés en réseaux coopératifs ou concurrents, en cercles d'allégeances et d'intérêt, contribuent à une prise de décision diplomatique inextricablement liée à des enjeux de politique intérieure. Dans le cercle restreint du Secrétariat et du Bureau politique, la lutte interne pour le pouvoir constitue d'abord un moteur de la soviétisation, puis de la désatellisation économique et de l'émancipation de la diplomatie roumaine. À destination de la puissance tutélaire soviétique, ainsi que de l'opinion roumaine et internationale, la politique extérieure devient un outil de consolidation, pour un régime et des dirigeants qui souffrent, initialement, d'un déficit de reconnaissance. Elle alimente un discours de légitimation politique, dont l'orientation nationale prend appui sur la mobilisation des masses et de l'opinion et qui revêt parfois les apparences d'une prise en compte des aspirations populaires. / This research sheds light on the decision-making in foreign policy in Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's Romania, from 1944 to 1965. The mechanisms of the decision, its implementation and the issues related to its reception are discussed all through the analysis, as well as different categories of actors : the ruling circles of the Party and of the State, diplomats in Moscow, officials of Foreign affairs Ministry, economy specialists and Soviet advisors. The point is to study these actors' trajectories and to question their skills. Starting from a situation where the Soviet influence and interests are pervasive through multiple channels and institutions, it is shown how the relation to the Soviet domination is reversed. The actors involved in the decision-making process, organized in cooperative or competitive networks and in circles of loyalty and interest, contribute to diplomatic decisions that are inextricably linked to domestic policy issues. In the inner circle of the Secretariat and of the Politburo, the internal struggle for power is to be seen as an impulse first for Sovietization and then for economic desatellisation and for diplomatic emancipation. Foreign policy becomes a powerful tool of consolidation for a regime and for leaders who initially suffer from a serious lack of recognition, both toward Soviet power and toward Romanian and international public opinions. It supplies a discourse of political legitimization whose nationalist accents are first perceptible and then resolute. Based on mass and opinion mobilization, this discourse sometimes contrasts with totalitarian propaganda, to assume the appearance of popular aspirations consideration.

Les chercheurs en sciences sociales qui ont étudié la Roumanie de l’entre-deux-guerres ont rarement exploré les relations entre monarchisme, nationalisme et modernisation, surtout en ce qui concerne le règne du roi Carol II (1930-1940). Cette recherche explique les limites théoriques des ouvrages sur l’autoritarisme monarchiste, montrant le fait que ce phénomène doit être envisagé non pas comme étant simplement un résultat de la volonté du roi, mais dans un contexte historique et idéologique beaucoup plus large. Nous avons essayé d’enrichir le débat sur une série d’idées fondamentales sur le gouvernement et sur la modernisation dans la Roumanie de cette époque par une analyse de l’idéologie et de la carrière politique du monarque et de ses partisans. Selon l’hypothèse centrale de notre étude, le carlisme roumain devrait être compris comme un mouvement politique qui défend un projet politique moderne destiné à être accompli à travers des réformes nationalistes dirigées par une monarchie autoritaire. Les plus importants chapitres de la thèse portent ainsi sur la façon dont l’idéologie carliste et la pratique politique carliste développées dans les années 1920 et 1930 ont été centrées sur l’idée d’un leader destiné à faciliter la mise en place d’un programme de régénération nationale. La propagande officielle et les partisans du roi ont toujours présenté les initiatives politiques, culturelles ou sociales de celui-ci comme étant orienté précisément vers cet objectif. Afin d’explorer la manière de laquelle la montée de l’autoritarisme monarchique est légitimée par une série d’idées et de pratiques modernisatrices, cette recherche utilise un cadre conceptuel et analytique lié à l’étude de l’histoire des idées politiques pour essayer de comprendre la nature de la symbiose entre monarchisme et projets de renaissance nationale dans la Roumanie des années 1930. / The scholarship on interwar Romania has rarely explored the relationship between monarchism, nationalism and modernisation, especially under King Carol II (1930-1940). This research reveals the limits of the main strands of work on monarchical authoritarianism by showing that this phenomenon should be understood not only as the result of the kingʼs will, but in a more wider historical and ideological context. We tried to make a contribution to the debate over some fundamental ideas about government and modernisation in interwar Romania by examining both the ideology and the political career of the king and of his supporters. Therefore, the central argument of our study is that the Romanian carolism should be understood as a political movement which advocates a modern political project meant to be accomplished through nationalist reforms led by an authoritarian monarchy.The main chapters of our thesis focus on how the carolist ideology and the carolist political practice developed in the 1920ʼs and 1930ʼs have been grounded on the idea of a ruler destined to lead an endeavour of national regeneration. The official propaganda and the Kingʼs supporters have always presented the monarch’s political, cultural or social initiatives as being oriented towards achieving this goal. In order to explore the way in which the rise of monarchical authoritarianism is legitimized by modernist ideas and practices, this research applies a conceptual framework related with the study of the history of political ideas in an attempt to understand the nature of the symbiosis between monarchism and projects of national renewal in 1930ʼs Romania.

Malgré l’augmentation de l’intérêt pour les différents aspects liés au patrimoine, peu d’importance est encore accordée en Roumanie, comme en Europe de l’Est en général. Cette recherche consiste en un inventaire de géosites, appliqué aux spectaculaires gorges du Danube (la région des Portes de Fer), qui se caractérisent par un cadre géologique varié et un environnement naturel grandiose. Ensuite nous avons évalué tous les géosites de notre région et certains ont été intégrés dans de projets de valorisation. Après la première partie de la thèse ou les principaux concepts ont été définis et le territoire d’étude décrit en détaille, la deuxième et la troisième partie de notre recherche présentent les plus importants résultats de la thèse. Le plus important résultat de cette thèse a été la base de données de tous les 40 géosites des Gorges du Danube en Roumanie. Tous ces géosites ont été évalués à l’aide d’une méthode innovante, reproductible et efficace qui tende vers un maximum d’objectivité (méthode développée à l’Institut de Géographie en Lausanne). Tous les 40 géosites ont été évalués séparément selon plusieurs critères qui combinent la valeur scientifique centrale avec des valeurs additionnelles (des valeurs spécifiques en fonction du contexte) et tous ces géosites ont leur propre fiche d’évaluation. Notre étude concernant les géosites nous a montré que dans les Gorges du Danube en Roumanie il y a un grand potentiel géotouristique qui peut être développé autour de ces géosites. Toutefois, un manque de sensibilisation du géopatrimoine est observé parmi la population roumaine, ainsi que parmi les personnes qui gèrent le pouvoir administrative et politique du territoire. La troisième partie de notre thèse est concentrée sur ces aspects: la vulgarisation des géosites locales à l’aide de plusieurs méthodes et en proposant quelques circuits géotouristiques. Cette recherche peut être considérée comme un lien entre les activités géotouristiques et les sciences de la Terre. / Despite the increased interest in various aspects of geoheritage, little importance is given to Romania, to Eastern Europe in general. This research consists of an inventory of the geosites and geomorphosites from the spectacular gorges of the Danube (the Iron Gates region), which are characterized by a various geological structure and a stunning natural environment. After this step, all the geosites were evaluated and, some of them, integrated in valorization projects. After the first section of the thesis where the main concepts were defined and the geographical territory was described in detail, the second and the third part of our research present the main results of the thesis. The main result of this research was the database with the most important 40 geosites from Danube’s Gorges. All those geosites were evaluated using an innovative method,reproducible and efficient, tending to a maximum objectivity (developed at Geographical Institute in Lausanne). All 40 geosites have been evaluated separately after several criteria which combine the assessment of central „scientific values” with additional, context-specific values, and all have their own evaluation card. Our geosites study revealed that, in Danube’s Gorges, there are actual geotourism capacities that could be developed around these geosites. Nevertheless, a lack in geoheritage awareness is detected among the Romanian population as well as among the forces in charge of territorial development. The third section of our thesis is concentrated around those aspects: the vulgarization of local geosites through several methods and suggesting some geotouristic trails. This research can be considered as a link between geotourism activities and Earth Sciences.

The objectives of this thesis are to establish a chronological framework for environmental changes during the last 15,000 years in northwest Romania, to reconstruct the vegetation development, and to evaluate the underlying processes for forest dynamics. Furthermore, an overview of earlier and ongoing pollenstratigraphic work in Romania is provided. Sediments from two former crater lakes, Preluca Tiganului and Steregoiu, situated in the Gutaiului Mountains, on the western extremity of the Eastern Carpathians at 730 m and 790 m a.s.l., respectively were obtained and analysed for high-resolution pollen, macrofossils, charcoal, mineral magnetic parameters and organic matter. The chronostratigraphic framework was provided by dense AMS 14C measurements. Cold and dry climatic conditions are indicated by the occurrence of open vegetation with shrubs and herbs, and cold lake water prior to 14,700 cal. yr BP. The climatic improvement at the beginning of the Lateglacial interstadial (around 14,700 cal. yr BP) is seen by the development of open forests. These were dominated by Pinus and Betula, but contained also new arriving tree taxa, such as Populus, Alnus and Prunus. The gradual establishment of forests may have led to a stabilization of the soils in the catchment. Between ca. 14,100 and 13,800 cal. yr BP the forest density became reduced to stands of Pinus, Betula, Alnus, Larix and Populus trees and grassland expanded, suggesting colder climatic conditions. Picea arrived as a new taxon at around 13,800 cal. yr BP, and between 13,800 and 12,900 cal. yr BP, the surroundings of the sites were predominantly covered by Picea forest. This forest included Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Larix and Populus and, from 13,200 cal. yr BP onwards also Ulmus. At ca. 12,900 cal. yr BP, the forest became significantly reduced and at 12,600 cal. yr BP, a recurrence of open vegetation with stands of Larix, Pinus, Betula, Salix and Alnus is documented, lasting until 11,500 cal. yr BP. This distinct change in vegetation may by taken as a strong decline in temperature and moisture availability. At the transition to the Holocene, at ca. 11,500 cal. yr BP, Pinus, Betula and Larix quickly expanded (from small local stands) and formed open forests, probably as a response to warmer and more humid climatic conditions. At 11,250 cal. yr BP Ulmus and Picea expanded and the landscape became completely forested. The rapid increase of Ulmus and Picea after 11,500 cal. yr BP may suggest the existence of small residual populations close to the study sites during the preceding cold interval. Ulmus was the first and most prominent deciduous taxa in the early Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains. From ca. 10,750 cal. yr BP onwards Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus and Acer expanded and Corylus arrived. A highly diverse, predominantly deciduous forest with Ulmus, Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Acer, Corylus and Picea developed between 10,700 and 8200 cal. yr BP, which possibly signifies more continental climatic conditions. The development of a Picea-Corylus dominated forest between 8200 and 5700 cal. yr BP is likely connected to a more humid and cooler climate. The establishment of Carpinus and Fagus was dated to 5750 cal. yr BP and 5200 cal. yr BP, respectively. The dominance of Fagus during the late Holocene, from 4000 cal. yr BP onwards, may have been related to cooler and more humid climatic conditions. First signs of human activities are recorded around 2300 cal. yr BP, but only during the last 300 years did local human impact become significant. The vegetation development recorded in the Gutaiului Mountains during the Lateglacial is very similar to reconstructions based on lowland sites, whereas higher elevation sites seem not to have always experienced visible vegetation changes. The time of tree arrival and expansion during the past 11,500 cal. yr BP seems to have occurred almost synchronously across Romania. The composition of the forests during the Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains is consistent with that reconstructed at mid-elevation sites, but differs from the forest composition at higher elevations. Important differences between the Gutaiului Mountains and other studied sites in Romania are a low representation of Carpinus and a late and weak human impact. The available data sets for Romania give evidence for the presence of coniferous and cold-tolerant deciduous trees before 14,700 cal. yr BP. Glacial refugia for Ulmus may have occurred in different parts of Romania, whereas the existence of Quercus, Tilia, Corylus and Fraxinus has not been corroborated.