Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:04:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6207_1.pdf: 1261112 bytes, checksum: 722a988b8d4d13813f6d4987851e5b03 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O gênero Artibeus (Stenodermatinae) está constituído por 18 espécies e possui distribuição restrita à região Neotropical. No Brasil foram formalmente registradas apenas quatro espécies dos grandes Artibeus: A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, A. obscurus e A. fimbriatus. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo citogenético comparativo nos grandes Artibeus através de técnicas diferenciais e moleculares de análise cromossômica. As preparações cromossômicas foram obtidas a partir de medula óssea de A. obscurus (6 machos e 8 fêmeas), A. fimbriatus (2 machos e 4 fêmeas), A. jamaicensis (8 machos e 5 fêmeas) e A. lituratus (10 machos e 10 fêmeas) coletados no Estado de Pernambuco. O cariótipo das espécies analisadas está constituído por 2n=30/31 (XX;XY1Y2) e número fundamental (NF=56), diferindo entre si pelo tamanho de Y1 e Y2. O bandeamento C evidenciou blocos de heterocromatina constitutiva (HC) nas regiões pericentroméricas de todos os cromossomos, além de pequenos blocos de HC na região telomérica dos pares 5, 6, 7 e X em todas as espécies. Além disso, A. obscurus apresentou blocos intersticiais no braço curto e longo do par 1, como também nos braços longos dos pares 2, 5 e 6, e nos telômeros do braço curto do par 9. Por sua vez, em A. jamaicensis observaram-se blocos teloméricos nos braços curtos dos pares 9 e 13, e blocos intersticiais nos braços longos dos cromossomos 1, 2 e 6. A presença de um bloco intersticial também foi verificada no braço longo do par 6 de A. lituratus. Em todos os indivíduos, o braço longo do X mostrou uma coloração diferencial em relação ao complemento cromossômico, e os acrocêntricos Y1 e Y2 mostraram-se heterocromáticos exceto por A. jamaicensis, cujo Y2 exibiu blocos centroméricos e distais. Nas quatro espécies analisadas, as RONs estavam localizadas nas contrições secundárias dos pares 5, 6 e 7, exibindo variação individual de distribuição de atividade das RONs em cerca de três a quatro cromossomos. Através da coloração seqüencial observou-se que os blocos heterocromáticos associados às RONs em A. obscurus e A. fimbriatus apresentaram riqueza em pares de bases GC. O estudo realizado proporcionou a análise comparativa das espécies, permitindo a visualização tanto de estruturas conservadas pelo gênero Artibeus como de divergências características de cada indivíduo, permitindo a correta individualização de espécies que ocorrem em simpatria no Nordeste brasileiro

The goal of my Master's Thesis is to analyze the reasons of Congressman Ron Paul's unsuccessful nomination in US 2012 Presidential elections. The paper is divided into two main chapters; theoretical and applied. The first one is focused on economic policy aspect of his election program, whilst the second is mainly concerned with his communication campaign. In this analysis, I will combine outputs of particular observations of both his presidential campaigns, in 2008 and 2012, with respect to its consistency. Using the political marketing methodology, we should be able to decide whether his fail was caused by the inappropriate selection of election topics, or by the communication campaign itself, or even by combination of both factors.

The receptor tyrosine kinase, RON, is expressed on tissue-resident macrophages. RON functions by activating genes that promote wound repair and resolve inflammation, while repressing genes that perpetuate tissue damage and cell death. Chronic HIV infection is associated with dysregulated inflammation, and we hypothesize that diminished macrophage RON expression contributes to the development of end organ diseases including HIV-associated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. We utilized CNS tissue from a SIV macaque model to examine the temporal regulation of RON in the brain during infection. Following prolonged SIV infection, RON expression was inversely correlated with the development of CNS disease: RON was highly expressed in animals that did not develop CNS lesions and lower in SIV infected macaques that demonstrated moderate to severe inflammatory lesions. Arginase-1 expression was low during late infection whereas expression of the inflammatory genes, IL-12 p40 and TNF &alpha, was elevated compared to uninfected animals. To validate a role for RON in regulating HIV, we infected human tonsillar tissue-resident macrophages. RON inhibited HIV replication in tissue-resident macrophages. Furthermore, HIV infection diminished RON in tonsil macrophages. We propose a model in which RON expression is decreased, genes that quell inflammation are repressed, and inflammatory mediators are induced to promote tissue inflammation following chronic HIV infection in the brain. The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is a factor that, like RON, negatively regulates HIV transcription. Elevated expression of p21 in HIV+ elite controllers, or by ectopic expression in primary CD4+ T cells, resulted in reduced HIV expression. Furthermore, these elite controllers had increased binding of factors that negatively regulate transcription elongation at the HIV long terminal repeat. RON and p21 are examples of cellular factors that limit HIV transcription and contribute to HIV latency. Latently infected cells are not targeted by anti-retroviral therapy and permit rapid rebound of viremia following treatment interruption. Understanding intrinsic mechanisms that establish latency may provide targets for purging these HIV reservoirs or maintaining their transcriptionally silent state.

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Thesis (D. Mus. Arts)--University of Washington, 1995. / Score of Gdod kreasi baru : for trombone and computer-realized sound / by Ron Averill, in pocket. Compact disc contains: Painting legs on the snake / by Ron Averill. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [104]-108).

Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite intracellulaire obligatoire responsable de la toxoplasmose. Il appartient au phylum des Apicomplexes, qui regroupe les espèces de Plasmodium responsables de la malaria. Les Apicomplexes ont un mécanisme d’invasion unique, impliquant la formation d’une interaction étroite entre la membrane plasmique du parasite et celle de la cellule hôte, appelée « jonction mobile » (MJ). Cette jonction est composée de la protéine AMA1 exposée à la surface du parasite qui interagit avec le complexe de protéines parasitaires RON2/RON4/RON5/RON8 injecté dans la cellule hôte. Les objectifs de ma thèse ont été d’étayer la composition moléculaire de la MJ et d’étudier la contribution de la cellule hôte dans l’invasion au travers de la recherche de partenaires de l’hôte pour les RONs. Quatre protéines de l’hôte, ALIX, TSG101, CD2AP et CIN85, ont été identifiées à la MJ. Les sites d’interactions ont été cartographiés sur RON2, RON4 et RON5. Des parasites mutants déficients pour le recrutement de ces partenaires ont été générés, et ont permis de montrer l’importance de l’association d’ALIX, TSG101, CD2AP et CIN85 à la MJ pour l’invasion de T. gondii et sa virulence dans un modèle murin. Le rôle de ces protéines dans le maintien des jonctions intercellulaires mais aussi leur participation à des processus de déformation membranaire, suggère que le parasite les recrute afin de favoriser son attachement et son internalisation. Nous avons également identifié un nouveau membre du complexe de RONs, appelé RON14. RON14 n’est pas essentielle pour la survie du parasite in vitro mais contribue à sa virulence in vivo. / Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis. It belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, which include Plasmodium species responsible for malaria. Apicomplexa has developed a unique invasion mechanism, involving the formation of a tight connection between the parasite and the host cell plasma membranes called moving junction (MJ). This junction is composed of AMA1 exposed at the surface of the parasite which interacts with a complex of parasite proteins RON2/RON4/RON5/RON8 injected into the host cell. The objectives of my thesis were to decipher the molecular composition of the MJ and to study the contribution of the host cell during invasion though the search of hosts partners for RONs. Four host proteins, ALIX, TSG101, CIN85 and CD2AP, have been identified at the MJ. Binding sites has been mapped on RON2, RON4 and RON5. By generating mutant parasites deficient for host partners recruitment, we show the importance of ALIX, TSG101, CIN85 and CD2AP association at the MJ for invasion and virulence in a mouse model. The role of these proteins in maintaining the intercellular junctions and inducing membrane deformation suggest that the parasite recruits them in order to favor its attachment and its internalization. We also identified a new member of the RON complex, called RON14. RON14 is not essential for the parasite survival in vitro but contributes to its virulence in vivo.

Following the 2008 Georgian war, Russia identified major deficiencies in its warfare capability, which lead to an extensive reformation and modernization of Russian forces. The reformation was accompanied by a Russian theoretical discussion concerning the wars of tomorrow. Several eminent Russian theorists emphasized the growing importance of non-kinetic means and methods, of which psychological warfare was considered as one of the most primary. Western scholars also emphasized an increased Russian focus on psychological warfare. Despite the identified increased significance on the subject, there is a palpable lack of research on contemporary Russian psychological warfare. This study aims to decrease this lack of research on the subject. Using a theory consuming approach, Russian psychological warfare is analyzed from two cases, Georgia 2008 and Crimea 2014. The study is based on a qualitative text analysis of open sources. By combining two theories on psychological warfare, an analytical tool is developed which is then used in the analysis of the two cases. The theories that form the study´s theoretical base derives from Martin Libicki and Ron Schleifer. The two cases are analyzed and then followed by a comparative analysis of the cases. The study’s result shows that psychological warfare is an important component in Russian warfare, especially in the case of Crimea. Furthermore the study indicates that psychological warfare was a main component in the Crimea case, whereas it was a mere supportive component in the Georgian case.   The results show that Russian psychological warfare is used above all to create a favorable strategic context, where the Russian society and neutrals appears to be the most important target audiences to influence. The results also indicates that psychological warfare contributes in misleading the opponent and could thereby also contribute with obvious operational and tactical advantages for Russian warfare.

Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Datsu-A Ron is a relic of Japan’s modern nationalism. Since its’ publication in the year of 1885, arguably, it had been branded as the very seed that led Japan onto the war path in the Pacific War. Yet, this rather short and dense pre-war Japanese nationalistic theory contains complex layers that may easily complicate its readers’ comprehensions. The purpose of this thesis is to decode the key words that were used in this theory and dissect the layers of this theory’s intentions to the general public for a clear and objective understanding.