Condition monitoring of critical machinery has many economic benefits. The primary objective is to detect faults, for example on rolling element bearings, at an early stage to take corrective action prior to the catastrophic failure of a component. In this context, it is important to be able to discriminate between stable and deteriorating fault conditions. A number of conventional vibration analysis techniques exist by which certain faults in rotating machinery may be identified. However, under circumstances involving multiple fault conditions conventional condition monitoring techniques may fail, e.g. by indicating deteriorating fault conditions for stable fault situations or vice versa. Condition monitoring of rotating machinery that may have multiple, possibly simultaneous, fault conditions is investigated in this thesis. Different combinations of interacting fault conditions are studied both through experimental methods and simulated models. Novel signal processing techniques (such as cepstral analysis and equidistant Fourier transforms) and pattern recognition techniques (based on the nearest neighbour algorithm) are applied to vibration problems of this nature. A set of signal processing and pattern recognition techniques is developed for the detection of small incipient mechanical faults in the presence of noise and dynamic load (imbalance). In the case investigated the dynamic loading consisted of varying degrees of imbalance. It is demonstrated that the proposed techniques may be applied successfully to the detection of multiple fault conditions. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Electronical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Actuellement, la flexibilité et le stockage de l'énergie sont parmi les principaux défis de l'industrie de l'énergie. Les stations de transfert d'énergie par pompage (STEP), en utilisant des turbines-pompes réversibles, comptent parmi les solutions les plus rentables pour répondre à ces besoins. Pour assurer un réglage rapide du réseau électrique, les turbines-pompes sont sujettes à de rapides changements entre modes pompage et turbinage. Elles sont souvent exposées à un fonctionnement prolongé dans des conditions hors nominal. Pour assurer la stabilité du réseau, la zone d'exploitation continue de turbines-pompes réversibles doit être libre de toute instabilité hydraulique. Deux sources principales d'instabilités en mode pompage peuvent limiter la plage de fonctionnement continu. Il s'agit de la présence de cavitation et de décollement tournant, tous deux survenant à charge partielle. La cavitation peut conduire à des vibrations, des pertes de performance et parfois même à l'érosion de la turbine-pompe. En outre, en raison de décollements tournants (apparition et décomposition périodique de zones de recirculation dans les régions du distributeur), la machine peut être exposée à un changement incontrôlable entre les points de fonctionnement, avec une modification de charge et une baisse significative des performances. Les deux phénomènes sont très complexes, tri-dimensionnels et délicats à étudier. Surtout le phénomène de décollement tournant dans les turbines-pompes est peu abordé dans la littérature. Le premier objectif de l'étude du doctorat présenté a été d'utiliser un code numérique, testé au laboratoire, et de développer une méthodologie de calcul pour permettre la prévision des phénomènes à charge partielle. L'étude a été faite sur une géométrie à échelle réduite d'une turbine-pompe de haute chute. Des calculs numériques ont été effectués en utilisant le code FINE/Turbo avec le modèle de cavitation barotrope qui a été développé au laboratoire. L'analyse des écoulements cavitants a été faite pour des débits et de niveaux de cavitation différents. Les principales analyses portent sur des valeurs naissantes de cavitation, des courbes de chute et sur le prédiction des formes de cavitation pour différents débits et valeurs de NPSH. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l'interaction entre les formes de cavitation à l'entrée de la roue et la baisse de performance (zone de feston), causée par le décollement tournant qui apparaît dans la région du distributeur. Les résultats numériques ont montré un bon accord avec les données expérimentales disponibles. La deuxième partie de la thèse a concerné la prédiction et l'analyse de décollements tournants. Des simulations ont été utilisées pour prédire les régions d'exploitation stables et instables de la machine. La méthodologie mentionnée pourrait fournir des résultats globaux précis pour différents points de fonctionnement avec un faible coût de calcul. Afin d'obtenir des informations détaillées sur les écoulements instables, des simulations instationnaires plus précises ont été réalisées. L'analyse locale des écoulements a permis la description des mécanismes gouvernant le phénomène de décollement tournant. Les analyses permettent l'étude du nombre, de l'intensité et des fréquences de rotation des cellules tournants. En outre, les calculs instationnaires donnent une très bonne prédiction de la performance de la turbine-pompe. L'approche proposée est fiable, robuste et précise. La méthodologie de calcul proposée peut être utilisée sur plusieurs géométries de turbine-pompe (ou pompe centrifuge), pour une large gamme de débits et de géométries de directrices. Les simulations proposées peuvent être utilisées à l'échelle industrielle pour étudier les effets de géométrie, d'angles d'ouverture de directrices ou de l'influence du jeu entre la roue et le distributeur afin de réduire ou même éliminer les effets négatifs des décollements tournants. / Flexibility and energy storage seem to be the main challenges of the energy industry at the present time. Pumped Storage Power Plants (PSP), using reversible pump-turbines, are among the most cost-efficient solutions to answer these needs. To provide a rapid adjustment to the electrical grid, pump-turbines are subjects of quick switching between pumping and generating modes and to extended operation under off-design conditions. To maintain the stability of the grid, the continuous operating area of reversible pump-turbines must be free of hydraulic instabilities. Two main sources of pumping mode instabilities are the presence of the cavitation and the rotating stall, both occurring at the part load. Presence of cavitation can lead into vibrations, loss of performance and sometimes erosion. Moreover, due to rotating stall that can be observed as periodic occurrence and decay of recirculation zones in the distributor regions, the machine can be exposed to uncontrollable shift between the operating points with the significant discharge modification and the drop of the efficiency. Both phenomena are very complex, three-dimensional and demanding for the investigation. Especially rotating stall in the pump-turbines is poorly addressed in the literature. First objective of the presented PhD study has been to develop the cost-efficient numerical methodology in order to enable the accurate prediction and analysis of the off-design part load phenomena. The investigations have been made on the reduce-scaled high head pump-turbine design (nq = 27rpm) provided by Alstom Hydro. Steady and unsteady numerical calculations have been performed using code FINE/Turbo with barotropic cavitation model implemented and developed before in the laboratory. Some of the numerical results have been compared to the experimental data. Cavitating flow analysis has been made for various flow rates and wide range of cavitation levels. Flow investigation has been focused on the cavitation influence on the flow behavior and on the performance of the machine. Main analyses include incipient cavitation values, head drop curves and cavitation forms prediction for wide ranges of flow rates and NPSH values. Special attention has been put on the interaction between cavitation forms and the performance drop (hump zone) caused by the rotating stall. Cavitation results showed good agreement with the provided experimental data. Second part of the thesis has been focused on the prediction and analysis of the rotating stall flow patterns. Computationally fast steady simulations has been presented and used to predict stable and unstable operating regions. The analyses have been done on 4 different guide vanes openings and 2 guide vanes geometries. In order to get detailed information about the unsteady flow patterns related to the rotating stall, more exact unsteady simulations have been performed. Local flow study has been done to describe in details the governing mechanisms of the rotating stall. The analyses enable the investigations of the rotating stall frequencies, number of stalled cells and the intensity of the rotating stall. Moreover, the unsteady calculations give very good prediction of the pump-turbine performance for both, stable and unstable operating regions. Numerical results give very good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. The approach appears to be very reliable, robust and precise. Even though the numerical results (rotating stall frequencies, number of cells...) on the actual geometry should be confirmed experimentally, author believes that the methodology could be used on any other pump-turbine (or centrifugal pump) geometry. Moreover, the simulations can be used industrially to study the effects of the guide vanes geometries, guide vanes opening angles and influence of the gap between the impeller and the distributor in order to reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of the rotating stall.

Title: Matter Models in General Relativity with a Decreasing Number of Sym- metries Author: Norman Gürlebeck Institute: Institute of theoretical physics Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Jiří Bičák, DrSc., dr.h.c. Abstract: We investigate matter models with different symmetries in general relativity. Among these are thin (massive and massless) shells endowed with charge or dipole densities, dust distributions and rotating perfect fluid solutions. The electromagnetic sources we study are gravitating spherical symmetric condensers (including the implications of the energy conditions) and arbitrary gravitating shells endowed with a general test dipole distribution. For the latter the Israel formalism is extended to cover also general discontinuous tangential components of the electromagnetic test field, i.e., surface dipole densities. The formalism is applied to two examples and used to prove some general properties of dipole distributions. This is followed by a discussion of axially symmetric, stationary rigidly rotating dust with non-vanishing proper volume. The metric in the interior of such a configuration can be determined completely in terms of the mass density along the axis of rotation. The last matter models we consider are non-axially symmetric, stationary and rotating perfect fluid solutions. This is done with a...

Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Fenili / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2015. / No presente trabalho, é investigado o modelo matemático de uma viga não linear com seção retangular em rotação. Foi considerado, no modelo, curvatura linear e condições de contorno de viga livre-engastada. Para simulação, considera-se ainda ângulo de ataque constante e as não linearidades resultantes do acoplamento entre a velocidade angular do eixo de rotação e vibração transversal da viga. As forças externas de arrasto e sustentação ao longo do comprimento da viga foram modeladas utilizando teoria de faixas. Estas forças são funções não lineares da velocidade transversal da viga e da velocidade angular do eixo de rotação. As equações de governo para a viga foram discretizadas no espaço utilizando-se o método das diferenças finitas. Isso resulta em uma sistema de equações diferenciais para os valores nodais da discretização espacial da viga. Esse conjunto de equações diferenciais é integrado numericamente no domínio do tempo utilizando-se um método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. / In this work, we investigate the mathematical model of a nonlinear beam with rectangular cross section in rotation. It was considered, in the model, linear curvature and boundary conditions of clamped-free. To simulation, still considered constant attack angle and the nonlinearities resulting from the coupling between the angular velocity of the rotation axis and transverse vibration of the beam. The external drag and lift forces along the length of the beam were modeled as turbulent drag and potential generated by the lift force. These forces are dependent on the speed of nonlinear excitations acting on the beam. The solution in space wasobtained from the finite difference method using 5 points, and the solution in the time from the Runge- Kutta method of 4th order.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Juan Pablo Julca Avila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2015. / Atualmente, os risers rígidos em catenária ou SCRs (Steel Catenary Risers), que são tubos longos de aço, apresentam-se como a melhor solução técnico-econômica na transferência de petróleo e gás desde o solo marinho até uma plataforma flutuante. Os SCRs são de fácil fabricação, resistem altas pressões internas e hidrostáticas e também resistem altas temperaturas. Porém, cuidado especial deve-se tomar no cálculo dos momentos fletores e força axial interna no ponto de contato com o solo marinho, sendo estes parâmetros cruciais no projeto. Por outro lado, devido a que os SCRs interagem com o solo marinho, a plataforma à qual está conectada, correntezas e com o escoamento interno, a teoria de SCRs é complexa e não tem sido totalmente desenvolvida, requerendo para seu estudo a teoria de vigas curvas, tópicos de mecânica dos sólidos e dos fluidos, dinâmica não-linear, mecânica de ondas e mecânica dos solos. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento e implementação de uma ferramenta computacional para análise estática e dinâmica bidimensional de risers rígidos e flexíveis dispostos em catenária em contato com o solo marinho. A discretização espacial do riser é feita usando elementos finitos não lineares tipo de viga, incluindo grandes deslocamentos e rotações. A formulação co-rotacional é utilizada para o tratamento da não linearidade geométrica. O método iterativo-incremental de Newton-Raphson é usado para resolver as equações de equilíbrio estático e dinâmico. A integração no tempo das equações dinâmicas é feita usando o esquema implícito de Newmark. A fim de garantir a estabilidade do esquema numérico implementado quando são impostos deslocamentos no topo do riser pelo método de penalização, é introduzido nas equações dinâmicas um termo de amortecimento estrutural para a filtragem das frequências espúrias induzidas por este tipo de excitação. O solo marinho é modelado como uma fundação elástica-linear do tipo Winkler e o método de penalização é usado para a imposição da condição de não penetração. Simulações estáticas e dinâmicas de problemas geometricamente não lineares foram conduzidas para a avaliação do elemento de viga plana implementado neste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com resultados da literatura para a validação do código. A ferramenta computacional foi aplicada satisfatoriamente para resolver problemas estáticos e dinâmicos de risers rígidos e flexíveis. / Steel catenary risers (SCR) are slender steel pipes that hang free in the ocean, this represents the best technical and economical solution for the oil and gas transfer from the seabed to the floating platform. SCRs are of easy manufacturing, high internal and external pressure resistance and also high temperature resistance. Special care should be taken in the calculation of the bending and tension stresses at the touch down point (TDP) as this parameters are of main importance in the calculation of fatigue resistance. On the other side, as the riser interacts with many other elements as seawater currents, internal flow, floating platform and seabed SCRs theory is complex and is not yet well developed, requiring for its study deep knowledge of curved beam theory, solid and fluid mechanics, non-linear dynamics, wave theory and soil mechanics. The main objective of this work is the development and implementation of a computational tool for the static and dynamic two-dimensional analysis of steel catenary and flexible risers, special attention is given to the seabed contact phenomena, to this end, numerical methods for the solution of dynamic equations were implemented into a MATLAB code. The spacial discretization of the riser geometric domain was made by finite element procedures, the large deflections and rotations, inherent to risers geometric non linearity, were treated by means of the co-rotational formulation. The incremental-iterative Newton-Raphson scheme is used to solve the equations of static and dynamic equilibrium. Time domain integration is made using Newmarks implicit method. To guarantee the numerical stability of the implemented code when imposed a time-varying nodal displacement by the penalty method an structural damping is introduced. This damping filters spurious frequencies induced by the penalty method. The seabed is modeled as an elastic foundation of Winkler type, once again the penalty method is used to enforce the non-penetration condition. Static and dynamic simulations of beams with geometrical non linearity were conducted in order to test the stability and accuracy of the implemented code. These results were compared with those available in specialized literature in order to validate the code. This computational tool was successfully applied to the static and dynamic analysis of steel catenary risers.

Notre étude vise à améliorer la compréhension des modes de rotation continue d’une détonation. Elle porte sur leur caractérisation dans une chambre annulaire de section,normale à son axe de révolution, constante ou linéairement croissante. Le principe de fonctionnement repose sur l’injection continue de gaz frais devant le front de détonation pour renouveler la couche réactive et entretenir sa propagation. Ce travail trouve son application dans le développement de systèmes propulsifs utilisant la détonation rotative comme mode de combustion (Rotating Detonation Engine, RDE). Nous avons conçu et réalisé un banc expérimental dont l’élément principal est une chambre annulaire de diamètre intérieur 50 mm, de longueur 90 mm et d’épaisseur 5 ou 10 mm. Elle peut être équipée de noyaux cylindrique ou conique, de longueurs comprises entre 12 mm et 90mm et, pour les cônes, de demi-angles au sommet compris entre 0± et 14.6±. Elle est alimentée par des injections séparées de carburant, l’éthylène, et d’oxydant, formé ici par un mélange d’oxygène et d’azote. Plusieurs concentrations d’azote ont été considérées de manière à étudier plusieurs détonabilités de mélange. La caractérisation des régimes de détonation, de leurs célérités et de leurs pressions, est fondée sur l’analyse de signaux de capteurs de pression dynamiques et sur des visualisations par caméras ultrarapides. Nos résultats expérimentaux détaillent la phase d’amorçage, les modes de combustion et leur stabilité. L’étude paramétrique, réalisée pour plusieurs détonabilités, débits massiques et géométries internes de la chambre, met en évidence que, si les deux premiers paramètres n’ont pas d’effet notable sur les célérités et les pressions des modes de détonation,la géométrie interne de la chambre joue, elle, un rôle majeur dans l’amélioration de ces caractéristiques, en particulier la diminution de la longueur du noyau et l’augmentation de sa conicité (de son demi-angle au sommet). Nous avons réalisé une étude numérique afin d’expliquer les déficits mesurés de célérité et de pression. Elle met en avant la dégradation des propriétés théoriques de détonation résultant de la dilution et du réchauffement des réactifs par les produits de détonation. Nous proposons également un calcul du rendement thermodynamique qui, à la différence de modélisations antérieures, prend en compte la structure d’une détonation rotative. Nous décrivons aussi un calcul de hauteur de front de détonation pour les modes et géométries de chambre considérés dans cette thèse. Notre étude démontre ainsi l’intérêt de futures recherches sur la géométrie interne des chambres annulaires à détonation rotative et sur la prise en compte des phénomènes à l’origine des pertes d’efficacité. / Our study aims at improving the understanding of how a detonation may continuously rotate. It is focused on rotation modes in an annular chamber with constant or linearly increasing normal section. The functioning principle is based on the continuous injection of fresh reactive gases so as to regenerate a reactive layer ahead of the detonation front and maintain sufficient conditions for detonation propagation. The main incentive of the work is the development of propulsive devices that use detonation as the combustion mode (Rotating Detonation Engine, RDE). We have designed and built an experimental test bench of which the main part is an annular chamber with inner diameter 50 mm length 90 mm, and thickness 5 or 10 mm. The chamber can be equipped with cylindrical or conical kernels with lengths ranging between 12 mm and 90 mm and, for the conical kernels, with the apex half-angles ranging between 0± and 14.6±. The fuel is ethylene and the oxidizer is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, and they are injected separately in the chamber. We have considered several nitrogen concentrations so as to vary the reactive mixture detonability. The characterizations of the detonation regimes, velocities and pressures are based upon the analyses of signals from pressure transducers and of direct light visualizations from high-speed cameras. Our experimental results detail the ignition phase, the combustion modes and their stability. We have carried out experiments with several detonabilities, mass-flow rates and kernel geometries. Our main finding is that modifying the kernel geometry, specifically decreasing the kernel length and increasing its conicity (the apex half-angle) significantly improve detonation velocities and pressures, unlike the first two parameters that have much lesser influences, in our conditions. We have conducted a numerical analysis that suggests that dilution and heating of the fresh gases by detonation products explain the measured deficits of pressure and velocity. We have presented a calculation of thermodynamic efficiency which, contrary to former modeling includes a more realistic structure of rotating detonation.We have proposed a calculation of detonation-front height for the rotation modes and the chamber geometries in this work. Our study thus demonstrates the interest in further research work on inner geometry of rotating-detonation chambers and on phenomena that may be responsible for efficiency losses.

Lorsqu'un champ magnétique est appliqué au cours de la solidification directionnelle, une convection dans la phase liquide peut être induite par l'effet thermoélectrique. En effet la présence d'un gradient de température le long du front de solidification peut provoquer la circulation du courant thermoélectrique, qui interagit avec le champ magnétique appliqué pour créer un écoulement (convection thermo électromagnétique-TEMC). Les conditions de transport de soluté et de l'énergie sont affectées par cette convection, donc il y a influence sur l'espacement des dendrites et la macro-ségrégation des composants de l'alliage. Dans ce travail, l'influence du champ magnétique sur la solidification directionnelle d'alliages métalliques est étudiée. Des travaux expérimentaux de la solidification directionnelle de Sn-Pb et Sn-Bi alliages sont réalisés. La solidification directionnelle dans la configuration Bridgman est effectuée avec ou sans champ magnétique appliqué. L'influence, sur la solidification, du champ magnétique et d'un courant électrique (AC et DC) appliqués est étudiée. Les mouvements du liquide provoquent de fortes macro-ségrégations ainsi qu'un modification des espacements interdendritiques. Les résultats expérimentaux sont interprétés à la lumière d'une modélisation heuristique. Le cas d'un champ magnétique tournant a été aussi étudié. Ainsi, la valeur de la rotation du champ est choisie pour ralentir assez brassage électromagnétique sans pour autant supprimer les effets de TEMC. À faible vitesse de tirage et faible vitesse de rotation faible champ une macro-ségrégation en forme de spirale a pu être obtenue. / If magnetic field is applied during directional solidification, liquid phase convection can be induced by means of thermoelectromagnetic effect. Temperature gradient at the solidification front can cause thermoelectric current circulation, which then interacts with field and creates convection (Thermoelectromagnetic convection-TEMC). Solute and energy transport conditions are affected by this convection, thus it influences dendrite spacing and macrosegregation of the alloys. In this work magnetic field influence on the directional solidification of metallic alloys is studied. Experimental work of directional solidification of Sn-Pb and Sn-Bi alloys is done. Alloys are directionally solidified in Bridgman setup without or with applied magnetic field. Influence on the structure by magnetic field and applied electric current (AC and DC) is studied in this work. Analytical and experimental results are compared and interpreted. Bridgman solidification under rotating transverse magnetic field is studied as well, field rotation value is chosen to be slow enough that electromagnetic stirring does not fully suppress effects of TEMC. At low pulling velocity and low field rotation velocity spiral shaped component macrosegregation can be achieved.

This work deals with an unconventional wind energy conversion system, in which the wind turbine has rotating cylinders rather than traditional blades. These cylinders can be driven by a brushless DC motor. The turbine operates on the physical principle called Magnus Effect. It presents the mathematical modeling of Magnus turbine and based on this modeling were carried out simulations in PSIM® software. It was implemented and was tested MPPT algorithms type HCC (Hill Climbing Control) for DC brushless motor control for operating the cylinders and hence the power generated by the Magnus turbine. Prototypes of Magnus effect wind system (turbine, generator PMSG, AC / DC converter, DC / DC converter) were built to perform wind tunnel experiments comparing the experimental results with simulated results. We sought to optimize the extraction of wind energy through concepts and innovative solutions in the construction of the turbine, brushless DC servo for rotating cylinders, implementing MPPT algorithms to control the rotation of the cylinder and the static converter. Three turbine concepts are presented and three prototypes were built. Loose cylinders were tested in the wind tunnel and it was measured the lift and drag forces. The "Prototype 3" is 3 m in diameter with two cylinders of 150 mm diameter showed the best experimental results, but still generated mechanical power did not provide an effective net power. / O presente trabalho trata de um sistema eólico não convencional, cuja turbina eólica possui cilindros girantes no lugar das pás tradicionais. Estes cilindros podem ser acionados por um motor brushless CC (sem escovas). O princípio físico de funcionamento desta turbina baseia-se no que se denomina de “Efeito Magnus”. Apresenta-se a modelagem matemática da turbina Magnus e com base nesta modelagem realizam-se simulações no software PSIM®. Programa-se e testa-se algoritmos de rastreamento da máxima potência líquida MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), do tipo HCC (Hill Climbing Control) no controle do motor brushless CC de acionamento dos cilindros e, consequentemente, da potência gerada pela turbina Magnus. Protótipos de sistema eólico de efeito Magnus (turbina, gerador PMSG, conversores CA/CC, CC/CC) foram construídos para realizar experimentos em túnel de vento, possibilitando comparações dos resultados experimentais com os resultados simulados. Busca-se otimizar a extração da energia dos ventos, através de concepções e soluções inovadoras na construção da turbina, servo acionamento CC brushless para os cilindros girantes, implementação de algoritmos MPPT no controle da rotação dos cilindros e do conversor estático. Três concepções da turbina Magnus são apresentadas e três protótipos construídos. Ensaios de cilindros girantes avulsos com variações nos diâmetros e nas espirais sobrepostas são realizados em túnel de vento com colméias e medem-se as forças de sustentação e de arrasto. O “Protótipo 3” de 3 m de diâmetro com dois cilindros lisos de 150 mm de diâmetro apresentou os melhores resultados experimentais, mas ainda a potência mecânica gerada não proporcionou uma potência líquida efetiva.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perini_ea_me_ilha.pdf: 25219962 bytes, checksum: af8e5bb5738ecda8c45a59f9677a5507 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma análise teórica do desempenho de um sistema de controle ativo utilizando mancais magnéticos como atuadores de não-contato para a redução de vibrações em rotores. São analisados três modelos de rotores, sendo que em um deles aplica-se apenas o controle feedback e os outros são suportados apenas por mancais magnéticos, os quais também são os atuadores do controlador. Assim, Luna arquitetura de controle tipo feedforward é empregada sobreposta ao sistema de controle feedback dos atuadores nestes dois modelos, sendo urna análise realizada em relação ao desempenho do sistema de controle quanto às diferentes geometrias de distribuição de massa acopladas ao eixo do rotor. O enfoque principal deste trabalho é voltado para a análise do desempenho do sistema de controle em função da posição e quantidade dos sensores de erro (onde se deseja minimizar as vibrações) em relação à posição dos atuadores e das forças de excitação. As excitações são do tipo síncronas e sub-síncronas que normalmente aparecem em rotores com elevadas velocidades de rotação, como as turbomáquinas. Também é realizada urna análise das forças de controle necessárias a serem aplicadas pelos atuadores para se obter urna redução dos níveis de vibração do rotor na posição dos sensores de erro do sistema feedforward. A análise é executada empregando modelos de rotores desenvolvidos pelo método da matriz de impedância. Esta pesquisa também apresenta Luna aplicação da técnica de controle Feedforward em acústica, que realiza a depuração da voz para comunicação em ambientes ruidosos. / This research work brings a theoretical analysis of a control system performance that uses magnetic bearings as non-contact actuators to reduce rotor vibrations. It is analyzed three rotor models, in which one of them operates under the feedback control only. The other models are supported by magnetic bearings only, which also are the controller system actuators. Thus, a feedforward control scheme is applied over the feedback control inherent to the AMB control circuit. The analysis is carried out over these two last models regarding to the control performance for different geometry of mass distribution along the rotor. The focus of this work is to analyze the controller performance according to the sensor quantity and placement (where the vibrations are desired to be minimized) regarding to the actuator position and to the exciting forces. The subsynchronous and synchronous excitations are considered here since they frequently occur in high rotating speed rotors, as in the turbomachinery scenario. Also, the control force required by the actuators is monitored according to the sensors placement to reduce the local vibrations level and the analysis was carried out using the impedance matrix rotor modeling. Further, this work brings a modeling and an application of the feedforward active control scheme in the acoustics field used for voice extraction for communication in noisy environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3088.pdf: 1908678 bytes, checksum: ed9e01a2e9fbc1d3d2e81b225596705b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / This study presents the operational results of a pilot wastewater treatment plant. The assays were carried out in two phases: Phase 1 involved the operation of a rotating biological contactor (RBC), while Phase 2 involved a combined system operation of a submerged aerated biofilter (SAB) downstream from the RBC. The RBC and SAB units were assayed in the treatment of sanitary sewage. The average feeding rate was 82.9 L.h-1 and the active sludge recirculation rate when operated only with the RBC was 60% of the former. Despite being a rotating reactor, the RBC under investigation did not have biodiscs because it was used as a microbial bed, consisting of corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes fixed on a metal structure in the shape of a rotating reel submerged in the aeration cell at about 90% of its diameter, providing subtracting contact between tubes a 41-m2 surface area for biofilm fixation. On the other hand, the SAB, which was comprised of corrugated HDPE rings that provided a 55-m2 contact area, was employed to polish the RBC effluent only in Phase 2 when sludge recycling was interrupted at the beginning of the process. This operation, which is typical of activated sludge systems, was carried out in Phase 1 (211 days). Substrate characterization showed maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 3820.8 mgL-1 (average of 1004.5 mgL-1), an indication of contamination by liquid industrial effluents. In the first stage of testing (with the RBC), the treated effluent after secondary sedimentation tank were achieved in this study, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal averages of 71.3% and the COD removals of 79.6%, respectively. Among the forms of nitrogen analysis, the concentration of organic nitrogen showed the greatest reductions reaching an average maximum of 51.2% and 91.5%. In the second stage of tests (RBC followed by SAB) efficiency BOD removal achieved was 78.2%, while the COD efficiency removal was 71.6%. The removal of volatile suspended solids after BAS achieved 39.2%, whereas RBC achieved volatile suspended solids removal of 65.3%. The pilot plant also showed that the concentration of SAB in the downstream of RBC minimized the variations in concentrations of all measured parameters, related to partially or fully treated wastewater, bringing benefits not linked to removal of carbonaceous organic matter. / Este estudo apresenta os resultados da operação de uma planta piloto de tratamento biológico para águas residuárias, em testes realizados em duas fases de estudo, sendo a primeira relacionada com a operação de um reator biológico de contato (RBC) e a segunda com a operação em sistema combinado, com um biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS) à jusante do RBC. As unidades RBC e BAS foram ensaiadas no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. A vazão média de alimentação foi de 82,9 Lh-1, e vazão de recirculação de lodo ativo quando se operou somente com o RBC, fixada em cerca de 60 % dessa vazão. O RBC utilizado, apesar de rotativo, não possuía biodiscos, pois foram utilizados como leito microbiano, tubos corrugados de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD), fixados em uma estrutura metálica com a forma de um carretel rotativo, que foi submerso na célula de aeração em aproximadamente 90 % de seu diâmetro, enquanto que o BAS, montado com anéis corrugados, de PEAD, foi utilizado como polimento do efluente do RBC somente no segundo estágio dos ensaios. A caracterização do substrato, mostrou valores de concentração da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), máxima de 3820,8 mgL-1 (média de 1004,5 mgL-1), denotando contaminação com efluentes líquidos industriais. No primeiro estágio dos ensaios (apenas com o RBC), o efluente tratado após o decantador secundário foram alcançadas neste estudo, remoções médias de DBO de 71,3%, e remoções de DQO de 79,6 %. Dentre as formas de nitrogênio analisadas, a concentração de nitrogênio orgânico apresentou as maiores reduções atingindo média de 51,2% e máxima 91,5%. No segundo estágio dos ensaios (RBC seguido de BAS) a eficiência alcançada de DBO foi de 78,2%, enquanto a eficiência de remoção de DQO foi de 71,6%. O BAS degradou 39,2 % dos sólidos suspensos voláteis que saíram da câmara com o RBC, enquanto o RBC degradou 65,3 % dos sólidos suspensos voláteis da entrada. A planta piloto apresentou também que a operação do BAS à jusante do RBC minimizou as variações das concentrações de todos os parâmetros analisados, relacionados ao efluente parcialmente ou totalmente tratado, não trazendo benefícios ligados a remoção de matéria orgânica carbonácea. Este estudo apresenta os resultados da operação de uma planta piloto de tratamento biológico para águas residuárias, em testes realizados em duas fases de estudo, sendo a primeira relacionada com a operação de um reator biológico de contato (RBC) e a segunda com a operação em sistema combinado, com um biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS) à jusante do RBC. As unidades RBC e BAS foram ensaiadas no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. A vazão média de alimentação foi de 82,9 Lh-1, e vazão de recirculação de lodo ativo quando se operou somente com o RBC, fixada em cerca de 60 % dessa vazão. O RBC utilizado, apesar de rotativo, não possuía biodiscos, pois foram utilizados como leito microbiano, tubos corrugados de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD), fixados em uma estrutura metálica com a forma de um carretel rotativo, que foi submerso na célula de aeração em aproximadamente 90 % de seu diâmetro, enquanto que o BAS, montado com anéis corrugados, de PEAD, foi utilizado como polimento do efluente do RBC somente no segundo estágio dos ensaios. A caracterização do substrato, mostrou valores de concentração da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), máxima de 3820,8 mgL-1 (média de 1004,5 mgL-1), denotando contaminação com efluentes líquidos industriais. No primeiro estágio dos ensaios (apenas com o RBC), o efluente tratado após o decantador secundário foram alcançadas neste estudo, remoções médias de DBO de 71,3%, e remoções de DQO de 79,6 %. Dentre as formas de nitrogênio analisadas, a concentração de nitrogênio orgânico apresentou as maiores reduções atingindo média de 51,2% e máxima 91,5%. No segundo estágio dos ensaios (RBC seguido de BAS) a eficiência alcançada de DBO foi de 78,2%, enquanto a eficiência de remoção de DQO foi de 71,6%. O BAS degradou 39,2 % dos sólidos suspensos voláteis que saíram da câmara com o RBC, enquanto o RBC degradou 65,3 % dos sólidos suspensos voláteis da entrada. A planta piloto apresentou também que a operação do BAS à jusante do RBC minimizou as variações das concentrações de todos os parâmetros analisados, relacionados ao efluente parcialmente ou totalmente tratado, não trazendo benefícios ligados a remoção de matéria orgânica carbonácea.