Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarenPBA_DISSERT.pdf: 3887883 bytes, checksum: 3ebc4a634530a0a4a6493a962284d14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avel?s (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10?C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ? C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450?C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%) / O bio-?leo obtido da pir?lise da biomassa tem aparecido como alternativa interessante para substitui??o dos combust?veis f?sseis. O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar a influ?ncia da temperatura no rendimento dos produtos originados do processo de pir?lise do p? obtido dos galhos secos do avel?s (Euphorbia tirucalli), utilizando um reator de cilindro rotativo em escala de laborat?rio. A biomassa foi tratada e caracterizada por: CHNS, umidade, materiais vol?teis, cinzas e carbono fixo, bem como, avalia??o dos teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose, al?m de outras t?cnicas instrumentais, tais como: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX e MEV. A energia de ativa??o foi avaliada no regime n?o isot?rmico com taxas de aquecimento de 5 e 10 oC/min. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a biomassa como mat?ria prima com potencial para produ??o de biocombust?veis, pois apresenta alto teor de mat?ria org?nica (78,3%) e carbono fixo (7,11%). A energia de ativa??o exigida para degrada??o da biomassa variou entre 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, no intervalo de temperatura da rea??o estudado e taxa de aquecimento de 5 e 10oC/min. No processo de pir?lise, estudou-se a influ?ncia da temperatura da rea??o (350-520 ?C), mantendo-se constantes as demais vari?veis, ou seja, a vaz?o do g?s de arraste , a velocidade de centrifuga??o para condensa??o do bio-?leo, a vaz?o de biomassa e a rota??o do reator. O rendimento m?ximo em bio-?leo foi obtido na temperatura de 450?C. Nessa temperatura, os resultados alcan?ados foram: teor de bio?leo de 8,12%; carv?o 32,7%; fase gasosa n?o condensada 35,4%; perdas 23,8%; poder calor?fico superior 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93; viscosidade 1,5cP. A an?lise cromatogr?fica do bio-?leo produzido nessas condi??es mostra a presen?a, principalmente, de fenol (17,71%), metilciclopentenona (10,56%) e dimetilciclopentenona (7,76%)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarenPBA_DISSERT.pdf: 3887883 bytes, checksum: 3ebc4a634530a0a4a6493a962284d14f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has appeared as inter-esting alternative to replace fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of temperature on the yield of products originating from the pyrolysis process of the powder obtained from the dried twigs of avel?s (Euphorbia tirucalli), using a rotating cylinder reactor in laboratory scale. The biomass was treated and characterized by: CHNS, moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ashes, as well as evaluation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, besides other instrumental techniques such as: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX and MEV. The activation energy was evaluated in non-isothemichal mode with heating rates of 5 and 10 oC/min. The obtained results showed biomass as feedstock with potential for biofuel production, because presents a high organic matter content (78,3%) and fixed-carbon (7,11%). The activation energy required for the degradation of biomass ranged between 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, in the temperature range studied and heating rate of 5 and 10?C/min. In the pyrolysis process, the influence of the reaction temperature was studied (350-520 ? C), keeping constant the other variables, such as, the flow rate of carrier gas, the centrifugal speed for the bio-oil condensationa, the biomass flow and the rotation of the reactor. The maximum yield of bio-oil was obtained in the temperature of 450?C. In this temperature, the results achieved where: content of bio-oil 8,12%; char 32,7%; non-condensed gas 35,4%; losts 23,8%; gross calorific value 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93 and viscosity 1,5cP. The chromatographic analysis of the bio-oil produced under these conditions shows mainly the presence of phenol (17,71%), methylciclopentenone (10,56%) and dimethylciclopentenone (7,76%) / O bio-?leo obtido da pir?lise da biomassa tem aparecido como alternativa interessante para substitui??o dos combust?veis f?sseis. O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar a influ?ncia da temperatura no rendimento dos produtos originados do processo de pir?lise do p? obtido dos galhos secos do avel?s (Euphorbia tirucalli), utilizando um reator de cilindro rotativo em escala de laborat?rio. A biomassa foi tratada e caracterizada por: CHNS, umidade, materiais vol?teis, cinzas e carbono fixo, bem como, avalia??o dos teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose, al?m de outras t?cnicas instrumentais, tais como: FTIR, TG/DTG, DRX, FRX e MEV. A energia de ativa??o foi avaliada no regime n?o isot?rmico com taxas de aquecimento de 5 e 10 oC/min. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a biomassa como mat?ria prima com potencial para produ??o de biocombust?veis, pois apresenta alto teor de mat?ria org?nica (78,3%) e carbono fixo (7,11%). A energia de ativa??o exigida para degrada??o da biomassa variou entre 232,92 392,84 kJ/mol, no intervalo de temperatura da rea??o estudado e taxa de aquecimento de 5 e 10oC/min. No processo de pir?lise, estudou-se a influ?ncia da temperatura da rea??o (350-520 ?C), mantendo-se constantes as demais vari?veis, ou seja, a vaz?o do g?s de arraste , a velocidade de centrifuga??o para condensa??o do bio-?leo, a vaz?o de biomassa e a rota??o do reator. O rendimento m?ximo em bio-?leo foi obtido na temperatura de 450?C. Nessa temperatura, os resultados alcan?ados foram: teor de bio?leo de 8,12%; carv?o 32,7%; fase gasosa n?o condensada 35,4%; perdas 23,8%; poder calor?fico superior 3,43MJ/kg; pH 4,93; viscosidade 1,5cP. A an?lise cromatogr?fica do bio-?leo produzido nessas condi??es mostra a presen?a, principalmente, de fenol (17,71%), metilciclopentenona (10,56%) e dimetilciclopentenona (7,76%)

The thesis deals with the testing and optimization of hydrodynamic conditions of the electrochemical detector, which consists of a flow cell containing the electrochemical sensor with an array of electrodes. The flow cell includes a rotating disc-shaped component, which allows radial flow of analytes along the sensor electrodes. This principle imitates the rotating disk electrode, with the difference that here the electrodes are immobile. Hydrodynamic phenomena in this case are similar to RDE. Therefore, the theoretical part of my work deals with hydrodynamics and mass transfer for the well-described case of rotating disk electrode. It was found that in the current set-up under certain conditions, an analyte flowed back from the output cell channel to the sensor, even at the laminar flow. This causes a nonlinear response of the electrodes and their low reproducibility. The solution is to reduce the distance between the rotation component and the electrodes surface and reduce flow speed of analyzed liquid towards the sensor. A novel type of sensor with annular electrodes was designed and tested. It showed four times higher conversion rate of the analyte compared with the originally used AC9 electrochemical sensor having electrodes in the form of full circles lying on a circumference of a common circle. Based on calculations, conversion of the analyte on the plane electrode can be increased up to 100% when using this annular sensor, adjusting flow cell and reducing of the input flow rate. The detector was connected to the liquid chromatograph and its function was tested on two substances - ascorbic acid and dopamine. For the current detector these parameters were set: dynamic range, linearity, noise, detection limit, time constant and the temperature range at which the detector can be operated.

Orientadores: Patricio A. Letelier Sotomayor e Marcelo Moraes Guzzo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_GianMachadode_D.pdf: 3217878 bytes, checksum: 48c026fc06d4c9e5db03014506ffc609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese, estudamos o problema de um anel delgado de matéria de densidade constante com um buraco negro de Kerr em seu centro. Nosso objetivo foi resolver as equações de Einstein no vácuo com simetria axial para esse sistema gravitacional. Para fazer a sobreposição não-linear do anel com o buraco negro (BN), utilizamos o método de Belinsky e Zakharov (MBZ). Este método necessita de uma solução conhecida (solução semente) para gerar uma nova solução. Tomamos a aproximação da solução do anel em multipolos como solução semente. Como resultado, obtivemos a solução de um anel com o BN central. A expansão do anel em multipolos exige o truncamento da série. Esta aproximação introduz um erro em nossa solução. Realizamos o estudo do mesmo devido ao truncamento da série. Também estudamos a estabilidade de órbitas circulares equatoriais de partículas movendo-se ao redor do sistema anel-BN quanto a perturbações epicíclicas e verticais. Analisamos essas perturbações para os modelos de gravitação relativística e newtoniana. Como resultado, encon- tramos o efeito inesperado da duplicação das órbitas circulares de flotons para alguns valores de parâmetros relacionados com o anel e o BN, bem como zonas de estabilidade na região interna do anel. / Abstract: In this thesis, we will study the problem of a thin ring of matter of constant density with a central Kerr black hole. The aim of this work is to solve the Einstein equations in the vacuum with axial symmetry for that gravitational system. To do the nonlinear superposition of the ring with the black hole (BH), we used the Belinsky and Zakharov method (BZM). This method needs a known solution (called seed solution) to generate a new one. We took the Newtonian ring potential approximated by a multipolar expansion as seed solution. As result, we obtained the solution of a ring with a central BH. The ring multipolar expansion demands the truncation of the series. This approach introduces an error in our solution. Estimations of errors due to the truncation of the multipolar expansions are performed. We also studied the stability of equatorial circular orbits of particles moving around the system ring plus BH due to epicycle and vertical perturbations. We analyzed those perturbations for relativistic and Newtonian gravitational models. As result, we found the unexpected effect of the duplication of the photons circular orbits for certain values of parameters related with the ring and BH, as well as zones of stability in the inner area of the matter ring. / Doutorado / Relatividade e Gravitação / Doutor em Ciências

Rotating and non-rotating beams are widely used to model important engineering struc-tures. Hence, the vibration analyses of these beams are an important problem from a structural dynamics point of view. Depending on the beam dimensions, they are mod-eled using different beam theories. In most cases, the governing differential equations of these types of beams do not yield any simple closed-form solutions; hence we look for the inverse problem approach in determining the beam property variations given certain solutions. The long and slender beams are generally modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Under the premise of this theory, we study (i) the second mode tailoring of non-rotating beams having six different boundary conditions, (ii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of free-free beams, (iii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis for gravity-loaded cantilever beams, (iv) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of rotating cantilever and pinned-free beams and (v) beams with shared eigen-pair. Short and thick beams are generally modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory. Here, we provide analytical closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of ro-tating non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams. The Rayleigh beam provides a marginal improvement over the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory without venturing into the math-ematical complexities of the Timoshenko beam theory. Under this theory, we provide closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of cantilever Rayleigh beams under three different axial loading conditions - uniform loading, gravity-loading and centrifu-gally loaded. We assume simple polynomial mode shapes which satisfy the different boundary conditions of a particular beam, and derive the corresponding beam property variations. In case of the shared eigenpair, we use the mode shape of a uniform beam which has a closed-form solution and use it to derive the stiffness distribution of a corresponding axially loaded beam having same length, mass variation and boundary condition. For the Timoshenko beam, we assume polynomial functions for the bending displacement and the rotation due to bending. The derived properties are demonstrated as benchmark analytical solutions for approximate and numerical methods used for the free vibration analysis of beams. They can also aid in designing actual beams for a pre-specified frequency or nodal locations in some cases. The effect of different parameters in the derived property variations and the bounds on the pre-specified frequencies and nodal locations are also studied for certain cases. The derived analytical solutions can also serve as a benchmark solution for different statistical simulation tools to find the probabilistic nature of the derived stiffness distri-bution for known probability distributions of the pre-specified frequencies. In presence of uncertainty, this flexural stiffness is treated as a spatial random field. For known probability distributions of the natural frequencies, the corresponding distribution of this field is determined analytically for the rotating cantilever Euler-Bernoulli beams. The derived analytical solutions are also used to derive the coefficient of variation of the stiffness distribution, which is further used to optimize the beam profile to maximize the allowable tolerances during manufacturing.

Les ensembles turbo-alternateurs des centrales électriques sont de grandes machines tournantes de plus de 50 mètres de long et de plusieurs centaines de tonnes. Lors du fonctionnement normal d'une telle machine, une probabilité non nulle existe d'un détachement accidentel d'une aube. Dans une telle situation, un balourd important est généré et du contact apparaît entre les parties tournantes et non tournantes de la machine. Il est alors capital de pouvoir simuler efficacement la dynamique de ce type d'évènement faisant intervenir de fortes non linéarités dans le système. Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) IRINA (SImulation et maîtRise des rIsques en coNception des mAchines tournantes) et en particulier entre le LaMCoS (LAboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures) de l'INSA de Lyon et le département AMA (Analyses Mécaniques et Acoustiques) d'EDF R et D à Clamart. Elle a pour objectif de mettre au point une technique rapide de simulation du comportement des lignes d'arbres de machines tournantes en cas de présence de non linéarité de type contact entre rotor et stator. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une double démarche a été mise en place. La première consiste à mettre au point des modèles simplifiés afin de réduire le nombre de degrés de liberté du problème. De surcroît, une technique de réduction de modèle adaptée au cas de non linéarité localisée est utilisée afin de réduire encore plus la taille du système à résoudre. La seconde démarche consiste à mettre au point une technique de résolution rapide du système réduit afin d'obtenir la solution encore plus rapidement. Pour cela, au lieu d'utiliser les traditionnelles techniques d'intégration temporelle directe, c'est la méthode de la balance harmonique qui est mise à profit. Cette technique permet d'obtenir directement la réponse stabilisée du système grâce à une résolution des équations dans le domaine fréquentiel. Dans ce cadre, une maquette numérique a été mise au point mettant en oeuvre les fonctionnalités citées. Cette dernière permet de reproduire les phénomènes physiques périodiques ainsi que quasi-périodiques et de déterminer leur stabilité. Des études paramétriques sur des exemples de problèmes de contact rotor-stator viennent illustrer cette démarche. Enfin, une application sur un cas industriel de groupe turbo alternateur EDF est présentée. / Power plants turbo-generator sets are large rotating machines of more than 50 meters long and weight several hundred tons. During normal operation of such a machine, there is a nonzero probability of an accidental disconnection of a blade. In such a situation, a significant imbalance is generated and contact may occur between the rotating and non-rotating parts. It is therefore essential to be able to effectively simulate the dynamics of this type of event involving strong nonlinearities in the system. This PhD was conducted within the framework of the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) IRINA (Simulation and risk control in rotating machinery design) and in particular between the LaMCoS (LAboratory of Contact Mechanics and Structures) of the INSA Lyon and the AMA department (Mechanical and Acoustic Analysis) at EDF R and D in Clamart. It aims to develop a fast technique for simulating the behavior of shafts of rotating machinery in case of presence of non-linearity of contact between rotor and stator. To achieve this goal, a dual approach was implemented. The first is to develop simplified models to reduce the number of degrees of freedom of the problem. In addition, a model reduction technique suitable for the case of localized nonlinearity is used to further reduce the size of the system to be solved. The second approach is to develop a technique for efficient resolution of the reduced system to obtain the solution more quickly. To do this, instead of using the traditional direct temporal integration techniques, the harmonic balance method is put to use. This technique allows to directly obtain the stabilized response of the system thanks to a resolution of the equations in the frequency domain. In this context, a numerical model has been developed to implement the features mentioned. The latter allows to reproduce the physical periodic and quasi-periodic phenomena and to determine their stability. Parametric studies of examples of problems of rotor-stator contact will illustrate this approach. Finally, an application on an industrial case of turbo generator EDF is presented.

Dans le contexte économique et environnemental actuel, la prochaine génération de moteurs d’avion devra offrir opérabilité, compacité et hauts rendements. Les compresseurs demeurent une des pièces critiques de ces moteurs, et leur conception un challenge. À débit réduit, leur plage de fonctionnement est contrainte par la limite de pompage, phénomène hautement instable et dangereux. À ce jour, peu d’études expérimentales sur un compresseur en situation de pompage ont été réalisées, étant donné le danger inhérent pour les installations. Dans ce cadre, la simulation numérique peut apporter des informations sur le développement des instabilités aérodynamiques et aider à la prévision de la limite de pompage. L’objectif du travail présenté dans cette thèse est de mettre en place une méthode afin de simuler numériquement l’entrée en pompage et un cycle complet de l’instabilité avec le code elsA. Le cas test retenu est le compresseur de recherche axial multi-étage CREATE dessiné par Snecma, et étudié expérimentalement par le LMFA. Des études antérieures ont montré le rôle joué par les volumes entourant le compresseur ; l’originalité de cette étude réside donc dans l’inclusion des volumes du banc d’essai dans la simulation du compresseur. Une des difficultés inhérentes à la simulation de ces instabilités est leur temps caractéristique, qui représente plus d’une centaine de rotations de la machine. Le calcul a donc nécessité le recours à une approche massivement parallèle ; environ un million d’heures CPU ont été utilisées pour décrire le cycle. Enfin, compte tenu du retournement de l’écoulement dans le compresseur, les conditions aux limites ont été modifiées pour pouvoir s’adapter aux changements de sens de l’écoulement. La simulation a permis de décrire l’entrée en pompage et un cycle complet de l’instabilité. La comparaison avec les données expérimentales montre que les caractéristiques du cycle sont correctement prédites (phénomènes physiques précurseurs de l’instabilité, durée du cycle..). En parallèle, une étude acoustique a été menée afin de mettre en évidence les modes propres du banc d’essai. L’analyse de ces résultats a notamment montré le rôle de l’acoustique dans le déclenchement du pompage. Les différentes phases du cycle de pompage sont ensuite étudiées, et caractérisées (déclenchement, débit inversé, récupération et recompression). Ce travail a généré une base de données qui permet de mieux comprendre les instabilités qui se développent dans ce type de machine. À terme, ces résultats pourront être utilisés pour élaborer et valider des modélisations du phénomène de pompage moins coûteuses, pouvant intervenir dans un cycle de conception. / In order to deal with the current economical and environmental context, the next engine generation will need to offer great operability, compactness and high efficiency. In aircraft engines, the compressor remains one of the critical components, and its design is still a challenging task. At low massflow rate, their operability is bounded by the surge limit, surge being a highly unstable and dangerous phenomenon. Today, few experimental studies on compressor surge are available because of the inherent threat to the facility. In that context, numerical simulation can bring about information on the onset of aerodynamic instabilities and help to predict the surge limit. The work presented in this PhD thesis aims at setting up a method to perform the numerical simulation of surge inception and of an entire cycle of the instability with the CFD code elsA. The chosen test case is the axial multistage research compressor CREATE designed and built by Snecma, and experimentally studied at LMFA. Previous studies have pointed out the role of the volumes adjacent to the compressor ; the originality of this work is thus the inclusion of the volumes of the test-rig in the simulation of the compressor. One of the difficulties inherent to the simulation of those instabilities is their characteristic time of at least one hundred revolutions of the machine. Hence the computation has required a massively parallel approach and about one million CPU hours. Finally, given that the flow reverses during a surge cycle, the boundary conditions have been modified to be able to cope with the flow inversions. The simulation was able to capture surge inception and the entire cycle of the instability. The comparison with the experimental data showed that the main patterns of the cycle are correctly predicted (precursor phenomena of surge, duration of the cycle...). In the meantime, an acoustic study has been performed in order to isolate the eigenmodes of the test-rig. The analysis of the results pointed out the role of acoustic phenomena in surge inception. The different phases of the cycle are then studied and characterized (surge inception, reversed-flow phase, recovery and repressurization). This work has incremented a database that allows a better understanding of the instabilities that develop in this kind of machine. From now on, those results may help to elaborate and validate cheaper models of the surge phenomenon to be used in the design process.

Ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude d'extracteurs d'air hybrides éoliens. Il se décompose en des investigations amont et appliquées. Dans la partie amont, des simulations fines ont été effectuées en conduite carrée avec et sans rotation, pour des nombres de Reynolds turbulents de l'ordre de 600, afin d'analyser l'impact de la rotation sur la turbulence. Elles ont montré que la rotation rompt la symétrie de l'écoulement. La partie appliquée est dédiée à la conception d'une nouvelle géométrie d'extracteur d'air. Cette géométrie a été proposée à partir de l'analyse de simulations RANS. Ses performances ont été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur banc d'essais. Les tests en soufflerie d'un système de captage d'énergie éolienne, conçu pour l'extracteur, ont mis en évidence son adéquation au régime de fonctionnement de l'extracteur. Les essais expérimentaux de l'extracteur complet, montrent que le système de captage apporte une part significative de l'énergie. Des essais en soufflerie ont permis d'observer le comportement global de l'extracteur. / This PhD work concerns the study of hybrid air extractors. It is composed of upstream and applied investigations. In the upstream part, fine simulations are realized in square duct flow with and without rotation to analyse the impact of rotation on turbulence. It is found that rotation removes symmetry property of the flow with turbulent Reynolds number of 600. The applied part is dedicated to the conception of a new air extractor geometry. This geometry is proposed from the analyse of RANS simulations. Its performances are confirmed by experimental measurements on test rig. Wind tunnel tests of a wind power capturing system, designed for the extractor, show a good adequation to the operating regime of the extractor. Experimental investigations on the complete air extractor, show the wind power capturing system brings a significant part of the energy. Wind tunnel tests allow to observe the complete air extractor behaviour.

No description available.

No description available.