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Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) for bioenergy could be used to meet biomass requirements and contribute to achieving renewable energy targets. As an important source of biomass it is important to gain an understanding of the implications of large-scale application of SRF on the soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. This study examined the effects of land use change (LUC) from grassland to SRF on soil fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and the important drivers in action. Examining soils from a range of sites across the UK, CO2 emission potentials were reduced under SRF with differences between coniferous and broadleaved transitions; these changes were found to be related to changes in soil pH and microbial biomass. However, there were limited effects of SRF tree species type on CH4 and N2O fluxes. A detailed study at an experimental SRF site over 16 months demonstrated a reduction in CH4 and net CO2 emissions from soils under SRF and revealed intriguing temporal dynamics of N2O under Sitka spruce and common alder. A significant proportion of the variation in soil N2O fluxes was attributed to differences between tree species, water table depth, spatial effects, and their interactions. The effects of microtopography (ridges, troughs, flats), and its interactions with water table depth on soil GHG fluxes under different tree species was tested using mesocosm cores collected in the field. Microtopography did not significantly affect soil GHG fluxes but trends suggested that considering this spatial factor in sampling regimes could be important. N2O fluxes from Sitka spruce soils did not respond to water table depth manipulation in the laboratory suggesting that they may also be determined by tree-driven nitrogen (N) availability, with other research showing N deposition to be higher in coniferous plantations. An N addition experiment lead to increased N2O emissions with greatest relative response in the Sitka spruce soils. Overall, LUC from rough grassland to SRF resulted in a reduction in soil CH4 emissions, increased N2O emissions and a reduction or no change in net CO2 emissions. These changes in emissions were influenced both directly and indirectly by tree species type with Sitka spruce having the greatest effect on N2O in particular, thus highlighting the importance of considering soil N2O emissions in any life cycle analysis or GHG budgets of LUC to SRF for bioenergy. This research can help inform decisions around SRF tree species selection in future large-scale bioenergy planting.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la turbulence incompressible homogène et anisotrope, et plus particulièrement à l’effet d’une rotation solide et d’un champ magnétique uniforme et stationnaire. En plus des simulations numériques directes (DNS), nous présentons également un modèle synthétique de turbulence (Kinematic Simulation ou KS) construit à partir d’une superposition de modes de Fourier, et au sein duquel la dynamique linéaire (basée sur la Rapid Distorsion Theory) peut être incluse. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de la rotation solide est étudié avec un effort particulier porté sur les corrélations en deux-temps. Une comparaison entre DNS et KS est proposée dans le cas isotrope comme dans le cas en rotation. Dans le contexte aéroacoustique, on montre dans quelle mesure la rotation modifie l’émission acoustique d’une turbulence homogène. L’effet d’un champ magnétique est ensuite considéré et l’anisotropie de l’écoulement est étudiée en fonction du nombre de Reynolds magnétique. Il est montré dans quelle mesure la turbulence magnétohydrodynamique quasi-statique est similaire à la turbulence “deux-dimensions trois-composantes” du fait de la dissipation Joule anisotrope et comment l’écoulement restaure son isotropie lorsque le nombre de Reynolds magnétique croît. Enfin, l’effet couplé d’une rotation et d’un champ magnétique est considéré. Les propriétés énergétiques ainsi que l’anisotropie sont étudiés et une étude paramétrique en fonction du nombre d’Elsasser est proposée. / This thesis focuses on incompressible homogeneous anisotropic turbulence, with a particuliar interest on the effect of a solid-body rotation and a uniform steady magnetic field. In addition to Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), we also propose a stochastic model of anisotropic turbulence (Kinematic Simulation or KS) based on a superposition of Fourier modes, in which linear dynamics (based on Rapid Distorsion Theory) is included. First, the effect of a solid body rotation is studied and we focus on two-time velocity correlations. Comparisons between KS and DNS are presented in the isotropic and rotating cases. We then apply these results to aeroacoutics and show how the rotation modifies the acoustic emission of homogeneous turbulence. Secondly, we focus on the effect of an imposed magnetic field and we describe the anisotropy of the flow in function of the magnetic Reynolds number. The quasi-static magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is very similar to the so-called 2D-3C turbulence due to anisotropic Joule dissipation and we show how the isotropy is restored as the magnetic Reynolds numbers increases. Finally, we consider the coupled effect of rotation and magnetic field. Energetic properties and anisotropy are studied and a dependance of the results on the Elsasser number is also proposed.

Abstract This thesis deals with the rotation-vibration theory and high resolution infrared spectroscopy of semirigid C3 molecules. Semirigid molecules form a class of molecules which are strongly bound with one well defined structure, and without low frequency internal motions. The theory, as well as the experimental studies of semirigid molecules are of special importance in the field of rotation-vibration spectroscopy. They provide a good starting point for interpreting and analyzing the spectra of practically all types of molecules. In this work, the theory is reviewed fromthe standpoint of one particular molecule, 13CH3I, which is a prolate symmetric top with C3 symmetry. The origin and the properties of the rotation-vibration Hamiltonian are discussed in detail. Molecular symmetry plays an important role in these studies. The expansion of the Hamiltonian for nuclear motion in powers of the vibrational operators converges rapidly as numerical examples thoughout the treatment indicate. The molecule is thus a good subject for the perturbation calculations, also reviewed here in detail. 13CH3I can be considered as a model example of semirigid molecules. From the spectroscopic point of view, this thesis is a study of the six fundamental bands of 13CH3I. The rotational analysis of the vibrational ground state is first given. Special attention is paid to obtaining the axial rotational constants which are problematic for symmetric top molecules. The relatively high energy level density of 13CH3I leads to several resonances. The fundamental bands, especially the higher ones, must therefore be treated as parts of band systems. Care is paid to properly take into account the effects of the near-lying vibrational levels on the constants of the fundamentals. Certain ambiguities in the rotation-vibration Hamiltonian of 13CH3I are also discussed.

The close-by orbits of the ongoing Juno mission allow measuring with unprecedented accuracy Jupiter's low-degree even gravity moments J(2), J(4), J(6), and J(8). These can be used to better determine Jupiter's internal density profile and constrain its core mass. Yet the largest unknown on these gravity moments comes from the effect of differential rotation, which gives a degree of freedom unaccounted for by internal structure models. Here considering a wide range of possible internal flow structures and dynamical considerations, we provide upper bounds to the effect of dynamics (differential rotation) on the low-degree gravity moments. In light of the recent Juno gravity measurements and their small uncertainties, this allows differentiating between the various models suggested for Jupiter's internal structure.

Psychometric instruments are used internationally in organisations to assist companies when making recruitment or development decisions. But the differences that exist on similar psychometric instruments between international groups of people with similar qualifications necessitate the evaluation of the construct validity of these instruments. The objective of this study was to determine the construct validity of the locus of control inventory developed by Udai Pareek in 1998. The instrument consists of 30 items and it was completed by 155 pre-and postgraduate students at the University of Pretoria. Oblimin rotation was used to assist with the interpretation of the factors. In the pattern and structure matrix the highest loadings were highlighted which meant that these items measured the construct that they were supposed to measure. Items were deleted where there was no clear indication as to what the item was measuring. Item analysis was done on each of the constructs identified to further investigate the appropriateness of each item and even more items were deleted, which also had an impact on the Cronbach’s alpha value. The chi-square as well as other fit indices was used to determine the model fit. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to establish how well the model fitted the data. It was clear that the two-factor model fitted the data considerably better than the three-factor model because of a high correlation between two of the factors which indicated that they might be measuring the same construct. The results indicate that the locus of control instrument is not suitable for use in the South African context and should therefore be modified until a satisfactory model fit is found. AFRIKAANS: Psigometrise instrumente word wereldwyd benut om maatsappye te help met werwing en ontwikkelings besluite. Maar die verskille wat ontstaan wanneer internasionale groepe met soortgelyke kwalifikasies teen mekaar opgeweeg word vereis dat die konstruk geldigheid van die instrumente bepaal word. Die doel van die studie was om die konstruk geldigheid van die lokus van kontrole vraelys, wat deur Udai Pareek ontwikkel is, te ondersoek.Die instrument bestaan uit 30 items en dit was voltooi deur 155 voor-en nagraadse studente van die Universiteit van Pretoria. Oblimin rotasie was gebruik om die interpretasie van die faktore te vergemaklik. Die items wat werklik meet wat dit ontwikkel is om te meet is ingekleur sodat dit maklik geidentifiseer kan word.Items is slegs uit die vraelys gehaal waar daar geen duidelike indikasie was wat die item meet nie. Item analise was op elke konstruk toegepas, en die chi-square en ander passings indekse was gebruik om te bepaal hoe die model op die data pas. Dit was duidelik dat die twee-faktor model die data baie beter pas as die voorgestelde drie-faktor model. Volgens die drie faktor model is daar twee van die voorgestelde drie faktore wat moontlik die selfde konstruk kan meet. Die resultate dui aan dat die lokus van kontrole vraelys nie geskik is vir gebruik in Suid–Afrika nie, en sal daarom aangepas moet word totdat „n aanvaarbare model gevind is. Copyright 2009, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Engelbrecht, C 2009, Determining the construct validity of Udai Pareek's locus of control inventory , MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02092012-100414 / > C12/4/75/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Rotation has a number of important effects on the evolution of stars. Apart from structural changes because of the centrifugal force, turbulent mixing and meridional circulation can dramatically affect a star's chemical evolution. This leads to changes in the surface temperature and luminosity as well as modifying its lifetime. Rotation decreases the surface gravity, causes enhanced mass loss and leads to surface abundance anomalies of various chemical isotopes all of which have been observed. The replication of these physical effects with simple stellar evolution models is very difficult and has resulted in the use of numerous different formulations to describe the physics. We have adapted the Cambridge stellar evolution code to incorporate a number of different physical models for rotation, including several treatments of angular momentum transport in convection zones. We compare detailed grids of stellar evolution models along with simulated stellar populations to identify the key differences between them. We then consider how these models relate to observed data. Models of rotationally-driven dynamos in stellar radiative zones have suggested that magnetohydrodynamic transport of angular momentum and chemical composition can dominate over the otherwise purely hydrodynamic processes. If this is the case then a proper consideration of the interaction between rotation and magnetic fields is essential. We have adapted our purely hydrodynamic model to include the evolution of the magnetic field with a pair of time-dependent advection--diffusion equations coupled with the equations for the evolution of the angular momentum distribution and stellar structure. This produces a much more complete, though still reasonably simple, model for the magnetic field evolution. We consider how the surface field strength varies during the main-sequence evolution and compare the surface enrichment of nitrogen for a simulated stellar population with observations. Strong magnetic fields are also observed at the end of the stellar lifetime. The surface magnetic field strength of white dwarfs is observed to vary from very little up to 10 9G. As well as considering the main-sequence evolution of magnetic fields we also look at how the strongest magnetic fields in white dwarfs may be generated by dynamo action during the common envelope phase of strongly interacting binary stars. The resulting magnetic field depends strongly on the electrical conductivity of the white dwarf, the lifetime of the convective envelope and the variability of the magnetic dynamo. We assess the various energy sources available and estimate necessary lifetimes of the common envelope.

In this dissertation we consider the dynamics of the solar interior, with particular focus on angular momentum balance and magnetic field confinement within the tachocline. In Part I we review current knowledge of the Sun's rotation. We summarise the main mechanisms by which angular momentum is transported within the Sun, and discuss the difficulties in reconciling the observed uniform rotation of the radiative interior with purely hydrodynamical theories. Following Gough & McIntyre (1998) we conclude that a global-scale interior magnetic field provides the most plausible explanation for the observed uniform rotation, provided that it is confined within the tachocline. We discuss potential mechanisms for magnetic field confinement, assuming that the field has a roughly axial-dipolar structure. In particular, we argue that the field is confined, in high latitudes, by a laminar downwelling flow driven by turbulence in the tachocline and convection zone above. In Part II we describe how the magnetic confinement picture is affected by the presence of compositional stratification in the 'helium settling layer' below the convection zone. We use scaling arguments to estimate the rate at which the settling layer forms, and verify our predictions with a simple numerical model. We discuss the implications for lithium depletion in the convection zone. In Part III we present numerical results showing how the Sun's interior magnetic field can be confined, in the polar regions, while maintaining uniform rotation within the radiative envelope. These results come from solving the full, nonlinear equations numerically. We also show how these results can be understood in terms of a reduced, analytical model that is asymptotically valid in the parameter regime of relevance to the solar tachocline. In Part IV we discuss how our high-latitude model can be extended to a global model of magnetic confinement within the tachocline.

Previous investigations comparing direct versus indirectly cued movements have consistently shown that indirectly cued movements take longer to prepare (Neely and Heath, 2010) and involve the recruitment of additional brain areas (Connolly et al., 2000). This increase in processing time has been associated with the additional cognitive transformations required of the task (Neely and Heath, 2010). In the present study we investigated whether differences between direct versus indirectly cued movements are also reflected in the time course of motor preparation. Participants performed a targeting task, moving directly to the location of a visual cue (i.e., directly cued movement) or to a location that differed by 60˚, 90˚, or 120˚ with respect to the visual cue provided (i.e., indirectly cued movements). Participants were instructed to initiate their movements concurrently with an anticipated go-signal. To examine the time course of motor preparation, a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS, 124dB) was randomly presented 150 ms, 500 ms, or 1000 ms prior to the go-signal. Results from the startle trials revealed that the time course of motor preparation was similar regardless of the angle of rotation required and hence whether it was a direct or indirectly cued trial. Specifically, motor preparation was delayed until less than 500 ms prior to movement initiation for both direct and indirectly cued movements. These findings indicate that similar motor preparation strategies are engaged for both types of cued movements, suggesting that the time to prepare a motor response may be similar regardless of whether a cognitive transformation is required.

L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement de nouvelles méthodes de RMN à l'état solide pour l’analyse microscopique des structures dans les solides. Les méthodes proposées sont compatibles avec les champs magnétiques élevés et les vitesses de rotation MAS ultra-rapides. Les principales réalisations comprennent:(1) la mesure précise des distances pour des paires isolées entre spin-1/2 et noyaux quadripolaires. Ces mesures reposent sur ​​la symétrie des méthodes de recouplage hétéronucléaire et sur l'application d'impulsion de saturation sur le noyau quadripolaire;(2) l'observation des proximités entre noyaux de spin 1/2 et quadripolaires dans les matériaux inorganiques avec la méthode D-HMQC. Les propriétés des différents découplages dipolaire hétéro-nucléaire ont été comparés;(3) l'observation des proximités entre noyaux quadripolaires demi-entiers dans des verres ou des céramiques d'oxydes. Nous avons montré que les transferts de polarisation entre ces noyaux peuvent être obtenus avec une polarisation croisée obtenue avec des impulsions synchronisées sur le rotor, ce qui la rend plus robuste que celle obtenue avec une irradiation continue pour les noyaux quadripolaires;(4) la haute résolution des protons dans les solides à l'aide de méthodes de découplage dipolaire homo-nucléaires. Nous avons développé la méthode TIMES, qui est efficace à la fois en MAS de basse et haute vitesse;(5) le développement de l'excitation DANTE appliquée aux solides; (6) de nouvelles méthodes D-HMQC permettant de déterminer d'une manière semi-quantitative les distances internucléaires. / The focus of this thesis is on the development of novel solid-state NMR methods for the characterization of atomic-scale structure in solids. The proposed methods are compatible with high magnetic fields and ultra-fast MAS. The main achievements comprise:(1) the measurement of accurate distances for isolated pairs of spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei. These measurements rely on symmetry-based hetero-nuclear recoupling and the application of saturation pulse to the quadrupolar nucleus;(2) the observation of proximities between spin-1/2 and quadrupolar nuclei in inorganic materials using D-HMQC. The properties of different hetero-nuclear dipolar decoupling have been compared;(3) the observation of proximities between half-integer quadrupolar nuclei in oxide glasses or ceramics. We demonstrated that polarization transfers between quadrupolar nuclei can be achieved by multi-pulses CP, which is more robust than continuous-wave CP for quadrupolar nuclei;(4) the observation of the local environment of protons in organic solids using homo-nuclear dipolar decoupling. In particular, we have developed TIMES, which is efficient both at low and high MAS frequency;(5) the development of DANTE excitation to solids:(6) a novel D-HMQC implementation that allows determining in a semi-quantitative way the inter-nuclear distances.