Este estudo teve por hipótese que o manejo de pastos de Tifton 85 baseado em parâmetros ingestivos dos animais (pastoreio Rotatínuo – RN), resulta em colheita do pasto mais eficiente que no manejo tradicional. Foram estudadas três estratégias de manejo de pastoreio rotativo em pastos de Tifton 85 pastejados por novilhas leiteiras no Sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiam em variações de critério de altura de pasto para entrada e retirada dos animais. O primeiro tratamento foi o método de pastoreio rotativo “clássico” (máximo aproveitamento do pasto) com metas de altura de manejo pré-pastejo de 30 cm e pós-pastejo de 5 cm (30-05). O segundo tratamento foi o Rotatínuo (RN) que permite a máxima taxa de ingestão de forragem, com altura pré-pastejo de 19,2 cm e pós-pastejo de 11,5 cm. No terceiro tratamento foi utilizada uma proposição de rebaixamento de apenas 40% da altura pré-pastejo tradicionalmente recomendada no país, 30 cm de altura pré-pastejo e 18 cm de altura pós-pastejo (30-18). Foram utilizados animais da raça Holandês, com idade de 20±2 meses e peso médio de 496±22 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O período experimental foi de 67 dias, entre 14 de janeiro a 22 de março de 2014. Os número de pastejos chegaram a 7 para o RN, 2 para o RT e 5 para o 30-18. A taxa de ingestão de forragem foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. Para manter a taxa de ingestão constante os animais utilizaram diferentes componentes do comportamento. No tratamento 30-05 os animais apresentaram maior massa do bocado, e no RN maior taxa de bocado (P<0,05). O RN obteve maior taxa de acúmulo diária de forragem frente aos demais tratamentos, maior massa de forragem colhida e maior eficiência de colheita do pasto (P<0,05). A adoção de metas de manejo do pasto via alturas pré e pós-pastejo definidas por parâmetros ingestivos, conforme previsto no Rotatínuo, possibilitou obter adequada eficiência de colheita de pasto, sem comprometer o potencial de regeneração dos pastos. / This study hypothesized that the grazing management of Tifton 85 based on animal ingestive behavior parameters (Rotatinuous grazing - RN), results in higher harvesting efficiency than traditional management. Three rotational grazing management strategies were tested on Tifton 85 pastures grazed by dairy heifers in southern Brazil. The treatments were different sward height targets to put and take the animals from the strip. The first treatment was the traditional rotational grazing method named "Classic" (maximum pasture harvest) with pre-grazing height of 30 cm and post-grazing of 5 cm (30-05). The second treatment was named Rotatinuous (RN), aimed to maximize the animal herbage intake rate, where the pre-grazing height was 19.2 cm and post-grazing of 11.5 cm. In the third treatment it was proposed the grazing down of 40% of pre-grazing height traditionally recommended in Brazil (30 cm), resulting in 30 cm and 18 cm of pre and post-grazing height, respectively (30-18). Holstein animals, aged 20 ± 2 months, were used with an average weight of 496 ± 22 kg. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The experimental period was 67 days, from 14 January to 22 March 2014. The numbers of grazing cycles were 7 on RN, 2 on 30-05 and 5 on 30-18 treatments. Herbage intake rate did not differ among treatments (P>0.05). The animals behaved differently using distinct grazing behavior strategies during the grazing down in order to reach the same level of intake rate. In the treatment 30-05 animals presented higher bite mass, whist RN higher bite rate (P <0.05). The RN had higher daily herbage accumulation rate, amount of forage harvested and pasture harvest efficiency (P <0.05). The grazing management goals defined by ingestive parameters (Rotatínuous) provided adequate pasture harvest efficiency without compromising pasture regrowth potential.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_ms_dr_jabo.pdf: 757442 bytes, checksum: ef691fa6cc908c6549abffbd01182b32 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista / Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 bovinos da raça Nelore, machos,castrados com aproximadamente 14 meses de idade, com peso médio aproximado de 320 kg de PV distribuídos em três lotes de oito animais cada e mantidos em três piquetes providos de bebedouros e cochos. A suplementação protéica (24%PB) foi fornecida diariamente na quantidade de 1 kg/animal/dia para avaliar o efeito, sobre o desempenho dos animais, das variáveis comportamentais em pé (EP), em pé ruminando (EPR), comendo o suplemento (C) e pastejando (P). Os animais foram acompanhados em cinco períodos diários contínuos de 8 h (das 9 às 17h), usando-se a coleta instantânea, com intervalo amostral a cada cinco minutos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis comportamentais nos diferentes lotes e dias de observação, sendo obtidas as médias EPR= 0,84; 0,82 e 1,10; EP= 1,26; 1,02 e 1,3; C = 1,06; 1,26 e 1,26; P = 3,14; 3,2 e 2,96 h, por período de observação diário, e os ganhos médios foram 0,23, 0,19 e 0,18 kg/animal respectivamente para os lotes 1, 2 e 3. Concluiu-se que as variáveis comportamentais não influenciaram o ganho de peso, que deve ter sido atribuído a fatores de ordem social e características qualitativas da pastagem. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas trinta novilhas mestiças... / Were conducted three experiments with the objective to evaluate the ingestive behaviour of bovines submitted different strategies of supplementation and its effect on the performance .In the first experiment were used 24 Nelore steers, males castrated approximately 14 months, and medium weight of 320 kg BW The animals were designated to three groups of eight animals each and maintained in three provided pickets of drinking fountain and hod. The daily proteic (24%PB)supplementation being the supplement supplied in the amount of 1 Kg/animal/day for evaluate the effect in performance animals recording the behavioural categories standing up an still(EP),standing up and ruminating(EPR)eating the supplement( C) and grazing( P ). For this study the animals were accompanied in three continuous periods of 8 h (9:00 the 17:00), totaling 40 hours of visual observations with continuous assessment and focal sampling, with interval every five minutes for the recording the behavioural categories. There was no significant difference for the behavioural categories in differents groups and daily period of observation the means obttid were EPR= 0,84; 0,82 e 1,10; EP= 1,26; 1,02 e 1,3; C = 1,06; 1,26 e 1,26; P = 3,14; 3,2 e 2,96 h in period of observation, in weight gain on the animal performance in the different groups were as 0,230, 0,195 and 0,183 kg/animal/day respectively in the groups 1,2 e 3 ist must have the factors of social order and qualitative characteristics in the pasture. In second were used thirty crossbred heifers, with age and corporal weight average initials of 10 months and 234 kg PV. All the experimental animals daily received the supplement in the amount from 0,5%PV in individual pens of 8 m2 (4x2 m), containing concrete hod and drinking fountain.

Resumo: Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / Abstract: The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen. / Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira / Coorientador: Kleber Tomás de Resende / Banca: Ana Claudia Ruggieri / Banca: Marcelo Beltrão Molento / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-04-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_hm_me_jabo.pdf: 429822 bytes, checksum: 9a01550afb4e4e1ba15e6325062ee454 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os objetivos gerais deste estudo visaram verificar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em diferentes intensidades de pastejo no capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), em caprinos e avaliar o método Famacha em cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e Saanen, criadas em sistema de pastejo, sob condições subtropicais. Foram utilizadas 65 cabras, sendo 21 cabras da raça Saanen e 44 cabras de composição genética ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen, pesando entre 35 a 40 kg. No tratamento de baixa intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 3000 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 23 animais, sendo 11 Saanen e 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. No tratamento de alta intensidade de pastejo (massa residual 1500 kg MS/ ha) foram, inicialmente, utilizados, 42 animais, sendo 10 Saanen e 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) no parasitismo animal entre as intensidades de pastejo. Os resultados obtidos para a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen foi de 51,6% e 48,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Para as cabras Saanen a sensibilidade e especificidade do Famacha foram de 16,7% e 82,6%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). No exame de coprocultura foi verificado predominância de mais de 60% de Haemonchus sp., seguido de mais de 30% de Trichostrongylus sp. Nas condições deste estudo a intensidade de pastejo não afetou o parasitismo gastrintestinal em caprinos e o método Famacha mostrou-se eficaz para as cabras ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen e não eficaz para as cabras Saanen. / The general objectives of this study had aimed at to verify the gastrointestinal parasitism in different intensities of grazing in Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzânia-1), in goats and evaluating the Famacha method in goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and Saanen, created in system of grazing, under subtropical conditions. Sixty five goats (21 Saanen and 44 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen) were used in a randomized block design and divided into two different intensities of grazing (treatments). In the treatment of low intensities of grazing had been used 3000 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 23 animals, being 11 Saanen and 12 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. In the high intensities of capacity had been used 1500 kg matter dry/ ha, they were, initially, used, 42 animals, being 10 Saanen and 32 ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen. It did not have difference (P> 0,05) in the animal parasitism enters the intensities of grazing. The results gotten for sensitivity and specificity of the Famacha for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen was of 51,6% and 48,3%, respectively and low sensibility (16,7%) and strong specificity (82,6%) for Saanen goats. Identification of the larvae by coproculture indicated that Haemonchus sp. predominate in the animals from both in different intensities of pastejo followed by Trichostrongylus sp. In the conditions of this study the grazing intensity didn't affect the gastrointestinal parasitism in goats and the method Famacha was shown effective for the goats ¾ Boer ¼ Saanen and not effective for the goats Saanen.

Este estudo teve por hipótese que o manejo de pastos de Tifton 85 baseado em parâmetros ingestivos dos animais (pastoreio Rotatínuo – RN), resulta em colheita do pasto mais eficiente que no manejo tradicional. Foram estudadas três estratégias de manejo de pastoreio rotativo em pastos de Tifton 85 pastejados por novilhas leiteiras no Sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiam em variações de critério de altura de pasto para entrada e retirada dos animais. O primeiro tratamento foi o método de pastoreio rotativo “clássico” (máximo aproveitamento do pasto) com metas de altura de manejo pré-pastejo de 30 cm e pós-pastejo de 5 cm (30-05). O segundo tratamento foi o Rotatínuo (RN) que permite a máxima taxa de ingestão de forragem, com altura pré-pastejo de 19,2 cm e pós-pastejo de 11,5 cm. No terceiro tratamento foi utilizada uma proposição de rebaixamento de apenas 40% da altura pré-pastejo tradicionalmente recomendada no país, 30 cm de altura pré-pastejo e 18 cm de altura pós-pastejo (30-18). Foram utilizados animais da raça Holandês, com idade de 20±2 meses e peso médio de 496±22 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O período experimental foi de 67 dias, entre 14 de janeiro a 22 de março de 2014. Os número de pastejos chegaram a 7 para o RN, 2 para o RT e 5 para o 30-18. A taxa de ingestão de forragem foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. Para manter a taxa de ingestão constante os animais utilizaram diferentes componentes do comportamento. No tratamento 30-05 os animais apresentaram maior massa do bocado, e no RN maior taxa de bocado (P<0,05). O RN obteve maior taxa de acúmulo diária de forragem frente aos demais tratamentos, maior massa de forragem colhida e maior eficiência de colheita do pasto (P<0,05). A adoção de metas de manejo do pasto via alturas pré e pós-pastejo definidas por parâmetros ingestivos, conforme previsto no Rotatínuo, possibilitou obter adequada eficiência de colheita de pasto, sem comprometer o potencial de regeneração dos pastos. / This study hypothesized that the grazing management of Tifton 85 based on animal ingestive behavior parameters (Rotatinuous grazing - RN), results in higher harvesting efficiency than traditional management. Three rotational grazing management strategies were tested on Tifton 85 pastures grazed by dairy heifers in southern Brazil. The treatments were different sward height targets to put and take the animals from the strip. The first treatment was the traditional rotational grazing method named "Classic" (maximum pasture harvest) with pre-grazing height of 30 cm and post-grazing of 5 cm (30-05). The second treatment was named Rotatinuous (RN), aimed to maximize the animal herbage intake rate, where the pre-grazing height was 19.2 cm and post-grazing of 11.5 cm. In the third treatment it was proposed the grazing down of 40% of pre-grazing height traditionally recommended in Brazil (30 cm), resulting in 30 cm and 18 cm of pre and post-grazing height, respectively (30-18). Holstein animals, aged 20 ± 2 months, were used with an average weight of 496 ± 22 kg. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The experimental period was 67 days, from 14 January to 22 March 2014. The numbers of grazing cycles were 7 on RN, 2 on 30-05 and 5 on 30-18 treatments. Herbage intake rate did not differ among treatments (P>0.05). The animals behaved differently using distinct grazing behavior strategies during the grazing down in order to reach the same level of intake rate. In the treatment 30-05 animals presented higher bite mass, whist RN higher bite rate (P <0.05). The RN had higher daily herbage accumulation rate, amount of forage harvested and pasture harvest efficiency (P <0.05). The grazing management goals defined by ingestive parameters (Rotatínuous) provided adequate pasture harvest efficiency without compromising pasture regrowth potential.

The spins of planetary bodies are not stagnant; they evolve in response to both external and internal forces. One way a planet's spin can change is through true polar wander. True polar wander is the reorientation of a planetary body with respect to its angular momentum vector, and occurs when mass is redistributed within the body, changing its principal axes of inertia. True polar wander can literally reshape a world, and has important implications for a variety of processes—from the long-term stability of polar volatiles in the permanently shadowed regions of airless worlds like the Moon and Mercury, to the global tectonic patterns of icy worlds like Pluto. In this dissertation, we investigate three specific instances of planetary true polar wander, and their associated consequences. In Chapter 2 we investigate the classic problem of the Moon's dynamical figure. By considering the effects of a fossil figure supported by an elastic lithosphere, and the contribution of impact basins to the figure, we find that the lunar figure is consistent with the Moon's lithosphere freezing in when the Moon was much closer to the Earth, on a low eccentricity synchronous orbit. The South Pole-Aitken impact basin is the single largest perturbation to the Moon’s figure and resulted in tens of degrees of true polar wander after its formation. In Chapter 3 we continue our analyses of the lunar figure in light of the discovery of a lunar ”volatile" paleopole, preserved in the distribution of hydrogen near the Moon's poles. We find that the formation and evolution of the Procellarum KREEP Terrain significantly altered the Moon’s orientation, implying that some fraction of the Moon’s polar volatiles are ancient—predating the geologic activity within the Procellarum region. In Chapter 4 we investigate how the formation of the giant, basin-filling glacier, Sputnik Planitia reoriented Pluto. This reorientation is recorded in both the present- day location of Sputnik Planitia (near the Pluto-Charon tidal axis), and the tectonic record of Pluto. This reorientation likely reflects a coupling between Pluto’s volatile cycles and rotational dynamics, and may be active on other worlds with comparably large, mobile volatile reservoirs. Finally, in Chapter 5 we consider the broader context of these studies, and touch on future investigations of true polar wander on Mercury, Venus, Mars, Vesta, Ceres, and other worlds in our solar system.

A new numerical analysis method, dispersion vs. absorption plots (DISPA), has been developed for ESR. This method may be used for semi-quantitative line-shape studies and is useful both as a diagnostic and analytical tool. In addition it provides a method of automatic phasing for magnetic resonance spectra. Numerous examples of its applications, both simulated and experimental are presented, with emphasis on spin-probe studies. The digital acquisition and processing methods used for these studies are also briefly discussed. ESR and NMR relaxation time studies of the bis(dialkyl-N-carbodithioate) metal(II) class of spin-probes have been performed. The T₁,'s of ¹³C and ²H enriched nickel complex were measured by NMR. The line-widths of ⁶³Cu complex were measured by ESR and analysed by Redfield theory. The two sets of results were combined to give the principal elements of the rotational diffusion tensor for the pyrollidine derivative in toluene. This is the first time that ESR and NMR studies have been combined to measure a diffusion tensor. A general strategy for this approach is presented. ESR data from previous work has been re-analysed in the light of the new results. The analysis shows that the commonly used assumption of isotropic diffusion is extremely misleading. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Black Hawk Creek was included in the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) 303(d) list of impaired waters in 1998 due to non-point sources of fecal coliform bacteria. Water quality degradation in the stream network is also impacted by excess nutrients in surface runoff from cropped fields and pastures, sedimentation erosion of streambanks from the high volume of water flow following storm events, and the pulse of enriched groundwater drained into the streams from the subsurface tile network. Rotational grazing will replace the current continuous grazing management system. Implementation includes controlling both sides of Black Hawk Creek in the permanent pastures with electric fencing, installing reinforced controlled stream crossing sites, establishing a permanent clean water distribution system and enhancing the Kentucky bluegrass dominated pastures with three cool season naturalized grass and three legume species adapted to the north central Iowa loess landscape. Multi-species ripariain buffers based on the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture's model and other models based on simulating the functionality of presettlement ecosystem savannah grassland will be created between monocultures of corn and soybean fields and the stream network. Follow on studies will monitor the effectiveness of a managed forage sward, riparian buffers, and natural healing of streambanks to mitigate excess nutrient movement into the streams. / Master of Natural Resources

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