Title: The phenomenon of running the example RunCzech races organized by PIM in the period 1995 - 2014 Objectives: The thesis aims to briefly capture the phenomenon of running in the Czech Republic and the example of competitive races organized by Prague International Marathon Ltd. (hereinafter PIM) record in quantitative terms gradual increase in the number of candidates running in the period from 1995 to 2014 and also determine the quality level of sports performance enhancing participants in the Prague Marathon. Finally, find out the opinions and attitudes of runners participating in the Prague Marathon on sporting level and organization of the Prague marathon and compare them with the views of the author. Methods: For the dissertation was chosen method of content analysis of the basic documents and print materials, as well as results and information to individual vintages Prague marathon. In the second part, the method of polling in the form of survey questions. To compare the results of the interrogation method was also evaluated using the reflection of the author as regular participants in cross-country races. Results: The results of this thesis show a rise in the number of runners in the Czech Republic, which also corresponds to the global phenomenon that was captured in the case of selected...

Title: 100 m hurdle race women in fire sport. Objectives: A description of the discipline of 100 m hurdle race women and a description of rendition technique from the methodical point of view is the main objective of this work. Methods: A descriptive method and a video record analysis were used in this work. Each phases are slowed-motion and retroactive described. Results: It`s a methodical description of the discipline with the video record and it will be used for coaching purposes for beginning and also advanced racers. It will improve technique of 100 m hurdle race and also achieve better sports performances too. Keywords: run, start, hurdle, beam, fire divider, technique, movement, analysis.

Cette thèse est divisée en quatre parties. Dans la première, je vais présenter notre travail sur le run-up des vagues longues et sur les phénomènes d’amplification par résonance. Grâce à des simulations numériques basées sur les équations en eau peu profonde non-linéaires, nous montrons que dans le cas des vagues monochromatiques d’incidence normale sur une plage inclinée, une amplification résonante du run-up se produit lorsque la longueur de la vague d’entrée est 5.2 fois plus grande que la longueur de la plage. Nous montrons également que cette amplification résonante de run-up peut être observée à partir de plusieurs profils de vagues. Cependant, l’amplification résonante du run-up n’est pas limitée aux plages inclinées infinies. En faisant varier le profil bathymétrique, la résonance est également présente dans le cas de bathymétries linéaires par morceaux et pour des bathymétries réalistes. Dans la deuxième partie, je présente une nouvelle solution analytique pour étudier la propagation des tsunamis générés par une source non ponctuelle sur une profondeur constante en utilisant la théorie des vagues en eau peu profonde linéaires. La solution, qui repose sur la séparation des variables et sur une double transformée de Fourier dans l’espace, est exacte, facile à mettre en œuvre et permet l’étude d’ondes de formes réalistes comme les ondes en forme de N (N–waves). Dans la troisième partie, j'étudie l’effet de protubérances localisées sur la génération de vagues longues. Même lorsque le déplacement final est connu grâce à l’analyse sismique, le plancher océanique qui se déforme peut avoir du relief comme des montagnes et des failles. On étudie analytiquement l’effet de la bathymétrie sur la génération des vagues de surface, en résolvant les équations en eau peu profonde linéaires avec for. Nous constatons que quand la hauteur du rebord augmente, le piégeage partiel de la vague permet de réduire la hauteur des vagues dans le champ lointain, tout en l’amplifiant au-dessus du rebord. Je vais aussi présenter brièvement une solution de la même équation forcée au-dessus d’un cône. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, nous verrons si les petites îles peuvent protéger les côtes proches de tsunamis comme il est largement admis par les communautés locales. Des découvertes récentes sur le tsunami des îles Mentawai en 2010 montrent un run-up amplifié sur les zones côtières derrière de petites îles, par rapport au run-up sur les lieux adjacents, qui ne sont pas influencés par la présence des îles. Nous allons étudier les conditions de cette amplification du run-up en résolvant numériquement les équations en eau peu profonde non-linaires. Le dispositif expérimental est régi par cinq paramètres physiques. L’objectif est double: Trouver l’amplification maximale du run-up avec un nombre minimum de simulations. Nous présentons un plan d’expériences actif, récemment mis au point et basé sur les processus Gaussiens, qui réduit considérablement le coût de calcul. Après exécution de deux cents simulations, nous constatons que dans aucun des cas considérés l’île n’offre une protection à la zone côtière derrière elle. Au contraire, nous avons mesuré une amplification du run-up sur la plage derrière elle par rapport à une position latérale sur la plage non directement affectée par la présence de l’île. Cette amplification a atteint un facteur maximal de 1.7. Ainsi, les petites îles à proximité du territoire continental agissent comme des amplificateurs des vagues longues dans la région directement derrière elles et non comme des obstacles naturels comme il était communément admis jusqu’ici. / This thesis is divided in four parts. In the first one I will present our work on long wave run-up and some resonant amplification phenomena. With the use of numerical simulations for the nonlinear shallow water equations, we show that in the case of monochromatic waves normally incident on a plane beach, resonant run-up amplification occurs when the incoming wavelength is 5.2 times larger the beach length. We also show that this resonant run-up amplification can be observed for several wave profiles such as bichromatic, polychromatic and cnoidal. However, resonant run-up amplification is not restricted to infinitely sloping beaches. We varied the bathymetric profile, and we saw that resonance is present in the case of piecewise linear and real bathymetries. In the second part I will present a new analytical solution to study the propagation of tsunamis from a finite strip source over constant depth using linear shallow-water wave theory. The solution, which is based on separation of variables and a double Fourier transform in space, is exact, easy to implement and allows the study of realistic waveforms such as N-waves. In the third part I will explore the effect of localized bathymetric features on long wave generation. Even when the final displacement is known from seismic analysis, the deforming seafloor includes relief features such as mounts and trenches. We investigate analytically the effect of bathymetry on the surface wave generation, by solving the forced linear shallow water equation. Our model for bathymetry consists of a cylindrical sill on a flat bottom, to help understand the effect of seamounts on tsunami generation. We derive the same solution by applying both the Laplace and the Fourier transforms in time. We find that as the sill height increases, partial wave trapping reduces the wave height in the far field, while amplifying it above the sill. Finally, in the last part I will try to explore whether small islands can protect nearby coasts from tsunamis as it is widely believed by local communities. Recent findings for the 2010 Mentawai Islands tsunami show amplified run-up on coastal areas behind small islands, compared with the run-up on adjacent locations, not influenced by the presence of the islands. We will investigate the conditions for this run-up amplification by numerically solving the nonlinear shallow water equations. Our bathymetric setup consists of a conical island sitting on a flat bed in front of a plane beach and we send normally incident single waves. The experimental setup is governed by five physical parameters. The objective is twofold: Find the maximum run-up amplification with the least number of simulations. Given that our input space is five-dimensional and a normal grid approach would be prohibitively computationally expensive, we present a recently developed active experimental design strategy, based on Gaussian Processes, which significantly reduces the computational cost. After running two hundred simulations, we find that in none of the cases considered the island did offer protection to the coastal area behind it. On the contrary, we have measured run-up amplification on the beach behind it compared to a lateral location on the beach, not directly affected by the presence of the island, which reached a maximum factor of 1.7. Thus, small islands in the vicinity of the mainland will act as amplifiers of long wave severity at the region directly behind them and not as natural barriers as it was commonly believed so far.

Cast aluminum alloys are common in automotive and aerospace applications due to their high strength-to-density ratio. Fracture data for cast aluminum alloys, such as fatigue life, tensile strength and elongation, are heavily affected by the structural defects, such as pores and bifilms. There have been numerous studies in which either fatigue performance or tensile deformation were characterized and linked to casting defects. However, a comprehensive study that correlates tensile and fatigue properties has not been reported. The present study is motivated to fill this gap. The main objective of the investigation is to analyze the link between tensile and fatigue performance of commonly used cast aluminum alloys, and determine whether fatigue performance of cast aluminum alloys can be predicted. To accomplish this task, four research questions were developed: (i) how well do equations developed to account for mean stress effects perform in cast aluminum alloys, especially in datasets with various levels of structural quality, (ii) is the strong correlation between fatigue life and structural quality index obtained from tensile data reported for A206 alloy castings applicable to other aerospace and automotive casting alloys, (iii) how do methods to estimate high cycle fatigue from tensile data perform with aluminum castings, and (iv) can the axial fatigue performance of an A356-T6 casting be predicted from rotating beam fatigue data. Among the three mean stress correction models analyzed by using seven datasets from the literature, the one developed by Walker with an adjustable exponent has provided the best fit. It has been hypothesized that the adjustable Walker parameter is related to the structural quality index, QT, estimated from tensile data. Results have shown that there is indeed a strong correlation between QT and the Walker parameter. Moreover the parameters of the xvi Weibull distribution estimated from corrected data have been found to be strongly influenced by the mean stress correction method used. Tensile and fatigue life data for 319, D357 and B201 aluminum alloy castings reported in the literature have been reanalyzed by using a maximum likelihood method to estimate Basquin parameters in datasets with run-outs, Weibull statistics for censored data and mean stress correction. After converting tensile data to QT, a distinct relationship has been observed between the expected fatigue life and mean quality index for all alloys. Moreover, probability of survival in fatigue life has been found to be directly linked to the proportions of the quality index distributions in two different regions, providing further evidence about the strong relationship between elongation, i.e., structural quality, and fatigue performance [1]. Specimen geometry has been found to make the largest difference whereas the two aerospace alloys, B201 and D357, with distinctly different microstructures, have followed the same relationship, reinforcing the findings in the literature that fatigue life in aluminum castings is mainly determined by the size distribution and number density of structural defects. Six methods to predict fatigue life from tensile data have been compared by using data from the literature as well as the experimental A356 data developed in this study. Results have shown that none of the six methods provide reliable results. The consistently poor performance of the methods developed for steels and wrought alloys can be attributed to the major structural defects, namely bifilms, in aluminum castings. A new method to estimate the S-N curve from tensile data have been developed by using data for seventy-one S-N curves have been collected and Basquin parameters have been determined. Analysis showed that there is a strong relationship between QT and the Basquin exponent. xvii The Basquin parameters estimated by using the empirical relationships developed in the present study have provided better fits to the same datasets tested for the six methods. Hence the model developed in this study is proposed as the most reliable method to estimate high cycle fatigue properties. Finally, three methods to convert rotating bending fatigue test results to uniaxial fatigue data have been investigated by using the data developed in this study. Results have indicated that the method developed by Esin, in which both the fatigue life and alternating stress are corrected, provide the best estimate. Analyses of fracture surfaces of broken specimens via scanning electron microscopy have shown that tensile, axial fatigue and rotating beam fatigue properties are all strongly influenced by the same structural defects, confirming the validity of the approach taken in this study.

This thesis is an empirical event study that examines the short-run performance of initial public offerings (IPO), known as underpricing and initial return. I argue that literature which only presents equal weights could potentially give the reader a skewed understanding of the width of the concept. By using a new data set of Nordic IPOs during the period 2009-2018, I provide estimates using equal as well as market capitalization weights consistently to give a more nuanced and fair picture. The equally weighted first-day initial return is estimated to be 4.96% and the value weighted first-day initial return is estimated to be 5.32% during the examined time period. Further, the initial return is examined in relation to firm characteristics as well as quarterly index returns and issuance volume. No statistically significant characteristics that can identify additional levels of underpricing was found. Quarterly average initial returns and quarterly index returns are independent of each other. In line with previous literature the positive relationship of issuance volume and initial return is valid on a quarterly level, indicating that firms tend to go public in times of positive and higher initial returns to a greater extent.

O presente trabalho, dissertação visando a obtenção do titulo de mestrado em engenharia na Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, é fruto de pesquisa bibliográfica de dados secundários de pesquisa de campo sobre qualidade de águas de chuva após os primeiros escoamentos superficiais. A pesquisa procurou propor e discutir o conceito de uso da água de escoamentos superficiais próximos, como uma das ferramentas para o desenvolvimento e implantação de empreendimentos e programas de gerenciamento de águas. São apresentados e analisados alguns estudos, internacionais selecionados, de qualidade com identificação e quantificação de poluentes de águas provenientes de telhados, pátios e jardins, de ruas e provenientes de áreas maiores como bairros. A análise de resultados das dez pesquisas selecionadas, ao final, possibilitou o conhecimento geral da qualidade de águas da drenagem urbana em seus primeiros momentos. Foi possível, igualmente, identificar usos para essas águas, que revelam-se como mais um manancial de interesse econômico e ambiental, com qualidade. A análise dos estudos permitiu concluir que uso de água de escoamentos superficiais próximos, ou seja água captada em locais próximos a incidência da chuva, é ferramenta básica para o desenvolvimento de empreendimentos que visem a economia de água tratada bem como visem melhorias ambientais. / This work was conducted aiming a master degree in Engeneering in Escola Politécnica of Universidade de São Paulo, and deal with secondary data obtained in field’s researches about rain water quality in the initial run-off. This research intended to propose and to discuss the concept of use of the water from initial run-off, as one of the tools to develop and implant achievement and management programs of waters. It is presented and analyzed some international studies of quality with measure of pollutant components in water obtained from roofs, backyards and gardens, from streets and from bigger areas like several blocks. The date analysis of ten researches selected leads to the improving of the general knowledge of the urban drainage waters quality in its first run-off. This academic work produced, in the same way, the identification of uses for the rain water after first run-off, which was reveled as a source of economic and environmental interest. Analyzing the studies allowed conclude that the use of water after first run-off is basic tool for the development of achievements that seek the economy of treated water as well as environmental improvements.

Esta tese tem como foco a política fiscal no longo prazo e é composta por quatro ensaios. O objetivo do primeiro ensaio é compreender o papel da política fiscal em trajetória histórica, de 1970 aos anos recentes, conhecer os fatores que a influenciam e dar base para a análise empírica do segundo ensaio. Assim, os ensaios I e II estão diretamente conectados e compõem a primeira parte da pesquisa. O objetivo do ensaio II é investigar, utilizando a metodologia de componentes não observáveis e a análise de cointegração de Johansen (1988), o padrão da política fiscal discricionária brasileira em relação aos termos de troca e ao nível de atividade, entre 1991 e 2014. O objetivo do ensaio III é analisar, através de um modelo que utiliza Lewis (1954) e que considera um ambiente de economia dual, o impacto da política fiscal no desenvolvimento econômico. O objetivo do quarto ensaio é investigar para grupos de países, através de técnicas de GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) duas possíveis não linearidades: entre política fiscal e crescimento econômico e entre padrão de política fiscal e termos de troca. Os principais resultados são: há uma relação de longo prazo entre as variáveis saldo fiscal estrutural, produção industrial (proxy para o PIB) e os termos de troca; a política fiscal brasileira é pró-cíclica em relação ao nível de atividade econômica, mas contracíclica em relação aos termos de troca; há uma armadilha de desenvolvimento-fiscal; o impacto da política fiscal no crescimento econômico é não linear; há uma relação na forma de U invertido entre gastos públicos em investimento e crescimento econômico, para os países de renda baixa (LIC) e entre o padrão da política fiscal e os termos de troca, para os países de renda alta (HIC). Finalmente, os resultados para o padrão da política fiscal convergem para o consenso de que os países em desenvolvimento adotam políticas pró-cíclicas e os desenvolvidos contracíclicas. / This thesis focuses on fiscal policy in the long run and is specifically divided into four essays. In order to give foundation for the second essay the aim of the first essay is to understand the role of fiscal policy in historical trajectory, from 1970 to recent years, and to know the factors that influence it. Thus, the essays I and II are directly linked and constitute the first part of this study. Using the methodology of unobservable components and the Johansen\'s (1988) cointegration analysis, the aim of the II essay is to investigate the pattern of the Brazilian discretionary fiscal policy in relation to terms of trade and the level of economic activity, between 1991 and 2014. Setting forth a theoretical model based on Lewis (1954) and by assuming a dual economy, the third essay analyzes the impact of fiscal policy on economic development. Applying GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) techniques the fourth essay investigates to groups of countries two possible nonlinearities: between fiscal policy and economic growth and between the pattern of fiscal policy and terms of trade. The main results are: there is a long-run relationship between the variables structural fiscal balance, GDP and the terms of trade; Brazil\'s fiscal policy is procyclical on the level of economic activity but countercyclical in relation to the terms of trade; there is a fiscal-development trap; the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth is nonlinear; there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between public investment and growth for low-income countries (LIC), and between the standard of fiscal policy and the terms of trade for high-income countries (HIC). Finally, the results on the pattern of fiscal policy converge to the consensus that developing countries adopt procyclical policies and developed adopt countercyclical fiscal policy.

A teoria econômica mostra que instabilidade financeira é um problema que atinge as economias nos períodos de recessão causando desemprego, queda nos níveis de consumo e poupança, surgimento de corridas bancárias e, consequentemente, a redução do bemestar da sociedade. A literatura que estuda instabilidade financeira divide-se em duas vertentes as quais importantes referências nas áreas de estudo sem serviço sequencial e com serviço sequencial são Allen e Gale (2000) e Bertolai, Cavalcanti, e Monteiro (2016), respectivamente. A contribuição deste trabalho consiste em apresentar os modelos e principais resultados de Allen e Gale (2000) e Bertolai et al. (2016) como casos limites de um mesmo problema de escolha do sistema bancário ótimo para estabelecer, em seguida, resultados complementares à essas referências. A primeira contribuição, no ambiente em que não existe serviço sequencial, é propor uma nova forma de divisão do choque inesperado de liquidez no modelo de Allen e Gale (2000) de modo que esse mecanismo de cooperação no interbancário consiga evitar contágio e o colapso generalizado entre os bancos. Já no ambiente com serviço sequencial, uma segunda contribuição é estender Bertolai et al. (2016) ao estabelecer novos equilíbrios de corrida bancária, em que os três últimos depositantes de cada um dos bancos da economia não participam da corrida bancária. / Economic theory shows that financial instability is a problem that affects economies in times of recession, causing unemployment, falling consumption and saving levels, the emergence of bank-run , and consequently the reduction of the welfare of society. The literature that studies financial instability is divided into two strands where important references in the study areas without sequential and sequential service are Allen e Gale (2000) and Bertolai et al. (2016), respectively. The contribution of this work is to present the models and main results of Allen e Gale (2000) and Bertolai et al. (2016) as limiting cases of the same problem of choosing the optimal banking system, in order to establish subsequent results complementary to these references. The first contribution, in the environment in which there is no sequential service, is to propose a new way of dividing the unexpected liquidity shock in the Allen e Gale (2000) model so that this mechanism of interbank cooperation can avoid contagion and the generalized collapse between the banks. In the sequential service environment, a second contribution is to extend Bertolai et al. (2016) by establishing new banking run balances in which the last three depositors of each of the banks of the economy do not participate in the bank run.

No description available.

Electricity network pricing approaches play a fundamental role in establishing whether providing the network service function is economically beneficial to both the network operators and other stakeholders, namely, network users. Many pricing methodologies have been developed since the late 80‟s. The earlier approaches were not based on economic principle while the latest are directed to being more based on economic principle as the shift is towards deregulated and privatized electric power industry as opposed to the earlier vertically regulated regime. As a result, many such methodologies based on economic principle have emerged and these reflect the investment cost incurred in circuits and transformers to support real and reactive power flow. However, to reflect investment cost incurred for maintaining network voltages in network charges has received very little attention in network charges. Therefore, this research work is aimed to create a charging approach to recover investment cost, by the network operator, for maintaining the network voltages. This thesis presents a new long-run incremental cost (LRIC) pricing approach for distribution networks and demonstrates the course of action of evaluating and allocating the network asset cost in the context of maintaining network voltages. Also, it should be noted that this approach can be used for transmission networks. Firstly, the LRIC-voltage network pricing approach for reflecting the future network VAr compensation assets is proposed. Then, this approach is extended to consider n-1 contingency situation as per statutory requirement that the network should be able to withstand such contingencies in order to enhance reasonable security and reliability in its network. Lastly, this LRIC-voltage network charging methodology is again extended to reflect the charges for existing network VAr compensation assets. In addition, this LRIC-voltage network pricing approach is improved to reflect better the nodal charges as the respective nodal voltage degradation rates, given corresponding load growth rate, are determined based on the P-V curve concept. The advantages of all these incorporate the ability to reflect correct forward-looking charges, to recognize both real and reactive powers, to provide locational charges and to provide charges for both generation and demand customers. In addition, two fundamental studies were conducted to demonstrate the trend in which the LRIC-voltage network charges would follow given different networks and different load growth rates. What set apart the LRIC-voltage network charges are those two parameters. Moreover, with regard to different networks, this was a defining moment as to how the aforementioned charges should be sought given transmission and distribution networks. A pricing software package utilizing load-flow has been developed implementing the proposed LRIC-voltage network pricing methodology and, its extensions. This software can well be utilized by transmission and distribution companies for analyzing their cost. The LRIC-voltage network pricing methodology and its extensions, are all demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system and a practical distribution test network in the South Wales area of England, UK.