<p>The study focuses on primary and secondary education rather than tertiary education as primary schools enrol the largest number of Rwandan students and absorb the major share of public spending on education.</p>

Conflict is an inevitable part of our daily lives, resulting from complex and often litigious society. In urban area like Kigali, where people struggle for the fulfilment of their basic interests conflicts are likely to erupt. Effective alternative are highly needed to deal with conflicts. This study was designed to seek how to establish a conflict resolution and mediation centre in Kigali with the aim of contributing to the search of peaceful and durable solutions to conflicts occurring between individual and community members in Kigali. The study examined the nature, causes, extent and consequences of conflicts in Kigali and the ways to deal with them. The research approach taken in this study was qualitative relying on structured interview, reviewing literature and documentary analysis around the subject. The researcher spent one month in Rwanda and got opportunity to engage a sample of participants to get their views. Twenty participants were selected in Kigali city and a ‘purposive sampling’ was adopted when recruiting them. Through interviews, participants responded to the objectives of the study. Informal discussions were also conducted with key informants to assess the relevance and the contribution of a conflict resolution and mediation centre. The findings revealed that there are a growing number of conflicts in Kigali with the pressures of urban expansion, their consequences are severe and their extent is considerable. The study showed a strong support of the initiative to establish a conflict resolution and mediation centre as way of handling conflicts in constructive manner. Finally the study suggested a variety of recommendations towards the Rwandan governments, to NGOs and Churches, globally requesting them to invest in the field of conflict resolution and especially to support the setting up of a conflict resolution centre as an office that can play a role of settling conflicts peacefully and effectively. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the most used tools for environmental management since its introduction in 1970s in the United States of America. Being a systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of development actions in advance, it is perceived as one of the tools which can help different nations to achieve sustainable development because of its capabilities to provide necessary information for decision-makers in order to balance economical, social and ecological paradigms of sustainable development in development projects. This research aims to assess the practice of the EIA processes in Rwanda and specifically seeks to identify the major challenges faced by environmental officers in this process. Given the nature of this research, policy review and desktop research methods have been used to study the current EIA procedures in Rwanda while a quantitative survey method was used to collect data and assess the practices of EIA process as well as the challenges faced by environmental officers in Rwanda. All environmental officers (8) who were dealing with EIA in Rwanda before the transfer of the EIA department to the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) and all consultant companies which have been approved and which have at least done an EIA study in Rwanda (19) were targeted and received questionnaires via emails. All the environmental officers and 12 (63%) of the consultants responded to the questionnaire. The data was captured in the Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) template after being coded and has been analysed thematically. The policy review reveals that the current procedures are being developed given that the EIA process started in 2005. Like many developing countries, implementation remains a key challenge. Institutional arrangements remain to be finalised. In terms of the survey findings, even if EIA officers are more experienced than EIA consultants both have some skill gaps including using Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing, understanding project management and customer care skills. Additionally, they receive very little training and capacity-building opportunities, although they desire these. The main challenges identified related to insufficient baseline data, funding, shortage of staff, lack of adequate resources, instilling environmental awareness among developers (developers perceive EIA as a barrier) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) which is not conducted. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

Introduction Patient safety IS fundamental to quality health and nursmg care and the ongomg improvement of patient safety is one of the most urgent issues facing health care today. Quality health and nursing care is a process which can be monitored, but which requires ongoing evaluation and change. The poor quality of patient care is a major problem of many hospitals in Rwanda and the University Central Hospital of Kigali, (CHUK), is no exception, especially in the Intensive Care Unit, (ICU). (Rwanda Ministry of Health Report, 2005). Pmpose of study The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the structure and processes of quality patient care at CHUK Intensive Care Unit, using the JFICM minimum standards, in order to improve the current quality of patient care and to further highlight gaps that might exist in this care for further research. Methodology The research was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit at CHUK. A checklist and self-reporting questionnaires, which were developed by the researcher, guided by the Joint Faculty ofIntensive Care Medicine (2003), constituted the instrument for this study. The sample consisted of 41 participants who were health care workers in the ICU and 20 of the patient's files. These files were used for researcher's observations during the period of data collection being 20thJune to 20th July 2008. A descriptive quantitative design was used. Results Design: While the ICU was in a self contained area with easy access to other departments the actual work environment did not comply with the recommendations of the JFICM (2003) minimum standards ofICU. ICU staffing: The staff consisted of only 1 medical doctor consultant and three specialist anesthetists. There were 11 Registered nurses (RNs) and 16 Enrolled nurses (ENs). A physiotherapist and dietician were available, but there was no biomedical engineer. The quantity of equipment was not adequate for the workload in the unit. There were no guidelines or protocols for nursing care and the unit had neither in-service training programmes nor research programmes available to the medical and nursing staff. While vital signs, ECG and oxygen were well monitored by using the nursing file (Appendix 10), the monitoring of patients was done without any guidelines or written procedures. The nursing reports, also, did not follow any guideline or procedure. Communications were generally poor because of the lack of equipment. The phone was not working for most of the time and there was no biotechnical engineer available to monitor the material and equipment. Conclusion According to the analysis of the structure and process standard based on JFICM (2003), the minimum standard of quality of ICU patient care at CHUK needs to be improved because the unit does not comply with an appropriate design, fulfil the staffing and operational requirements, or have the necessary equipment. Due to the shortage of qualified staff, plus the unavailability of protocols or guidelines, the processes of quality patient care were inadequate and need to be improved. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

In the past, clinical skills were wholly performed at bedside in which patients were used as teaching aids. The profound change in professional education and health care systems had made this teaching method less effective. Therefore clinical skills laboratory (CSL) is widely adopted as a strategy to support student development of clinical skills. However, there is little empirical evidence about perceptions of students and nurse educators engaged in day to day learning and teaching in the CSLs. This study was therefore aimed at exploring the perceptions of students and nurse educators about teaching and learning in the clinical laboratory in Kigali Health Institute in Rwanda. This study was a quantitative descriptive exploratory design. Data were collected trough the use of questionnaires. Students, nurse educators were asked to rate their views on a 5 points Likert scale about antecedents, teaching and learning strategies used in the CSL, teaching and learning process, benefits of the teaching and learning in the CSL and limitations. Three open ended questions were asked to nurse educators about the benefits of teaching and learning in the CSL, limitations and their recommendations for effective use of the CSL. A document review was done to complete data. The total number of participants who returned questionnaires in this study was 214 students and 17 nurse educators. The results of this study revealed that students and nurse educators view the teaching and learning valuable, the location of the CSC was important factor in students teaching and learning, resources were available and the CSL administration ensured smooth running of the CSL. However there was a lack of enough staff for effective teaching and learning in the CSL. The findings revealed that innovative teaching and learning strategies (demonstration, peer learning, small group, reflective learning and self directed learning) were used in the CSL. The CSL was accessed through booking and time tabled sessions and students support from nurse educators was ensured. The CSL was seen by both students and nurse educators as a learning environment which supports the linking of theory and practice, ensure students practicing skills, offer to student a safe environment to learn. However there was a gap in teaching and learning communication skills. There was limitation for teaching and learning as it is costly in staffing resources and maintenance, not clearly stated in the curriculum and KHI academic policy, time consuming for nurse educators and requires expertise from nurse educators to cope with students needs. The findings espouse many previous study findings in nursing education domain. The results reflected that the location or accessibility of the CSL, as well as the availability of material and human resources, having a CSL coordinators is critical to ensure effecting teaching and learning in the CSL, the teaching and learning process favour innovative teaching strategies, other researches in the area revealed benefits and limitation of the CSL. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

AIM: The aim of the study is to explore the factors that contribute to job satisfaction among registered nurses at KFH and to determine factors associated with job dissatisfaction among registered nurses at KFH. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative, descriptive, exploratory study was conducted to explore the factors that contribute to job satisfaction among Registered nurses at King Faisal Hospital. A non probability convenience sampling technique was used to include all the available registered nurses doing bedside nursing in the study. A criterion for inclusion into the study was to be a registered nurse working in the area for at least 6 months full time employment. Data was obtained through a questionnaire survey using Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), to assess factors influencing job satisfaction among nurses at KFH, Kigali-Rwanda. Data were analysed by SPSS 15.0 for Windows. FINDINGS: The findings of this investigation was that the factors, namely; supervIsIOn, coworkers, nature of work and communication were factors that contributed to a greater job satisfaction of registered nurses (45.5%); while factors such as pay, promotion, fringe benefit, contingent reward and operation procedures, were factors that caused moderate job satisfaction (55.5%). Simultaneously, the research found that these results also indicated, to some degree, that these factors are contributing to job dissatisfaction, albeit small. The study recommends strategies that management can utilise by improving income (salary, benefits and rewards), job promotion and working conditions may increase RNs' job satisfaction and therefore improve the overall well being of nursing personnel and quality of health services. These strategies may be used as a tool to keep employees satisfied and motivated in their jobs. It also recommends ways by which management can reduce job dissatisfaction amongst employees by improving and simplifying the hospital policy and administrative matters. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that registered nurses are moderately satisfied with their job. The nurse administrators will know that they need to do more to improve nurses' job satisfaction since registered nurses are only moderately satisfied. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Anthropologists have frequently used music in general and popular music in particular as a means to gain a perspective into everyday realities of young Africans lives. Attempting to place myself amongst this range of researchers, I use the position of Rwandan hip-hop as a point of departure to examine how young men in Kigali relate to and shape their realities in terms of politics, freedom of expression, and the creation of space and opportunities in the Rwandan society. My study is based on two and a half months of fieldwork in Kigali during the period between August and October of 2013. The empirical material upon which my arguments rely consists of interviews with young hip-hop Rwandans located in Kigali, who were almost exclusively male. It is also drawn from classical anthropological methods of participant observations and daily partaking in the lives of my informants. My analytical understanding of this material is mainly based upon notions of agency and structure, and contextualized within contemporary Africanist scholars’ research on modern music and youth. By looking at the historical context of Rwanda, the current state of youth in Kigali, and the contemporary atmosphere of politics and hip-hop music, I seek to understand the contradictive role of music as an arena for youth to express themselves. Through the stories of young hip-hop men, I describe and communicate their perceptions of constrains related to historical and socio-political sensitivities, feelings of fear connected to outspokenness, and alternative means to voice their opinions. I illustrate how these young men use innovative strategies and metaphorical language as a way to negotiate with some of these constrains as well as to influence each other and embody senses of oppositional opinions and collective empowerment. I also examine how national politics and governmental initiatives have increasingly become intertwined with the music and how it is trying to take advantage of its attractiveness as a youth medium. Ultimately, I discuss how the impact of Rwandan hip-hop can be seen as double-ended, serving the interests of both governmental policies and the youth who in different ways are trying to liberate themselves from political constrains, and how this affect the empowering potential of the music.

Approximately sixty countries have been designated `Fragile States' by international development agencies. Home to two billion of the world's poorest people, these fragile states are characterized by violence, weak institutions and shattered economies. Not only do they pose a challenge to regional security, they often become the breeding grounds for terrorism. Donor agencies pour billions of dollars annually into these countries - through policy advice and conditional loans - to alleviate fragility and promote development. Development, however it is defined, involves economic, social and political transformation. Such a transformation is shaped by ideas, engages multiple interests, and proceeds within rules and norms set by political institutions. Since the structure of political institutions is influenced by human agency, leadership becomes important to study. Leadership is crucial particularly in fragile states, where institutions are weak or have been destroyed by conflict; however, a systematic effort to examine the role of leaders and coalitions in fragile states is lacking. This dissertation seeks to create a methodology to improve understanding of the role of different leadership strategies in bringing about transitions in and out of fragility. To make the scope manageable, the study focuses on: (i) leadership at the national level; and (ii) fragile states in Africa. It does so by examining: (i) evidence from country level panel data on leadership (regime) change and fragility; and (ii) in-depth analytical case studies of transitions in and out of fragility in four countries: Zimbabwe, Uganda, Rwanda, and South Africa. The analysis looks at the relationship between the change agent's leadership strategy (the independent variable: political participation and inclusion, economic growth and inclusion, and security and justice) and fragility outcomes (dependent variable: conflict and security indicators, economic indicators, and the approach to political inclusion). The results of the regression analysis exhibit a robust association between leadership change and fragility. Furthermore, the country cases show how different types of leadership strategies lead to varying trajectories of fragile states' post-transition. The case studies reveal different approaches to sequencing of political inclusion and the role of leadership exit in transitions from fragility.

This study was prompted by the remarkable need for pastoral counselling for wounded Rwandese women. Many women that survived the 1994 genocide in Rwanda had been widowed, raped and beaten, had cut their arms and legs, had been forced to kill their own children and were infected with HIV/AIDS during that time. They were emotionally, spiritually and physically wounded by the 1994 genocide. They do not have hope for tomorrow; they do not have peace in their minds because of what happened to them and to their beloved ones. In addition, some Christians left the church, saying that God is no longer there because more Rwandese died in the church than anywhere else, while thinking that it would be a safe place. The main question that this study aims to address, is: What pastoral guidelines can be given to wounded Rwandese women between the ages of 35-55 in Kibuye who suffered from the 1994 genocide? In addressing this question, the study attempts to answer the following questions: • What pastoral guidelines does the Bible provide with regard to counselling wounded people in a situation of genocide? • What do secular literature indicate with regard to counselling in a case of genocide? • What impact did the genocide have on the Rwandese women between ages of 35-55 in Kibuye? • What pastoral guidelines may be given to the wounded person? The aim of this study is therefore to find and formulate pastoral guidelines that can be used in counselling the Rwandese women aged 35-55 in Kibuye who suffered from the 1994 genocide. The study utilises Zerfass' model (1974:164-177) for Practical Theology. This method comprises the basic theory, the meta-theory and the praxis theory. Finally, the researcher utilises the Bible to formulate and propose some Biblical guidelines that would help wounded Rwandese women to cope with their wounds so that they may live a holy life even though their situation is bad. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The Rwandan countryside is currently undergoing a process of rapid reform under ambitious government programs to modernize agriculture for participation in national and international markets. While the government asserts that it is pursuing pro-poor growth, many critics present significant evidence to the contrary. This thesis examines the use of farmers cooperatives within the ongoing government campaign of agricultural modernization, and it asks whether the co-ops themselves are sources of personal empowerment and material gain for the small producers. Adopting the “sceptical” post-development position advanced by Aram Ziai, the present research attempts to take a pragmatic look at the ways in which the co-ops meet or fail to meet the material and non-material needs of their members while appreciating that cultural preferences are heterogeneous and dynamic. While the use of farmers cooperatives appears appropriate for the Rwandan marshland, the co-ops examined very much fall short of the post-development social movement model.