This paper analyses Gaël Faye's novel, Petit Pays. The focus is on evil in the novel. The research question is how the author denounces the civil war in Rwanda. To do this, the narrative device of focalisation and Hannah Arendt's concept of the banality of evil is used.  Focalisation is the point of view adopted by the author in his narrative to avoid any confusion between the narrative mode (who sees?) and the narrative voice (who speaks?). The banality of evil is a philosophical concept of unprecedented importance because it raises the possibility of the inhuman in all of us. The novel is set against the backdrop of the civil war in Rwanda and told by the narrator, Gabriel, the protagonist a ten-year-old child. The analysis shows that the author denounces Rwanda's civil war by using the focalization, point of view, and sensibility of an innocent boy. Moreover, the concept of the banality of evil helps to understand the crimes committed during the war, that we have studied in several passages of the novel. The result points out that the author shows the atrocity of war in order to denounce it.

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More than half of the world's population are negatively affected by inadequate addresses. In Uganda and Rwanda, efforts have been done to implement a national address system but the effectiveness of those efforts have been prevented, due to lack of understanding and fears regarding its impact. With the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), because of its knowledge-generating foundation and substantial growth in East Africa, traditional address initiatives could be streamlined. However, negative consequences with ICT, such as surveillance, could cause the already existing reluctance to accept a system that not only registers a location but also an identity, to increase. Privacy, security and trust are therefore key factors to consider when developing a system that target areas characterized by distrust in organizations and government. This paper argues that the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides a strong framework when accomplishing this. By evaluating the user rights defined in GDPR from an interaction design perspective, this research aims to propose design guidelines that gives users agency of their personal information. This paper argues that redefining the rights as potential user actions gives the users control to manage their personal information, and further, that interest and understanding are important to enable conscious actions. With a Research through Design approach, user studies were conducted in Uganda and Rwanda, to evaluate how to design actions and information in order to enhance interest and understanding, and resulted in three design guidelines: User actions, Action layers and Information layers. / Mer än hälften av världens befolkning är negativt påverkade av bristfälliga adresser. I Uganda och Rwanda har det gjorts insatser för att implementera ett nationellt adressystem, men effektiviteten av dessa insatser har förhindrats på grund av bristande förståelse och rädsla för dess inverkan. Med hjälp av Informations- och Kommunikationsteknik (IKT), på grund av sin kunskapsgenererande struktur och starka ökning i Östafrika, kan traditionella addressinitiativ effektiviseras. Negativa konsekvenser med IKT, såsom övervakning, skulle dock kunna leda till att den redan befintliga motviljan att acceptera ett system som inte bara registrerar en plats utan också en identitet, ökar. Integritet, säkerhet och förtroende är därför viktiga faktorer att tänka på när man utvecklar ett system som riktar sig till områden som karaktäriseras av misstro mot organisationer och myndigheter. Denna artikel argumenterar för att den nya Dataskyddsförordningen (GDPR) utformar ett starkt ramverk för att uppnå detta. Genom att utvärdera de användarrättigheter som definieras i GDPR från ett interaktionsdesignperspektiv, syftar denna forskning till att föreslå designriktlinjer som ger användaren full kontroll över sin personliga information. Detta arbete argumenterar att omdefiniera rättigheterna till potentiella användarfunktioner ger användarna kontroll att hantera sin personliga information, och vidare, att intresse och förståelse är viktiga faktorer för att möjliggöra medvetna handlingar. Med en Research through Design-metod genomfördes användarstudier i Uganda och Rwanda, för att utvärdera hur man bör utforma funktioner och information för att öka intresse och förståelse för användarrättigheterna. Detta resulterade i tre designriktlinjer: Användarfunktioner, Funktionslager och Informationslager.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse the movie Hotel Rwanda from a didactic point of view using the movie’s use of history and historical culture as the main analytical tools. We also intend to problematize the use of movies in teaching focusing on the teaching guide from the Swedish film institution concerning Hotel Rwanda. We choose to work with a qualitative method. The reason why we decided to work with a qualitative method is the intention, as mentioned before, to analyse the movie using the tools we described earlier. By doing this we learnt that the movie uses history as a mean to simplify the roles of perpetrator and victims and it also describes the events without historical context. Concerns about the facts of the movie and its complementary guide has also been raised especially the role of the movies main protagonist Paul Rusesabagina. Therefore we have reason to question the use of this movie in an educational environment.

While most cities in the developing world are undergoing a rapid urbanisation process, they are confronted with a heightened challenge to meet the housing needs of low-income populations. In these cities, millions of urban households are compelled to live in precarious conditions and sub-standard housing structures since they can hardly find better alternative housing that is decent and affordable. In Kigali in Rwanda, the scarcity of affordable housing has turned into a persistent crisis for income-constrained households. This thesis aims to find out how the affordable housing problem is addressed and why responses have been slow even if the government has portrayed the issue as a priority. The literature has mainly focused on describing the local housing needs or establishing links between urbanization trends and housing unaffordability. As a result, this dissertation applies a holistic approach to the affordable housing sector to examine the perspectives of key actors directly affected by the lack of or those involved in affordable housing responses. This way, the specific objectives for the study are to: (1) explore how housing affordability for tenant family households has evolved in recent years in Kigali city, (2) examine key actors in the affordable housing sector and how the underlying institutional framework supports their interests, objectives and strategies for affordable housing provision, and (3) identify institutional constraints hindering key affordable housing providers given the institutional environment. An institutionalist approach was adopted to guide the empirical study. More precisely, the New Institutional Economics conceptual tools of institutions and transaction costs form the theoretical basis for the study. Given the nature of the study and the research questions it raises, a case study research design was suitable. Kigali city in Rwanda was selected as a holistic single case study to investigate the phenomenon. Empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with key actors in the affordable housing industry, documents and secondary data consisting of two household surveys. For research objective one, the changes in housing affordability for tenant family households between the 2010 and 2017 periods are analysed. The study found that the share of family households able to afford a standard two-bedroom house unit decreased by 1.1% during the same period considering a 30% rent-to-income affordability ratio. Besides this, the study also found that the share of tenant family households living in overcrowding conditions increased by 9.4% during the same period. Drawing on tenants’ perspectives, the difficulties to secure affordable housing are low income and informal employment conditions, regulatory challenges, and inability to afford and access houses provided under the state-funded affordable housing program. Concerning research objective two, the key actors, institutions and rules governing affordable housing provision were identified and analysed. The study found that the affordable housing sector attracts multiple actors aligned to the public, private and third sectors. The public sector ensures the industry’s coordination and regulation. In contrast, the private sector leads the building of affordable housing, which is in light of policies postulating the sector as an area with investment potential, yet hardly exploited. However, the state retains a strong influence on decisions thanks to hierarchical governance structures in place. Although policy acknowledges different strategies to deliver affordable housing, private sector-led housing remains the favourite approach by which the government is persuaded to achieve the best possible outcomes. Nevertheless, the disjuncture between policy and reality does not lure sufficient private investments, further undermines some fringe actors and, more importantly, diminishes the prospects of some strategies to have more impact and new solutions to emerge. Thirdly, the institutional constraints hindering interventions of the key affordable housing providers are examined. On the one hand, formal institutions-related constraints stem from legislations and policies that are either stringent, ambiguous or absent. These affect the smooth running of the housing building process, from registering housing cooperatives, land acquisition, acquiring building permits, and post-construction management. As a result of the above constraints, housing providers encounter different forms of transaction costs during the housing development process, namely: negotiation costs, information costs and enforcement costs that affect private developers, cooperatives, and public and private housing providers, respectively. On the other hand, informal institutions in the form of values and practices held in connection with house building negatively impact the marketability of developer-built houses. In this way, the alienation to single-family detached housing, susceptibility to unfamiliar construction materials, and prevalence of the self-building practice undermine developers’ endeavours in affordable housing provision. Overall, this thesis offers a fresh perspective about local institutional difficulties in responding to a global challenge of meeting the affordable housing needs of low-income populations. Applying a case study approach with mixed methods in Kigali city, the dissertation aims to contribute recommendations on how affordable housing policy and practice can be improved in other contexts with similar urban experiences and to the scholarly debates on the affordable housing institutions nexus.:Figures viii Tables ix Abbreviations xi Abstract xiii 1 INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1 1.1 Background to the research problem 1 1.2 Problem statement and justification 3 1.3 Research questions, objectives and propositions 12 1.4 Thesis structure 14 2 AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROVISION: A LITERATURE REVIEW 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Defining affordability and affordable housing 17 2.3 Importance of housing affordability 21 2.4 Factors influencing the affordable housing challenge 23 2.5 Key strategies for affordable housing provision 26 2.6 Summary 42 3 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Theoretical approaches for housing analysis 43 3.3 Theoretical choice for the study: New Institutional Economics (NIE) 47 3.4 Operationalization of the conceptual framework in Kigali (Rwanda) context 51 3.5 Summary 54 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Ontology and epistemological stances of the study 55 4.3 Research design 58 4.4 Data collection and analysis methods 67 4.5 Ethical considerations 73 4.6 Summary 74 5 HOUSING AFFORDABILITY SITUATION FOR LOW-INCOME TENANTS 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Changes in rental affordability between 2010/2011 and 2016/2017 75 5.3 Perceptions about constraints to secure affordable housing 77 5.4 Discussion 97 5.5 Summary 99 6 ACTORS, INSTITUTIONS AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROVISION STRATEGIES 100 6.1 Introduction 100 6.2 Key actors engaged in the affordable housing sector 101 6.3 Institutional framework for affordable housing provision 127 6.4 Affordable housing provision in policy versus the practice 141 6.5 Discussion 161 6.6 Summary 163 7 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS FOR KEY AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROVIDERS 164 7.1 Introduction 164 7.2 Constraints related to formal institutions 165 7.3 Constraints related to informal institutions 187 7.4 Perspectives on conditions to enable affordable housing delivery 191 7.5 Discussion 194 7.6 Summary 196 8 CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 197 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Results summary 198 8.3 Research contribution 202 8.4 Implications of the study 205 Bibliography 208 APPENDICES 231

No / This edited volume takes stock of the state of research and policy on the issue of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), ten years after the UN first agreed to deal with the problem. The end of the Cold War originated a series of phenomena that would subsequently come to dominate the political agenda. Perhaps most symptomatic of the ensuing environment is the marked escalation in the scale and dynamics of armed violence, driven by the proliferation of SALW. Events in Rwanda, Somalia and Bosnia seared into global consciousness the devastating effects of this phenomenon, and of the necessity to engage actively in its limitation and prevention. This edited volume explores and outlines the research and policy on the SALW issue at this critical juncture. In addition to providing a detailed telling of the genesis and evolution of SALW research and advocacy, the volume features a series of essays from leading scholars in the field on both advances in research and action on SALW. It reflects on what has been achieved in terms of cumulative advances in data, methodology and analysis, and looks at the ways in which these developments have helped to inform policy making at national, regional and international levels. Alongside situating and integrating past and present advances in advocacy and international action, Controlling Small Arms also outlines future directions for research and action.

This study explores the power of ethnonationalist conflict-generated diasporas (CGD) as external actors in homeland conflict by exploring the nature of their political engagement on a transnational level using Internet Communication technologies (ICTs), with Rwanda as a case study. Virtual ethnography was chosen as the research methodology to explore the online activities of Rwandan CGD using social media (social networking sites) to form virtual transnational networks for political purposes. Diasporic online formations and activities were mapped in order to gain increased insights into ways that CGD use social media to engage in homeland conflict, and the effect their engagement has on the conflict cycle in the home country. Results of the study revealed that Rwandan CGDs demonstrate attitudes and motivations to act in ways that are consistent with other case studies of CGD, including exhibiting an enduring commitment and loyalty to co-ethnics, a romanticized conceptualization of homeland and a myth of return home. The results also revealed Rwandan CGDs¿ strong propensity to use social media to engage in homeland conflict on a political level through the development of a large and dense transnational network used for a range of political purposes, including the dissemination of genocide denial and propaganda consistent with the pre-genocide propaganda campaign. Implications for peace-building and conflict analysis are discussed.

“Community participation” is a common concept in contemporary development initiatives worldwide. As an approach, it aims to include the targeted population in its planning and implementation, by recognizing the need in understanding local contexts, beliefs, and values. As such, this thesis aims to explore the possibilities, as well as limitations, of community participation, specifically in the context of post-conflict development through a case study of a development project, The Bugesera Societal Healing Initiative (BSHI), in Rwanda. This is done within the theoretical context of the anthropology of development and post-development theory. Through ethnographical inquiry into the lives of BSHI participants suffering from trauma following the 1994 Genocide, this thesis conveys the essence for development organizations in catering to the specific needs of a given local population. In turn, this is placed in a broader discourse, within the development sector as a whole, to understand the limitations and obstacles in achieving comprehensive societal transformation. It is argued that, while development initiatives driven by the idea of community participation may succeed on a local level and positively impact the targeted population, it may still leave wider political structures perpetuating issues of, for instance, poverty unaltered. In this, it seems that for these structures to be addressed, it requires a more radical approach to development in which the status quo is being challenged.

Externalization agreements have become more common in Europe after 2015, and one of the mostrecent ones is the Migration and Economic Development Partnership agreement between the UnitedKingdom (UK) and Rwanda. According to that agreement people who are seeking safety from theUK are going to be transferred to Rwanda where their asylum claim is assessed and if they are grantedrefugee status they are going to be settled in Rwanda. This study conducted a critical discourse analysis on documents about the partnership agreement thatwere published on the GOV.UK website. The study used postcolonialism and the concept ofexternalization as theoretical framework. Through critical discourse analysissix discourses were uncovered. These were: partnership discourse,safe third country discourse, the UK as a safe haven discourse, we versus they discourse,securitization discourse and innovation discourse. These discourses revealed that colonial timesstereotypes are still affecting the way that refugees are presented in the documents. And that whilethe documents aim to create a picture of collaboration and equality, the agreement itself is part of aworld that is affected by colonial times power relations, which affects Rwanda’s abilities to bargainthe agreement and how the roles of the agreement have been created. Therefore, the agreementfollows and recreates colonial discourses and power structures. The study also found that thepartnership agreement can be seen as externalization agreement as it externalizes refugee protectionto Rwanda and is justified by similar arguments that are common in externalization practices.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21933号 / 総総博第8号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)教授 積山 薫, 教授 杉本 均, 教授 山口 栄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DGAM