Since a superconductor has no resistance below a certain temperature and can therefore save a large amount of energy dissipated, it is a 'green' material by saving energy loss and hence reducing carbon emissions. Recently the massive manufacture of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has enabled superconductivity to become a preferred candidate to help generation and transportation of cleaner energy. One of the most promising applications of superconductors is Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems, which are becoming the enabling engine for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric system. SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. SMES systems have many advantages compared to other energy storage systems: high cyclic efficiency, fast response time, deep discharge and recharge ability, and a good balance between power density and energy density. Based on these advantages, SMES systems will play an indispensable role in improving power qualities, integrating renewable energy sources and energizing transportation systems. This thesis describes an intensive study of superconducting pancake coils wound using second-generation(2G) HTS materials and their application in SMES systems. The specific contribution of this thesis includes an innovative design of the SMES system, an easily calculated, but theoretically advanced numerical model to analyse the system, extensive experiments to validate the design and model, and a complete demonstration experiment of the prototype SMES system. This thesis begins with literature review which includes the introduction of the background theory of superconductivity and development of SMES systems. Following the literature review is the theoretical work. A prototype SMES system design, which provides the maximum stored energy for a particular length of conductors, has been investigated. Furthermore, a new numerical model, which can predict all necessary operation parameters, including the critical current and AC losses of the system, is presented. This model has been extended to analyse superconducting coils in different situations as well. To validate the theoretical design and model, several superconducting coils, which are essential parts of the prototype SMES system, together with an experimental measurement set-up have been built. The coils have been energized to test their energy storage capability. The operation parameters including the critical current and AC losses have been measured. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Finally the control system is developed and studied. A power electronics control circuit of the prototype SMES system has been designed and simulated. This control circuit can energize or discharge the SMES system dynamically and robustly. During a voltage sag compensation experiment, this SMES prototype monitored the power system and successfully compensated the voltage sag when required. By investigating the process of building a complete system from the initial design to the final experiment, the concept of a prototype SMES system using newly available 2G HTS tapes was validated. This prototype SMES system is the first step towards the implementation of future indsutrial SMES systems with bigger capacities, and the knowledge obtained through this research provides a comprehensive overview of the design of complete SMES systems.

No description available.

Over the last few years, wildfires have become more devastating to communities as the fires are inevitably destructive to many homes, businesses, and ecosystems. Frequent wildfires also pose a significant threat to power grids and nearby residents as they can damage transmission lines and other electrical equipment, which in turn can cause major power shutdowns. Especially in western U.S., severe drought conditions and weather variability cause residents to become more vulnerable to wildfire disasters as their safety is threatened. We are incompetent to control the wildfires effectively despite existing advanced technologies. Hence, an algorithm based on energy conservation and heat transfer mechanisms is created to examine the feasibility of line sag sensors to detect wildfires in an early stage. To test the algorithm, it is integrated with a 150-bus synthetic power network using MATLAB. The resulted conductor temperature from randomly selected parameters like fire locations, weather conditions, and fire rate of spread causes the change in line sag over 10 minutes. The line sag behavior is then analyzed under different scenarios. By monitoring real-time power line sag measurements, the analysis shows that early onset wildfires can be detected in less than 3 minutes and up to about 1 km from the power line to the fire. It is also suggested the utilization of silica fabrics on the sensors can provide thermal and fire protection while having no impact to the power line magnetic fields.

No description available.

No description available.

The analogue models and the kinematic models based on the seismic data results were used to simulate the fault pattern which develops above a basement horst. The two major normal faults intersect with each other along the strike in the sedimentary covers. The fault pattern developed in the sedimentary cover is controlled by the dip of the basement fault and the width of the basement horst. The single horst structure was only developed in the sedimentary covers above the wider end of the basement horst. The hourglass structure was developed in the sedimentary covers above the narrower end of the basement horst. The precursor faults developed ahead of the major second-order normal faults when the dip angle of the basement fault is larger than 60°. The antithetic faults developed ahead of the major second-order normal faults when the dip angle of the basement fault is less than 50°. The analogue models were designed in a way that the two hanging wall blocks glide down along the basement horst simultaneously to simulate the activity of the basement faults. The kinematic models were designed based on the alternative sequential slip method to study the kinematic behaviors of the conjugate normal faults. The Lufeng Sag was characterized by the basement horst in the center and the deep half-grabens developed beside the horst. The width of the basement horst decreases along its strike. The models indicates that the second-order normal faults developed above the basement horst, observed in the Lufeng Sag seismic profiles, were reproducible and much more detailed structures were revealed / Detta projekt har analog modellering och kinematiska modeller baserade på seismiska data använts för att simulera förkastningsmönster ovanför en berggrundshorst. Två stora normal förkastningar möts i strykningsriktningen hos de ovanliggande sedimentlagren. Förkastningsmönstret som utvecklats i ovanliggande sedimentlager styrs av stupningen hos underliggande urberg samt bredden hos den underliggande horsten. Den enda horststrukturen som utvecklades i sedimentlagren skedde i fallet med en bredare underliggande horststruktur. En timglasstruktur bildades i den sedimentära successionen vid den smalare ändan av berggrundshorsten. De initiala förkastningarna bildades tidigt för att sedan övergå i andra ordningens normalförkastningar i de fall då stupningen hos underliggande berggrund överstiger 60°. Mindre antitetiska förkastningar bildades före andra ordningens förkastningar där berggrunds-stupningen understiger 50°. Den analoga modell som nyttjades experimentellt var konstruerad så att de två hängväggskomponenterna kunde röra sig fritt samtidigt längs med berggrundshorsten för att simulera aktivering av befintliga förkastningar i berggrunden. De kinematiska modeller som nyttjades var konstruerade enligt metoden för sekventiella rörelser (eng - sequential slip method) för att studera kinematiska beteenden hos konjugerande förkastningspar. Lufeng-sänkans utseende har kontrollerats av berggrundshorsten i mitten samt av de djupa halv-grabens på båda sidorna av horsten. Bredden på berggrundshorsten minskar längs dess stupning. Modellerna påvisar att andra ordningens normal-förkastningar bildades ovanför berggrundshorsten, likt i de seismiska profilerna över området, samt att strukturerna var reproducerbara och väldigt detaljrika.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)

O trabalho ressalta a importância do tema Qualidade da Energia (QE) e apresenta alguns dos diversos distúrbios responsáveis pelo seu comprometimento. Tais distúrbios, quando presentes em um dado sistema elétrico, podem causar sérios danos tanto aos equipamentos de medição e controle pertencentes ao fornecedor de energia, como também aos equipamentos mais sensíveis pertencentes aos usuários deste sistema. Os fenômenos mais freqüentes no estudo da QE foram destacados, bem como suas definições. Conhecidos estes fenômenos, implementou-se um algoritmo computacional, utilizando como ferramenta a transformada rápida de Fourier janelada (Windowed Fast Fourier Transform - WFFT) - TRFJ, para identificar e classificar estas perturbações em um dado sistema elétrico de distribuição. Para que o resultado fosse o mais próximo possível de uma situação real, utilizou-se para análise, um sistema elétrico real de distribuição da CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). Sobre o referido sistema elétrico foram simulados casos de afundamentos, elevações e oscilações de tensão, criando assim, um banco de dados para, posteriormente, podermos testar e validar o algoritmo computacional implementado, na identificação destes fenômenos. Este algoritmo permite variarmos tanto o tamanho da janela, quanto a freqüência amostral do sinal. Neste estudo em particular, utilizamos tamanhos de janelas de 1 ciclo e 1/2 ciclo, e freqüência amostral do sinal, de 7,68 kHz (inicialmente utilizada para obtenção do banco de dados), e 0,769 kHz, aproximadamente. Como resultados, obtivemos que o tamanho da janela de dados para esta implementação, não apresentou diferenças significativas na análise, quando comparados com os dados iniciais. Entretanto, observa-se um comportamento contrário com a variação da taxa amostral, ou seja, quanto menor a freqüência amostral empregada, maior a perda de informações importantes em relação ao sinal inicial. / The present work at lines the importance of Power Quality (PQ) and it presents some of the many disturbances related to it and its implications. Such disturbances, as presented in an electrical system, can cause serious damages in the measurements, in the control of power utility equipments, as well as in sensitive equipments. The most frequent phenomena in the study of PQ had been emphasized, as well as its definitions. Once these phenomena are known, a computational algorithm was implemented, using the Windowed Fast Fourier Transform - WFFT as a tool to identify and classify these disturbances, considering electrical distribution system. In order to have the best situation for the test, a real electrical distribution system from CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz) utility was simulated. Some cases of voltage sag, voltage swell and oscillatory transient were simulated, creating a data base to test and validate the computational algorithm implemented. This algorithm allows changing the window length as the sample rate. For the proposed study, 1 cycle and 1/2 cycle as window length was analyzed with sample rate of 7,68 kHz (initially used for obtaining the data base), and 0,769 kHz. It was observed that the window length studied did not influence significantly the proposed analysis concerning PQ. However, concerning the sample rate, it was observed a deterioration of the analysis with the 0,769 kHz rate.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T16:18:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1682868 bytes, checksum: e6813f2f2930d8867270563d26fb878c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T16:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1682868 bytes, checksum: e6813f2f2930d8867270563d26fb878c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes a repetitive-based control for series compensator with the objective of dynamically restore the voltage applied to sensitive and critical loads of power system. The control mitigates voltage sags while also minimize harmonic distortions. Its transfer function is simple to be realized and does not require any harmonic selective filters. The control system acts on sinusoid references and it is implemented in each phase independently. Another important aspect of the proposed system are the optimization strategies to minimize either the voltage injection or the active power injection. One of these strategies is to optimize the magnitude of the compensation voltage sag with the smallest voltage magnitude injection by the series compensator. For this purpose, the compensating voltage injected must be in phase with the voltage supply. Is possible to control the injection of the voltage compensation to minimize active power injection by the series compensator to compensate a voltage sag. To perform the voltage correction with minimum active power injection were developed analytical expressions for the magnitude and angle of the injected voltage. To implement theses strategies, an recursive least-squares algorithm is used to estimate the grid voltage. A laboratory-scale series compensator was developed to validate the method. Simulations and experimental results are presented and show the efficacy of the proposed method. / Este trabalho propõe um controle repetitivo para compensadores série com o objetivo de restaurar dinamicamente a tensão aplicada a cargas sensíveis e críticas de sistemas de energia. O controle pode mitigar afundamentos de tensão ao mesmo tempo que compensa distorções harmônicas. Sua função de transferência é simples de ser implementada e não requer qualquer filtro seletivo de harmônicos. O sistema de controle atua sobre as referências senoidais e deve ser implementado em cada fase independentemente. Um outro aspecto importante do trabalho são as estratégias de otimização para minimizar a tensão de compensação ou a potência ativa fornecida pelo compensador. Um destas estratégias é a otimização pela amplitude, em que a compensação do afundamento de tensão ocorre com a menor injeção de amplitude de tensão por parte do compensador série. Para isso, a tensão injetada pelo compensador deve estar em fase com a tensão da rede afundada. Pode-se, também, controlar a injeção da tensão de compensação para minimizar a potência ativa a ser injetada pelo compensador série para compensar um afundamento de tensão. Para realizar a correção com a mínima injeção de potência ativa utilizou-se expressões analíticas para obter a magnitude e o ângulo da tensão a ser injetada. Na implementação destas estratégias foi utilizado um algoritmo recursivo de mínimos quadrados para estimar a amplitude e fase da tensão da rede. Um sistema compensador série foi montado em laboratório para validar o método. As simulações e resultados experimentais são apresentados e constatam a eficácia do método proposto.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DijenaideCC_TESE.pdf: 3067760 bytes, checksum: 8bdbafb50f4741aa87b6e7ea5023d6a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-11 / The use of animal models in biomedical research is ever increasing. Models that use primates might also have advantages in terms of low maintenance costs and availability of biological knowledge, thereby favoring their use in different experimental protocols. Many current stress studies use animal models at different developmental stages since biological response differs during ontogeny. The aims of this study were to perform a detailed characterization of the developmental stages of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a very important animal model used in biomedical research. Ten subjects, 6 females and 4 males, were followed from birth to initial adult age (16 months). Behavioral and fecal collection for measurement of adrenal (cortisol) and sex (progesterone, estradiol and androgens) hormones took place twice a week during the first month of life and once a week for the remainder of the study. Behavior was observed for 30 minutes in the morning (0700-09:00h) and afternoon (12:00-14:00h). Behavioral profile showed changes during ontogeny, characterizing the 4 developmental stages and the respective phases proposed by Le?o et al (2009).. Differentiation of developmental stages was considered using the onset, end, change and stabilization of the behavioral profile parental care (weaning and carrying), ingestion (solid food), affiliation (social grooming) and autogrooming, agonism (scent marking and piloerection) and play behavior and endocrine profile. Infant weaning and carrying terminated within the infantile stage and the peak of solid food ingestion was recorded in the infantile III phase. Receiving grooming was recorded earlier than grooming performed by the infant and autogrooming. The first episode of scent marking was recorded in the 4th week and it was the least variable behavior, in terms of its onset, which, in almost all animals, was between the 5th and 7th week of life. Solitary play and play with the twin started around the 7th week and play with other members of the group started 8 weeks later. Sex hormone secretion started to differ from basal levels between the 21st and 23rd week of life, in males and females, suggesting that puberty occurs simultaneously in both sexes. Basal cortisol, even at an early age, was higher in females than in males. However, cortisol was not correlated with the juvenile stage, as expected, since this stage corresponds to the transition between infancy and adult age and most behaviors are intensified by this time. The behavioral and endocrine profile of subadult animals did not differ from that of the adults. These results provide more detailed parameters for the developmental process of C. jacchus and open new perspectives for the use of experimental approaches focused on the intermediate ontogenetic phases of this species / O uso de modelos animais em pesquisa biom?dica ? cada vez mais crescente e os modelos utilizando primatas devem apresentar vantagens em termos de custos de manuten??o e caracter?sticas relacionadas ao maior conhecimento da sua biologia para uso em diferentes protocolos experimentais. Diferentes modelos atuais de pesquisa em estresse utilizam animais em diferentes est?gios do desenvolvimento e in?meros estudos demonstram a diferen?a na resposta biol?gica diante de agentes estressores ao longo da ontog?nese. Com o objetivo de caracterizar de maneira mais detalhada as fases do desenvolvimento do sagui comum, Callithrix jacchus, importante modelo utilizado em pesquisa biom?dica, utilizou-se 10 animais, 6 f?meas e 4 machos, que foram acompanhados desde o nascimento at? o in?cio da idade adulta (16 meses). A coleta de dados comportamentais e de fezes para a mensura??o dos horm?nios esteroides de origem adrenal (cortisol) e gonadais (progesterona, estradiol e andr?genos) foram realizadas duas vezes por semana no primeiro m?s de vida dos filhotes e semanalmente no restante do estudo. As observa??es comportamentais tiveram dura??o de 30 minutos e foram realizadas nos turnos matutino (07:00-09:00h) e vespertino (12:00-14:00h).O perfil comportamental de C. jacchus apresentou modifica??es ao longo da ontog?nese caracterizando cada um dos 4 est?gios ontogen?ticos e suas respectivas fases propostas na classifica??o de Le?o (2009). A diferencia??o das etapas do desenvolvimento foi feita a partir do surgimento, t?rmino, varia??o e estabiliza??o no perfil comportamental - cuidado parental (amamenta??o, transporte) ingest?o de alimentos (alimenta??o s?lida), afilia??o (cata??o social recebida e feita e autocata??o) agonismo (marca??o de cheiro e piloere??o) e brincadeira - e no perfil end?crino. O comportamento de amamenta??o e transporte terminou na fase infantil II e a ingest?o alimentar apresentou seu pico na fase infantil III. A cata??o social recebida antecedeu a cata??o feita e a autocata??o, e o comportamento de marca??o de cheiro foi o que apresentou menor variabilidade em rela??o ao seu in?cio, que se concentrou, em quase todos os animais, entre a 5? e 7? semanas de vida. A brincadeira solit?ria e com o g?meo principiaram ao redor da 7? semana e a brincadeira com outros membros do grupo se iniciou 8 semanas depois. A secre??o dos horm?nios sexuais passou a se diferenciar dos valores basais entre a 21? e 23? semanas em machos e f?meas, sugerindo que a puberdade acontece simultaneamente para os dois sexos. O cortisol basal de f?meas mesmo em idade imatura foi mais elevado do que nos machos. Contudo, as varia??es do cortisol n?o se correlacionaram com o est?gio juvenil como esperado uma vez que esse est?gio corresponde ? transi??o entre a idade infantil e a idade adulta, e que se expressou com a intensifica??o da maioria dos comportamentos. Os padr?es comportamentais e end?crinos dos adultos n?o diferiram entre as idades subadulta e adulta. Estes resultados disponibilizam par?metros de desenvolvimento mais detalhados para C. jacchus e abrem perspectivas para a utiliza??o de abordagens experimentais focadas em determinadas etapas da ontog?nese dessa esp?cie