Thesis (LL.M. (Labour law)) --University of Limpopo, 2010. / Refer to document

What type of state has emerged in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, and what kind of theoretical framework must we develop to understand its behavior and performance? This study argues that the logic of political and bureaucratic organization follows that of an investment market in which public offices are purchased with the expectation of yielding a favorable return. This theory represents a novel perspective on the post-communist state which has hitherto either been premised on modernization theory or emphasized a robustly personalistic logic of political organization. There is a serial of linkages to this argument. First, the decisive factor for public employment is unofficial financial payments rather than merits or personal ties. The sums involved in the exchange are far greater than conventional “bribery.” The market for public offices, intimately connected from top to bottom in the state hierarchy, pertains to a much more unified system than the one found in the literature which treats political and administrative, high and low level corruption as distinct and unrelated forms. Second, individuals invest in public offices in order to convert the rights, assets and powers connected to officialdom into private capital. In this political economy, alternative markets for enrichment are subordinated to the state and poorly functioning. Third, the abundance of pecuniary corruption in Kyrgyzstan is standardized, entrenched and predictable norms of behavior in this type of state. The key to success on this market is the ability to control the supply of “public” goods and services in exchange for unofficial payments. Finally, the risk for systemic instability increases when more reasonably inclusive personal connections and money is no longer sufficient and access to the state for earning and investing is manipulated by narrow personalistic ties. This creates pressure for returning to a more competitive market as opposed to a monopolistic order.

Many communities around the country had already been dealing with the problems of increasing and concentrated foreclosures for several years. Thus, the evidence of the social costs of foreclosures will guide policy makers in deciding what policies should be put in many communities that foreclosures have plagued. The objective of this research is to quantify the price-depressing foreclosure effects on existing home sale prices as one of the major social costs for communities. The first methodological goal is to simultaneously quantify the magnitude of the direct and the spillover effects of foreclosures on existing home prices. The second methodological goal is to provide usefulness concerning spatial econometric models in measuring the impact of foreclosures on housing prices. This study was estimated with traditional hedonic and spatial hedonic models specified during two different housing cycles in Phoenix, Arizona, during a strong housing market when prices were up (2005) and a down housing market with falling prices (2008). It has been shown that foreclosures have negative effects on existing home prices in the neighborhood, depending on housing types and cycles. However, the OLS models do not correct for spatial autocorrelation problems and endogeneity that exist in a cross section of house prices and would overestimate absolute values of the coefficients. As alternatives, the maximum likelihood spatial lag or error model controls for spatial autocorrelation but still causes computation obstacles for large data sets and problems of heteroskedasticity in error terms. Thus, the preferred specification is a generalized method of moments (GMM) approach which requires weaker assumptions than the maximum likelihood application and has flexible form to large datasets. As a joint analysis, the most appropriate specification is the general spatial two-stage least-squares (GMM_2SLS) method with HAC (the spatial heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent) variance estimator. These findings provide further evidence that OLS estimates of a coefficient on a foreclosure indicator tend to overstate the direct or indirect foreclosure discount, ignoring spatial effects such as spatial dependence and endogeneity. With regard to the spillover effect of nearby foreclosures on home prices, both foreclosures of single family homes and condos are statistically significant and negatively impact each type of home sale prices. However, the cumulative effects of neighborhood foreclosures are much greater with nonlinear effects in a housing bust year than a housing boom year. Therefore, this study on price-depressing effects of foreclosures emphasizes the importance of the pre-foreclosure step as the beginning of following foreclosure processes, depending on housing types and housing market cycles.

Background:   Problem:   Purpose:   Method:   Conclusion: Based on our findings we do not advocate short sale regulations tobe introduced on the Swedish financial market. Neither does our analysis indicate that the market performance is significantly affected by shorting, nor does restrictions work as intended which we have seen in other countries during the fall of 2008. The analysis have been drawn from four cornerstones; previousresearch, actions of other countries’, a statistical analysis and interview findings. We have examined and compiled different strategies for restricting short sales around the world as well as conducted a cross-correlation analysis to investigate if share price is related to stock loan. Furthermore we have interviewed a professional investor and a middle manager at the Swedish Financial Supervisory Board to obtain experts’ views on the subject. With background of other countries’ actions, the purpose of thisreport is to investigate why, if at all, short sale regulations should be introduced on the Swedish financial market. Is there a correlation between the number of shorted shares and thechange in overall and individual stock price? What actions have been taken by countries in Europe, Asia and the United States regarding short selling during the fall of 2008 and what is SFSB’s attitude towards the subject? Are there any benefits for the Swedish financial market from shorting regulations? In times of financial crisis short selling is often quickly blamed for price volatility and media broadcasts pleads for prohibitions and restrictions. Extensive research, however, cannot find any empirical evidence that shorting is affecting markets negatively; often it is the other way around. Sweden has been relatively liberal when it comes to shorting restrictions and even though share lending has increased since the start of the year, no actions have been taken by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Board.

<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><strong><p>Background:</p></strong><p> </p><strong><strong><p>Problem:</p></strong><p> </p><strong><strong><p>Purpose:</p></strong><p> </p><strong><strong><p>Method:</p></strong><p> </p><strong><strong><p>Conclusion:</p></strong></strong>Based on our findings we do not advocate short sale regulations to<p>be introduced on the Swedish financial market. Neither does our</p><p>analysis indicate that the market performance is significantly affected</p><p>by shorting, nor does restrictions work as intended which we have</p><p>seen in other countries during the fall of 2008.</p></strong>The analysis have been drawn from four cornerstones; previous<p>research, actions of other countries’, a statistical analysis and</p><p>interview findings. We have examined and compiled different</p><p>strategies for restricting short sales around the world as well as</p><p>conducted a cross-correlation analysis to investigate if share price is</p><p>related to stock loan. Furthermore we have interviewed a</p><p>professional investor and a middle manager at the Swedish Financial</p><p>Supervisory Board to obtain experts’ views on the subject.</p></strong>With background of other countries’ actions, the purpose of this<p>report is to investigate why, if at all, short sale regulations should be</p><p>introduced on the Swedish financial market.</p></strong>Is there a correlation between the number of shorted shares and the<p>change in overall and individual stock price? What actions have been</p><p>taken by countries in Europe, Asia and the United States regarding</p><p>short selling during the fall of 2008 and what is SFSB’s attitude</p><p>towards the subject? Are there any benefits for the Swedish financial</p><p>market from shorting regulations?</p></strong>In times of financial crisis short selling is often quickly blamed for</p><p>price volatility and media broadcasts pleads for prohibitions and</p><p>restrictions. Extensive research, however, cannot find any empirical</p><p>evidence that shorting is affecting markets negatively; often it is the</p><p>other way around. Sweden has been relatively liberal when it comes</p><p>to shorting restrictions and even though share lending has increased</p><p>since the start of the year, no actions have been taken by the</p><p>Swedish Financial Supervisory Board.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Lietuvos Respublikos Prekybinės laivybos įstatymas pateikia laivo sąvoką: :laivas- bet kurio tipo savaeigis ar nesavaeigis plaukiojantis statinys, kuris yra ar gali būti naudojamas laivybai. Laivai, išskyrus karo laivus, pakrančių apsaugos laivus, registruojami vidaus arba jūrų laivų registruose. Rašant šį darbą pirmiausiai reikėjo išspręsti klausimą, kokios rūšies laivai bus šio darbo objektas. Dėl skirtingo šių laivų teisinio reglamentavimo šio darbo apimtis būtų per didelė. Todėl rašysime tik apie jūrinius laivus, kuriuos Lietuvos Respublikos civilinis kodeksas pripažįsta nekilnojamaisiais daiktais. Kitas kriterijus, kodėl nagrinėsime tik jūrinius laivus yra jų vertė. Jūriniai laivai lyginant su vidaus vandenų laivais yra žymiai didesnės vertės. Naujų laivų vertė siekia net milijonus litų. Sandoriai, kurie susiję su jūriniais laivais turi būti sudaromi labai apgalvotai, iki smulkmenų numatant sutarčių sąlygas, nes ateityje kilsiantys ginčai gali sukelti didelių nuostolių šalims. / Ships are goods, which participate in shipping industry as the most powerfull subjects. Contracts with ships are regulated all over the worl, mostly in marine countries. Ship mortgages, sale and purchase agreements are most risky contracts which needs strong financial support. Without some kind of security, investors will never enter into risky market. Ship are goods with great value tahts why law of ship mortages and sale need to be regulated properly with national and international legislation. This issue will focus on the law of ship mortages and sale contract in Lithuania. It will take a comparitive legal approach, comparison with the laws of the most developed common law countries in both marine legislation and shipping.-Canada, U.K.,USA And civil law countries Germany, Russian Federation.

Muzika yra viena iš svarbiausių parduotuvės atmosferos formavimo priemonių. Kartu su interjero dizainu pasirenkama muzika turėtų atspindėti pardavimo vietos stilistiką ir tokiu būdu pritraukti pageidaujamus klientus. Verta paminėti, jog muzikos kuriama atmosfera neapsiriboja parduotuvės plotu ir sukuria zoną šalia parduotuvės, kurioje atsidūręs praeivis pasijaučia beveik viduje: muzikinis fonas veikią žmogaus pasąmonę sužadindamas emocijas ir maloniai kviečia užeiti į vidų, taigi parduotuvės slenksčio peržengimas tampa natūralesniu ir mažiau įpareigojančiu veiksmu. Tyrimai rodo, jog muzika skatina geras lankytojų emocijas, palankesnį nusiteikimą parduotuvės ir jos personalo atžvilgiu ir mažina kontakto užmezgimo su darbuotojais baimę. Atitinkamo tempo muzika gali nuraminti klientą arba sužadinti jame aktyvumą ir tokiu būdu išspęsti srauto problemas. Muzika taip pat veikia subjektyvų laiko suvokimą, mažina nepasitenkinimą tuomet, kai tenka laukti eilėje, taip iššaukia įvairias asociacijas, kurias tikslingai išnaudojus galima nepastebimai reklamuoti pasirinktas prekes ir tokiu būdu skatinti jų pardavimus. Apgalvotas muzikinio fono pasirinkimas įmonei atneša didesnį pelną, taigi kiekvienoje pardavimo vietoje turi būti išnaudojamos muzikos teikiamos galimybės norint pasiekti užsibrėžtų tikslų. / Music is one of the most important means of forming the retail environment. Along with interior design music should illustrate the style of a retail establishment in order to attract desired customers. It is worth mentioning that that the atmosphere that music provides is not limited to the confines of a shop. Music creates a zone surrounding the shop, where a passing by consumer feels almost as though he is already inside. The musical background affects the consumer subconsciously, it pleasantly invites the person to come in, at which point coming in doesn’t seem like such a commitment – the transition becomes more natural. Research shows that music stimulates customers’ good emotions, a more favorable judgment of the shop and its employees and also it helps decrease the fear of engagement with personnel. A respective tempo of music can make the customer more relaxed or more energetic and thus solve problems concerning customer traffic flow. Music also affects customers’ time perception, decreases dissatisfaction caused by the occasional waiting time and tends to evoke all kinds of associations which, if used correctly, become a form of covert marketing. A well chosen musical background means greater sales for the company, thus music should be used in every point of sale, if its owners wish to reach their desired goals.

Assignment (MRek)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Universiẗat, Diss. u.d.T.: Zimmermann, Gregor: Das Such- und Entscheidungsverhalten von Kunden im stationären Einzelhandel--Duisburg-Essen, 2007.

Zugl.: Saarbrücken, Univ., Diss., 2007