The international sales contract is one of the most important and frequently used legal instruments in the area of international business relations. Despite its functional stability, it is subject of continuous interest of legal theory and practice through which the questions related to its legal regulation are tackled. Therefore, this thesis deals with international sales contract and the perspective of its legal regulation. Particularly, the aim of this thesis is to answer the question on how the regulation of international sales contract is developing with regard to the national and supranational law, especially the Act on international private law, the Vienna convention, the Rome I regulation and the CESL (Common European Sales Law). The thesis considers this question both from the entrepreneurs' and customers' point of view. Besides the general theoretical aspects of the international sales contract, the thesis also focuses on particular legal acts containing the most relevant regulation of international sales contract and the structure and framework of the thesis corresponds with this focus. The thesis is divided into five chapters, which are preceded by the introduction and followed by the conclusion. The core of the thesis is in chapter five, which analyzes partial aspects of current...

Bakgrund: Studien har undersökt hur köpbeslutsprocessen och det fysiska mötet ser ut i bilhandeln samt om det finns skillnader mellan hur kvinnor och män upplever köpbeslutsprocessen inom bilhandeln. Studiens ämne valdes på grund av att det gjorts tidigare studier inom bilhandeln gällande köpbeslutsprocessen, men att det finns en brist sedan det digitala mötet kom in i bilden. Det har även genomförts flera studier om skillnader mellan mäns och kvinnors skillnader i köpbeteende, men det finns inga som studerar om skillnaderna ser likadana ut i bilbranschen. Forskningsfråga: Studiens huvudfråga lyder: Hur interagerar bilhandeln med kunden i köpbeslutsprocessen genom det fysiska säljmötet för att det ska leda till försäljning av bil? Studiens underfråga lyder: Skiljer sig bilköp åt för män och kvinnor och i sådana fall på vilket sätt? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur bilhandeln kan arbeta vid köpbeslutsprocessen i förhållande till det fysiska säljmötet och vad som gör att kunden genomför ett köp av bil.Vidare är syftet att studera om det finns några skillnader mellan män och kvinnor vid köpet av bil och om det finns, på vilket sätt skiljer de sig. Metod: Den här studien har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod och ett abduktivt angreppssätt. Resultatet i studien bygger på 12 semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter spridda över Sverige. Slutsats: Studien har visat att köpbeslutsprocessen är oförändrad, i sin struktur, av den digitala närvaron. Däremot ser det fysiska mötet annorlunda ut då säljaren behöver inleda med att ta reda på hur långt kunden kommit i sin köpbeslutsprocess. Studiens underfråga har medfört resultat som visar att kvinnors och mäns evolutionära roller byter plats inom bilindustrin då det är män som uppskattar att handla mer hedonistiskt och kvinnor mer funktionellt. / Background: The study has examined how the buying decision process and the physical meeting work in car sales and whether there are differences between how women and men experience the buying decision process in the industry. The subject of the study was chosen due to the fact that there are previous studies in car sales regarding the buying decision process, but that there has been a shortage since the digital meeting came into the picture. There have also been several studies on differences in buying behaviour between men and women, but there are no studies regarding whether the differences look the same in the car industry. Research question: The main question of the study is: How does the car sales interact with the customers in the buying decision process through the physical sales meeting in order for it to lead to sales of a car? The study´s sub question reads: Do car purchase differ for men and women, and in such a case how? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how car sales can work in the buying decision process in relation to the physical sales meeting and what makes the customer to purchase a car. Furthermore, the aim is to study whether there are any differences between men and women in the purchase of a car and, if there is, how they differ. Method: This study has applied a qualitative method and abductive approach. The results of the study are based on 12 semi-structured interviews with respondents spread across Sweden. Conclusion: The study has shown that the buying decision process is unchanged, in its structure, of the digital presence. However, the physical meeting looks different as the seller needs to start by finding out how far the customer has come in the buying decision process. The study's sub question has resulted in results that show that women and men's evolutionary roles change places in the automotive industry as it is the men who appreciate to buy more hedonic and women more functionally.

Analisamos neste trabalho como as transformações econômicas e sociais, que ocorreram no Segundo Reinado, contribuíram para desestabilizar a ordem imperial e, ao mesmo tempo, fortalecer o movimento republicano. As mudanças relacionadas à manutenção do trabalho escravo, que se colocava como o principal pilar de sustentação da ordem imperial, desencadearam necessidades divergentes que não podiam ser satisfatoriamente atendidas pela monarquia brasileira. Com isso, o movimento republicano que se organiza a partir de 1870 busca nas fragilidades do Império o seu espaço de atuação. Os republicanos, sentindo-se excluídos do jogo político imperial, viram na República Federativa a alternativa para a centralização política e administrativa do Império. Mas, é em São Paulo, onde os efeitos negativos dessa centralização eram mais sentidos, que se desenvolve o partido republicano mais forte e organizado do movimento. O republicano paulista Alberto Sales, dialogando com a insatisfação da elite econômica de São Paulo, envolve-se no trabalho doutrinário, que tinha como objetivo construir um programa capaz de orientar a ação republicana e torná-la coesa. Entretanto, os rumos que a República tomou na sua primeira década de vigência contribuíram para que esse propagandista paulista se desencantasse com ela. Buscamos aqui explorar o contexto político, econômico e social em que o movimento republicano emerge e investigar, a partir da teoria que orientou o movimento em São Paulo, as razões que poderiam explicar o desencantamento de um dos seus principais propagandistas com a República que se efetivou. / The objective of this paper is to analyze how the economical and social changes which occurred in the Second Empire helped to destabilize the imperial order and, at the same time, strengthen the republican movement. The changes related to the maintenance of slavery, which was the foundation of the imperial order, yielded divergent needs that could not be met satisfactorily by the Brazilian monarchy. Thus, the republican movement that became organized after 1870 tried to find in the empires´ weaknesses its field of action. The republicans, feeling excluded from the imperial political game, saw in the Federal Republic an alternative for the administrative and political centralization of the Empire. But, in Sao Paulo, where the negative effects of this centralization were most seriously felt, the strongest and best organized Republican Party arose. Alberto Sales, a republican from Sao Paulo, conversing with the dissatisfied economically elite there, got involved in political indoctrination to build a program capable of guiding the republican action and making it consistent. Nevertheless, the direction taken by the Republic in its first decade led the propagandist Alberto Sales to disappointment. We wish here to explore the political, economical and social contexts in which the republican movement emerged and to investigate, by taking as a starting point the theory that guided the movement in Sao Paulo, the reasons that could explain the disappointment of one of the Republic\'s most important propagandists.

by Chung Chi-keung, Ivan and Tang Kwok-chu, Desmond. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaf 97. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background of Research --- p.1 / Objectives and Scope of Study --- p.5 / The Research Design Details --- p.6 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.8 / Survey on Sales Technique Concepts --- p.8 / Structured/Unstructured Interview --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- SURVEY ON SALES TECHNIQUE CONCEPTS --- p.10 / Selling Philosophy --- p.11 / Selling Process --- p.13 / Communication Skills --- p.15 / Objection Handling Skills --- p.17 / Time Management Skills --- p.19 / Call Planning Skills --- p.19 / Presentation Skills --- p.20 / Relationship/Trust Building Skills --- p.22 / Closing Skills --- p.24 / Chapter IV. --- UNSTRUCTURED AND STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS --- p.26 / Results and Discussions --- p.28 / Background of Respondents and Training courses attended --- p.28 / Selling Cycles --- p.32 / Selling Skills --- p.34 / Questioning Skill --- p.35 / Listening Skill --- p.36 / Objection Handling Skill --- p.38 / Time Management Skill --- p.39 / Call Planning Skill --- p.40 / Presentation Skill --- p.41 / Solution Selling Skill --- p.43 / Relationship/Trust Building Skill --- p.43 / Deal Closing Skill --- p.45 / Patience and Tolerance --- p.46 / Negotiation Skill --- p.46 / Price Manipulation Skill --- p.46 / Sales Training vs Sales Commission --- p.47 / Reasons To Attend Sales Trainings --- p.49 / Are Sales Trainings Effective to Improve Sales Performance ？ --- p.51 / Suggested Improvements for Sales Training --- p.54 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.56 / Selling Cycles --- p.56 / Selling Skills --- p.57 / Sales Commission --- p.60 / Reasons to Attend Sales Trainings --- p.61 / Objectives of the Survey --- p.62 / Chapter VI. --- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS --- p.65 / Limitation of the Study --- p.65 / Suggestions for Further Study . --- p.66 / APPENDICES --- p.68 / Chapter APPENDIX 1: --- LIST OF SALES TRAINING PROGRAMS INCLUDED IN SURVEY OF SALES TECHNIQUE CONCEPTS --- p.68 / Chapter APPENDIX 2: --- INTERVIEW GUIDE --- p.73 / Chapter APPENDIX 3: --- QUESTIONNAIRE --- p.77 / Chapter APPENDIX 4: --- DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF RESPONDENTS --- p.81 / Chapter APPENDIX 5: --- DETAILED DATA: SELLING SKILLS INTRODUCED IN SALES TRAININGS --- p.83 / Chapter APPENDIX 6: --- DETAILED DATA: UNDERSTANDING TO THE SELLING SKILLS MADE DIFFERENT BY THE SALES TRAININGS --- p.86 / Chapter APPENDIX 7: --- DETAILED DATA: EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SELLING SKILLS TO IMPROVE SALES PERFORMANCE --- p.90 / Chapter APPENDIX 8: --- DETAILED DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUM OF RATINGS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF SELLING SKILLS BY RESPONDENTS --- p.94 / Chapter APPENDIX 9: --- DETAILED DATA: IMPROVEMENT NEEDED FOR SALES TRAININGS --- p.95 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.97

Chow Chung Yiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 140-143.

Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 226-244.

Liu Shuo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-126). / Abstracts and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Distributors / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Suppliers´ؤPharmaceutical Manufacturers / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Retailers / Chapter 1.1.4 --- The Public Bidding for Medicines / Chapter 1.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- The Definition of Guanxi --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Guanxi and Social Capital --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Guanxi in Chinese Business Domain --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Guanxi Practice --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5 --- Theoretical Framework --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Pre-existing Personal Relations / Chapter 3.1 --- Case Selection --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Functions of Pre-existing Ties --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Preparation of Guanxi Establishment一Information Gathering / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Pre-existing Ties and Information Gathering / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Establish Familiarity / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Pre-existing Ties and Familiarity Establishment / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Limitation of Pre-existing Ties' Effect / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Pre-existing Ties and Guanxi Cultivation / Chapter 3.3 --- Summary --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Guanxi Cultivation / Chapter 4.1 --- Guanxi Practice and Economic Performance --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2 --- Regulations and Prevalence of Guanxi Practice --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Guanxi Cultivation´ؤChoose Proper Guanxi Practice --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Importance of Renqing --- p.78 / Chapter 4.5 --- Socio-economic Environment Change and Guanxi Practice Adjustments --- p.81 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Quantitative Analysis / Chapter 5.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conceptualization and Operationalization of Variables --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Methods --- p.91 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Pharmaceutical Distributors' Organizational Performance / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Pharmaceutical Salespersons' Individual Performance / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and Discussion / Chapter 6.1 --- The Study --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Summary of Findings --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3 --- Theoretical Implications --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4 --- Practical Implications --- p.110 / Chapter 6.5 --- Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research --- p.111 / Appendix I Interview Schedule --- p.113 / Appendix II Sample of Questionnaire --- p.115 / Bibliography --- p.120

Organization theory proposes that managers exert control over the behavior of salespeople and the outcomes salespeople are expected to deliver. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to examine the relationships between activity control, capability control, and outcome control and salesperson performance, as well as the moderating effects of product complexity, task complexity, and number of accounts on the control-performance relationships for business-to-business sales personnel. The framework for the study was based in the concept of organizational control. Data analysis included hierarchical regression of a convenience sample of 374 survey responses from salespeople to analyze the direct and moderating relationships between perceived sales management control and salesperson performance. Data were collected using Fluid Surveys. Although significant positive effects were identified between outcome control, activity control, and capability control on salesperson performance, as well as a significant negative effect of task complexity on salesperson performance, no moderating effects were found. Because sales management behavior impacts salesperson satisfaction, retention, and performance, identifying the positive impact of activity, capability, and outcome control, and the negative impact of task complexity on salesperson performance provides sales managers with important guidance when considering the elements of an effective approach to sales management. Finally, providing managers with specific guidance regarding management approach has implications for positive social change within organizations by improving salesperson satisfaction with their jobs, their manager, and the organization for whom they work.

The purpose of this research is to examine how the ethical decision making of a salesperson is influenced by job characteristics, and how ethical decision making then influences job outcomes. This research is important because the field of ethics draws from diverse disciplines that have minimal agreement with each other. While calls have been made for a uniform standard of ethics, a better decision may be for each discipline to look internally to determine both what ethics is and how it functions in relation to other variables on in each disciplines unique field. This study examines first how the exogenous job characteristic variables of perceived organizational support, sales force control system and ethical values of the salesperson affect ethical decision making. Perceived organizational support and the behavioral-based sales force control system are hypothesized to positively influence ethical decision making. The link between perceived organizational support and ethical decision making has been observed in the field of accounting, and sales research has found that perceived organizational support leads to organizational citizenship behavior, which contains ethical decision making under its umbrella. Behavior-based sales force control systems are predicted to lead to ethical decision making because this type of control system has been shown to both lead to increased affective organizational commitment and reduce the benefits of acting unethically. The ethical values of the salesperson are predicted to moderate the relationships between the independent variables and ethical decision making. Ethical values and the independent variables in the study are influenced by similar antecedent constructs. The study also examines how ethical decision making influences the endogenous job outcomes variables of affective organizational commitment and salesperson performance. Ethical decision making is hypothesized to positively influence both performance and commitment. Ethical climates have been found to increase commitment, and performance is considered a key outcome of ethical decision making. Azjen’s (1985) theory of planned behavior ties the hypotheses together.

Elektroninė komercija yra viena labiausiai besiplečiančių verslo šakų, pasižyminti plačiomis, pasaulinį mastą apimančiomis, pasirinkimo galimybėmis, didele konkurencija ir milžiniškais vartotojų lūkesčiais, kuriuos turi pateisinti el. komercijos srityje dirbančios įmonės, besistengiančios pasiūlyti kokybiškų prekių ir pritraukti kuo daugiau vartotojų. Vienas iš būdų tai padaryti yra pardavimo skatinimas, turintis nemažai tiek tradicinių, tiek specifinių, tiek tik virtualiai erdvei būdingų priemonių. Šio magistro darbo tikslas - išanalizavus elektroninės komercijos ir pardavimo skatinimo ypatumus virtualioje aplinkoje bei atlikus pardavimo skatinimo el. parduotuvėje atraskgrozi.lt analizę, pateikti produktų pardavimo skatinimo pasiūlymų, skirtų el. komercijai. Magistro darbas yra sudarytas iš trijų dalių: pirmojoje dalyje atliekama pardavimo skatinimo analizė elektroniniame versle, kurios metu analizuojamas pardavimo skatinimas, jo ypatumai el. komercijoje, pateikiamos tradicinės ir specifinės pardavimo skatinimo priemonės ir trumpai aptariami vartotojų elgsenos ypatumai el. komercijoje. Tuomet, antrojoje darbo dalyje, atliekama pardavimo skatinimo analizė, kurios metu pristatoma nagrinėjama atraskgrozi.lt interneto svetainė, pateikiama Lietuvos kosmetikos ir parfumerijos rinkos ir vartotojo profilio apžvalga, atliekamas kokybinis pardavimo skatinimo tyrimas ir apibendrinami jo rezultatai. Trečioje dalyje, remiantis tyrimo metu atskleista informacija, pateikiami pardavimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / E-commerce is one of the most expanding business fields, which is characterized as the kind of business which includes the possibility of world-wide selections, intense competition and enormous consumers’ expectations that companies, which work in this business field, have to overtake and surpass. They try to offer high quality products and attract as many consumers as possible. One of the ways to achieve this goal is the sales promotion, which contains a large number of traditional and specific, suited only to the e-commerce field, measures. The purpose of this diploma paper is analyze e-business benefits for consumers, sales promotion features, execute a qualitative analysis of the experts, working in the e-commerce field and to present the list of products’ sales promotion propositions for e-commerce. The diploma paper consists of three parts. The first part is an analysis of sales promotion in the e-business, including the sales promotion features in e-commerce, the list of both traditional and specific for e-commerce sales promotion measures and a short briefing of the consumer behavior in e-commerce. Then, the second part of the paper, is talking about the situation analysis of the sales promotion and the atraskgrozi.lt internet website, which is the case of this paper, is presented. The second part also includes the reviews of Lithuanian cosmetics and perfumery market and consumer profile. After that, the qualitative research takes place and the results are... [to full text]