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<p>A publicly funded elderly care that is widely available at people’s homes has been described as unique for the Nordic countries. There is much research that focuses on the relationship between caregivers and <em>care receivers</em>, and also about how work is organized in these organizations. However, research into how care work is organized in organizations that have implemented a salutogenic approach is limited. This is a qualitative study aimed to <em>examine how caregivers feel that the organization of work in elderly care change after implementation of salutogenic elements in their daily work.</em> The study conducted six semi-structured interviews with caregivers that have experienced different ways of organizing care work. Study shows that the organization of care work has gone from a Tayloristic, task-oriented and routinized work towards a salutogenic, person-oriented and personalized approach. The study also shows that dilemmas may arise in the new way to organize care work when caregivers and <em>care receivers</em> values and opinions differ. Caregivers then orient between sins of omission and abuse.</p>

Alors que les problématiques de santé et du bien-être des employés occupent une place importante des travaux en gestion des ressources humaines, la santé des entrepreneurs souffre d'un manque de reconnaissance considérable dans le champ de l'entrepreneuriat. Ce constat est en partie due au fait qu'une vision héroïque de l'entrepreneur va, pendant longtemps, fournir de base au champ de l'entrepreneuriat. Dans les faits, il apparaît que la création d'entreprises est un phénomène complexe, puisqu' après cinq années d'existence seulement une entreprise sur deux réussit à maintenir son activité. Ceci va justifier l'essor des systèmes d'appui à la création d‘entreprises puisqu'il est admis qu'ils apportent les ressources nécessaires au bon développement des entreprises et qu'ils permettent ainsi de limiter les risques éventuels d'un échec. L'avènement des structures d'accompagnement reflète un constat d'insuffisance des ressources dont disposent les créateurs d'entreprises au démarrage de leur activité alors même que celles-ci sont déterminantes pour leur développement et leur survie. Néanmoins, ces ressources ne sont plus exclusivement d'ordre technique. Le champ de l'accompagnement entrepreneurial converge vers la nécessité d'intégrer une logique modulable, s'adaptant aux besoins des créateurs d'entreprises. Un accompagnement technique standard semble aujourd'hui dépassé et se diriger vers une meilleure prise en compte de certaines attentes en matière de soutien psychologique et affectif, ce qui laisse entrevoir le potentiel de nouvelles méthodes d'accompagnement, notamment en matière de santé. Ceci étant appuyé par une approche pathogène de l'entrepreneuriat (qui va être majoritairement appréhendée au travers les études consacrées aux facteurs de stress entrepreneurial) et salutogènes (aux travers les études consacrées aux traits de personnalité attribués aux entrepreneurs). Ces constatations permettent de soulever l'existence d'une santé entrepreneuriale composée d'un volet pathogène et salutogène à travers lesquels il est pertinent d'associer le champ de l'accompagnement. La thèse vise à répondre à la problématique suivante : quels sont le rôle et les perspectives de l'accompagnement du créateur d'entreprise en matière de santé ? Deux axes de questionnement se déclinent de la problématique centrale. Ils traitent des déterminants de santé (facteurs/issues pathogènes et salutogènes) qui impactent l'entrepreneur et le processus de création d'entreprise, et du rôle des structures d'accompagnement en regard de ces déterminants. La méthode de recherche est qualitative et repose sur une étude de cas multiples. Les cas (les pépinières d'entreprises innovantes, les structures virtuelles, les incubateurs académiques et scientifiques) ont été déterminés conformément à l'étude théorique et à l'objet d'étude. Ils sont représentatifs de la réalité d'un terrain multiforme. Les résultats mettent en évidence une dimension pathogène de l'activité entrepreneuriale, à travers l'identification de sources de stress entrepreneurial qui influent sur les conditions dans lesquelles les créateurs d'entreprises développent leur activité, et qui impactent négativement leur état général. Néanmoins, ce volet pathogène est modéré par l'existence de facteurs salutogènes, à la fois dispositionnels et environnementaux, qui vont avoir une influence positive sur l'équilibre et le bien-être du créateur d'entreprise. L'analyse approfondie de chaque cas a permis de mettre en exergue une dimension salutogène (notamment à travers un rôle de soutien social) des spécificités des méthodes d'accompagnement des créateurs d'entreprise, et relative à l'importance attribuée à chaque composante d'accompagnement. Ceci permet de mettre en perspective une approche salutogénique de l'accompagnement entrepreneurial fondée sur la ressource du bien-être. / Even though issues of employee health and well-Being play an important part of human resources research, the health of entrepreneurs is suffering from a lack of research in the field of entrepreneurship. This can be attributed to the fact that a heroic figure of entrepreneurs provided a longstanding basis for entrepreneurship research. In practice, starting a new business is a more complex process than expected since only one in two businesses remains active after five years of existence. This explains the development of support structures for entrepreneurship since it is accepted that they provide resources to ensure the proper development of the business, thus reducing the potential risks of failure. The advent of business incubators reflects the lack of resources for new companies even when they are decisive to their development and survival. Nevertheless, these resources are no longer exclusively technical. A technical and standard support seems outdated, taking better account of psychological and emotional expectations. Research and practice of business incubation converge towards the need to integrate flexible and appropriate procedures to different profiles of entrepreneurs. This strongly suggests the option of developing new methods of incubation, including the health aspect.This is supported by a pathogenic approach of entrepreneurship (primarily based on entrepreneurial stress research) and a salutogenic one (through entrepreneur ‘personality traits research). These findings suggest a pathogenic and a salutogenic approach of a health entrepreneurship through which business incubation is concerned .The thesis aims to answer the following question: what are the role and prospects of a health-oriented support? Two issues arise from this questioning. These are related to health determinants (pathogenic and salutogenic factors/ outcomes) which affect both entrepreneurs and the business creation process, and the role of business incubation in terms of health. The research uses a qualitative method based on a multiple-Case study. These cases (IT-Focused Business incubators, virtual incubators, incubators linked to research institutes and universities) reflect the ground realities. They were established in accordance with the theoretical background and the purpose of the study. As a first step, the results highlight a pathogenic dimension of entrepreneurship, through the identification of entrepreneurial stressors which negatively impact entrepreneurship and individuals' conditions. However, a salutogenic dimension of entrepreneurship, through dispositional and environmental moderators, is perceived as influencing the well-being of entrepreneurs. In a second step, an in-Depth analysis highlights a positive nature of business incubation related to the specific characteristics of each cases and incubation components (especially through a social support role). Thus, combining these results highlights a salutogenic approach of business incubation based on the well-being resource.

A publicly funded elderly care that is widely available at people’s homes has been described as unique for the Nordic countries. There is much research that focuses on the relationship between caregivers and care receivers, and also about how work is organized in these organizations. However, research into how care work is organized in organizations that have implemented a salutogenic approach is limited. This is a qualitative study aimed to examine how caregivers feel that the organization of work in elderly care change after implementation of salutogenic elements in their daily work. The study conducted six semi-structured interviews with caregivers that have experienced different ways of organizing care work. Study shows that the organization of care work has gone from a Tayloristic, task-oriented and routinized work towards a salutogenic, person-oriented and personalized approach. The study also shows that dilemmas may arise in the new way to organize care work when caregivers and care receivers values and opinions differ. Caregivers then orient between sins of omission and abuse.

Not much research regarding burnout amongst clergy in South Africa has been done. Recently a shift in the direction of positive psychology or salutogenesis took place and which highlighted two relatively new constructs, namely sense of coherence and engagement. Previous research in the "Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk" (NG Church) found a correlation between sense of coherence and burnout. In the "Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika" (NH Church) however, no research regarding burnout within a salutogenic paradigm was ever done. The general objective of this research was to determine the levels and relationship of sense of coherence, coping, burnout and engagement amongst ministers of the NH Church. A cross-sectional research design was used. The Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ), COPE-Questionnaire (COPE), Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were used as measuring instruments on a stratified random (proportional) sample (n = 200) of ministers of the NH Church and from which 87 useable responses were received. Structural equation modelling was applied on the MBI-HSS to confirm a three-factor model with best fit. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients and factor analysis were used to determine the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics, Pearson-product correlation coefficients, canonical correlation coefficients, and analysis of variance were used to analyse the data. The results showed that high levels of sense of coherence, approach coping and high levels of engagement are related to low levels of burnout, while venting of emotions are related to high levels of burnout. It was also found that sense of coherence and coping predicted emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Furthermore, it was found that levels of emotional exhaustion for ministers in the age group 25-29, were consistently lower than that of any other age group in the sample, while levels for the age group 50-65 were also lower than that for ministers in the age groups 30-39 and 40-49, but still higher than levels for age group 25-29. Limitations of the study and recommendations regarding the organisation and future research were indicated. / Thesis (MA (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Not much research regarding burnout amongst clergy in South Africa has been done. Recently a shift in the direction of positive psychology or salutogenesis took place and which highlighted two relatively new constructs, namely sense of coherence and engagement. Previous research in the "Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk" (NG Church) found a correlation between sense of coherence and burnout. In the "Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika" (NH Church) however, no research regarding burnout within a salutogenic paradigm was ever done. The general objective of this research was to determine the levels and relationship of sense of coherence, coping, burnout and engagement amongst ministers of the NH Church. A cross-sectional research design was used. The Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ), COPE-Questionnaire (COPE), Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) were used as measuring instruments on a stratified random (proportional) sample (n = 200) of ministers of the NH Church and from which 87 useable responses were received. Structural equation modelling was applied on the MBI-HSS to confirm a three-factor model with best fit. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients and factor analysis were used to determine the reliability and validity of the measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics, Pearson-product correlation coefficients, canonical correlation coefficients, and analysis of variance were used to analyse the data. The results showed that high levels of sense of coherence, approach coping and high levels of engagement are related to low levels of burnout, while venting of emotions are related to high levels of burnout. It was also found that sense of coherence and coping predicted emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Furthermore, it was found that levels of emotional exhaustion for ministers in the age group 25-29, were consistently lower than that of any other age group in the sample, while levels for the age group 50-65 were also lower than that for ministers in the age groups 30-39 and 40-49, but still higher than levels for age group 25-29. Limitations of the study and recommendations regarding the organisation and future research were indicated. / Thesis (MA (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Disasters such as the recent parliament shooting in Ottawa, Superstorm Sandy, and the Great Japan Sea Earthquake and tsunami are reminders of the roles essential service organizations have in maintaining public health. On a daily basis, organizations are expected to operate under normal conditions, providing goods, services, and community supports. In crisis situations, it is critical that these organizations continue to operate and contribute to adaptive response and recovery in a community. Business continuity planning focuses on ensuring continued functioning of core operations during a disruption. Inherent to the business continuity field is a prevent-and-protect approach to preparedness activities. Asset-mapping exercises have the potential to balance the predominantly risk-based field by focusing on the strengths and capabilities already present within an organization. To understand the value of asset-mapping activities in business continuity plans (BCPs), indicators for organizational resilience are needed. Indicators have the potential to provide essential service organizations with a way to gauge the value of their BCP activities. In addition, this information can help guide decision-makers when developing BCPs. This research is part of a larger project at the University of Ottawa focused on building the empirical evidence base for BCPs and organizational resilience. This thesis, as a sub-study within the larger project, explores assets and indicators for organizational resilience to contribute to the effective evaluation and engagement of organizations in business continuity planning efforts. Emergent themes highlight the importance of assets and their contribution to the adaptive capacity of an organization in the event of a disaster. This study also provides an example list of 28 SMARTT organizational resilience indicators directly derived from organizational assets, providing information that researchers and essential service organizations can use to evaluate business continuity planning activities in relation to organizational resilience.

In the context of hospital architecture, the incorporation of biophilic elements, such as natural light, greenery, and organic materials, is crucial for enhancing patient outcomes and well-being. These elements not only evoke a sense of connection with nature but also contribute to stress reduction, improved cognitive function, and accelerated recovery rates. Through the lens of Vastu Shastra, which emphasizes harmony between the individual and their surroundings, we explore how the alignment of architectural elements with natural forces can create environments that resonate with the inherent flow of life energy, or prana, within the human body. Furthermore, this abstract delves into the nature of space within hospital environments, recognizing it as a dynamic continuum that encompasses mystery, refuge, and prospect. By creating spaces that evoke a sense of mystery through subtle interplays of light and shadow, hospitals can offer moments of contemplation and introspection for patients and staff alike. Similarly, the provision of refuge zones, characterized by tranquil green spaces and secluded alcoves, serves as havens for relaxation and rejuvenation amidst the bustling clinical environment. Additionally, spaces designed to offer prospect, such as panoramic views of natural landscapes or expansive skyward vistas, instill a sense of hope and optimism, inspiring patients to envision a brighter future beyond their current circumstances. Central to this exploration is the role of materiality in shaping the permeability of hospital spaces. By carefully selecting and deploying materials that evoke tactile sensations and visual richness, it can enhance the sensory experience of occupants while fostering a sense of connection with the natural world. Whether by using sustainably sourced wood for interior finishes, biophilic patterns in architectural ornamentation, or the incorporation of water features to evoke a sense of fluidity and renewal, materiality becomes a powerful medium through which the essence of nature can permeate the built environment, promoting healing and well-being. / Master of Architecture / This summary discusses how incorporating natural elements such as sunlight, plants, and natural materials into hospital design can significantly improve patient health and recovery. Research shows that exposure to natural light can boost mood, reduce stress, and regulate sleep patterns, which are crucial for healing. Greenery, such as indoor plants or garden views, can create a calming environment and have been linked to faster recovery times and reduced need for pain medication. The summary also explores an ancient design philosophy called Vastu Shastra, which focuses on creating harmony between individuals and their surroundings. According to Vastu Shastra, aligning architectural elements with natural forces can enhance the flow of life energy, or prana, within the body, contributing to overall well-being. This philosophy suggests that well-designed hospital spaces can support both physical and mental health by promoting balance and tranquility. The design principles highlighted include creating areas for reflection and relaxation, such as quiet nooks or peaceful gardens, where patients and staff can take breaks and rejuvenate. Additionally, providing inspiring views of nature, whether through windows or rooftop gardens, can instill a sense of hope and positivity, encouraging patients to envision a brighter future. Using materials that feel and look natural, like sustainably sourced wood for furniture and finishes, or incorporating water features like fountains or ponds, can further enhance the healing atmosphere. These natural materials can evoke tactile sensations and visual richness, making the hospital environment feel more welcoming and less clinical. Overall, integrating these biophilic and Vastu Shastra-inspired elements into hospital design can create a supportive and nurturing environment that promotes healing and well-being for patients and staff alike.

Biophilia, the affinity humans have for nature, has been widely demonstrated to manifest both physiological and psychological benefits in those who are exposed to natural settings. By incorporating such elements in architecture, biophilic design has been put forth as a remedy to many of the health concerns associated with urban environments. However, most of the focus has been on treatment rather than prevention, leaving the root causes unaddressed. This thesis aims to reorient the focus toward the proactive use of biophilic design to promote well-being and avert the onset of these issues. Design principles draw from the theory of Salutogenesis, which employs elements of Psychologically Supportive Design (PSD) and Attention Restoration Theory (ART) to promote physical, mental, and emotional well-being. This approach contrasts and augments the concept of Pathogenesis, the focus on resultant illnesses and disease that defines the current healthcare paradigm. If biophilia is salutogenic (i.e. generates health), this thesis postulates that such architecture will also act as a prophylaxis, or preventative medicine. To evaluate the potential efficacy of various biophilic strategies, an IRB-approved research study has been designed to gather qualitative and quantitative responses from individuals viewing alternative design proposals. Rather than putting forth a hypothesis to be supported, the project centers on a thesis proposition to be explored through an inductive process of seeking emergent theories. With funding from the American Institute of Architects through the AIAS Crit Scholar Program, design alternatives were developed and presented in Virtual Reality to individuals associated with a local organization, Community Health Center of the New River Valley. While the results presented are neither prescriptive nor universally generalizable, findings are relevant in both the context of healthcare and across building types. / Master of Architecture / In recent decades, designers and researchers alike have sought to understand what people have intuitively known for millennia – namely, that humans possess an innate affinity for nature, which can improve our physical and psychological health and well-being. The theory of biophilia, first popularized in 1984 by Edward O. Wilson, has framed this concept with the hypothesis that "Natural environments have a restorative advantage over artificial environments due to the role they played in our evolution as a species." Since then, countless studies have supported this claim, with far-reaching implications and opportunities. As more and more people move to cities, health crises have escalated dramatically, with urban environments tied to increased stress, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and memory disorders. As the world continues to urbanize, designers face a growing imperative to create spaces that are conducive to health and wellness. Biophilic design has been put forth as a remedy to many of these health concerns, yet most of the focus has been on treatment rather than prevention, leaving the root causes unaddressed. This thesis aims to reorient the focus toward the proactive use of biophilic design to promote well-being and avert the onset of these issues. Design principles draw from the theory of Salutogenesis, the idea that health is a condition that can be caused, rather than the mere absence of illness. If biophilia is salutogenic (i.e. generates health), this thesis postulates that such architecture will also act as a prophylaxis, or preventative medicine. To explore this topic, a hypothetical wellness center was designed in partnership with a local organization, Community Health Center of the New River Valley. Design alternatives were presented to a group of participants using Virtual Reality headsets to view four spaces, each focused on a different element of biophilia: vegetation, water, light, and air. Interviews and questionnaires resulted in a number of trends and conclusions regarding best practices for the inclusion of natural elements in architecture.

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