The objective of this literature study was to describe how the school nurse can adopt the salutogenic perspective in her health promoting work. The articles were examined in order to identify what was written about the school nurse’s work from the salutogenic perspective. In parallel, Eriksson’s, Orem’s, and Newman’s nursing theories were examined from the same perspective. Health promotion enables people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Aaron Antonovsky coined the term salutogenesis to describe why certain people can stay healthy despite stressful situations, and even grow and develop. The concept “sense of coherence” (SOC) is an important factor in this context. The Salutogenic model was a new way to develop knowledge in nursing. As caregivers capable of structuring life experiences and providing health information and services, nurses can foster and strengthen SOC. Salutogenesis promoted the understanding and the identification of factors relevant to child protection. It was also found that many factors, e.g., gender, lifestyle, habits and school climate correlated with SOC. The study showed a strong support for adopting the Salutogenic model in school health work, and that nursing theories can be used as analytical tools in the application of this model in practice.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Idag närvarar pappor vid det akuta omhändertagandet av sitt barn och har en viktig roll i det nyfödda barnets vård. Närhet mellan föräldrar och barn är avgörande för välbefinnande, anknytning och bindning. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att beskriva vad pappor upplever vid akut omhändertagande av sitt nyfödda barn. Metod: Tio pappor till nyfödda barn, där barnen i direkt anslutning till födseln krävt akut omhändertagande och inläggning på neonatalavdelning, har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har bearbetats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Huvudkategorin som framkom var: Att gå från kaos till kontroll. Underliggande kategorier som framkom var (1) rädsla för det okända, (2) otillräcklighet i förhållande till sig själv och andra, (3) overklighet i den nya situationen, (4) delaktighet i vården av sitt barn och (5) förtroende för vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: Papporna var från början rädda, kände sig otillräckliga och upplevde situationen som overklig. Med hjälp av egna och utifrån kommande resurser, bland annat barnsjuksköterskans omvårdnad och information, fann papporna efter olika lång tid en känsla av att vara delaktiga och ett förtroende för vårdpersonalen, som ledde till en högre känsla av sammanhang, det vill säga KASAM.   Nyckelord: Anknytning, delaktighet, KASAM, neonatalavdelning, / Summary Background: Today fathers are present during acute care of his newborn child and have an important role in the care of the newborn child. Closeness between child and parent is essential to promote wellbeing, attachment and bonding. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe what fathers' experience in acute care of their newborn baby. Method: Ten fathers of newborn children, where the child after the birth has been in need of emergency care and hospitalization in a neonatal department, have been interviewed. The interviews have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The main category was: Going from chaos to control. The underlying categories that emerged were (1) fear of the unknown, (2) inadequacy in relation to himself and others, (3) unreality in the new situation, (4) participation in the care of his baby and (5) trust of health care staff. Conclusion: Fathers were initially afraid, felt inadequate and experienced the situation as unreal. Using proprietary and extrinsic resources, including pediatric nursing care and information, the fathers found at different phases a sense of ownership and confidence in the care that led to a greater sense of coherence, in other words Salutogenesis.Keywords: Attachment, Neonatal unit, Participation, Salutogenesis,

In the wake of war, political disturbance, or civil strife, there is little doubt that refugees are exposed to highly traumatic experiences. However, despite these challenges, four out of five refugees never experience long-term mental health or stress effects. Most existing studies have been limited to focusing on negative aspects of refugee mental health. Little research has been conducted on positive aspects of refugee mental health. This research uses the salutogenic model of health developed by Antonovsky to evaluate factors contributing to positive mental health outcomes among refugees to Winnipeg, Canada. Using reflexive sociological interviews with eight refugees to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, I identify and analyze salutary factors associated with positive mental health and psychological well-being of refugees. Five thematic types of generalized resistance resources emerged from the interview accounts as salutary: support from macro and micro levels of interpersonal relationships; religious activities and spiritual beliefs/faith; hope for the future; educational opportunities; and employment prospects. Relevant salutogenic policy suggestions based upon this research may be incorporated into refugee resettlement programs and policies to promote refugee mental health in Winnipeg and also contribute to positive resettlement. / October 2015

The aim of this research was to determine the way in which informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients experience their task as caregivers as well as to identify factors, or general resistance resources, which exercise an influence on their psychological well-being, and more specifically on their sense of coherence. The stressors encountered by informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients have previously been investigated thoroughly in a number of studies. The tasks of informal caregivers very often encompass much more than what would be, for example, included in the nursing context and therefore exceed the limits applying to the formal sector. Stressors to which caregivers are exposed include physical, financial and emotional aspects. It has been proved that this state of affairs has a negative impact on their physical health conditions as well as their psychological well-being. Caregivers do, however, at times report a certain extent of growth experienced by them which can be related to the care giving situation. The salutogenic perspective allows for a study of the origin of health and has, for the purposes of this study, been applied to obtain an alternative description of the caregivers' experiences. According to this perspective health does not merely mean the absence of disease, but also refers to health being influenced by an individual's management of stressful events. When an individual, even if confronted with stressful circumstances, has adequate general resistance resources at his/her disposal, a strong sense of coherence can develop and this will have a positive influence on his/her psychological well-being. In the South African context little if any literature can be found on the salutogenic factors that may affect informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients. The investigation of this study was based on an availability sample consisting of 8 informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients. A one shot cross sectional design with triangulation of data assessment techniques was used. The researcher obtained data with regard to the caregivers' sense of coherence by means of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) (Antonovsky, 1987). Semistructured interviews were conducted with all the caregivers involved and a qualitative analysis followed. The results revealed that informal caregivers' sense of coherence was much lower than- that of a group of nurses (formal caregivers) as described by Cilliers (2003). One of the reasons for this significant difference could be the lack of a structured setting or environment in which caregivers still have to perform their duties and responsibilities. According to the results a variety of factors exercising a negative impact on informal caregivers' sense of coherence could be identified. These included (a) stress, (b) exposure to unfamiliar situations, and (c) a lack of counselling skills. Within the framework of the salutogenic perspective there were, however, different factors also known as general resistance resources, that exercised a positive impact on the caregivers' sense of coherence. Among these the following could be counted: (a) spirituality, (b) insight into interpersonal situations, (c) utilisation of social support systems, and (d) multi-disciplinary cooperation. It would therefore seem that informal caregivers do possess general resistance resources which enable them to persevere with their tasks as caregivers in spite of the stressors they encounter on a daily basis. One of the recommendations that can be posed after having carried out this study and after having analysed the results, is the compilation as well as the evaluation and implementation, of a psycho-education training programme for informal caregivers, with special emphasis on such general resistance resources. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The aim of this research was to determine the way in which informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients experience their task as caregivers as well as to identify factors, or general resistance resources, which exercise an influence on their psychological well-being, and more specifically on their sense of coherence. The stressors encountered by informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients have previously been investigated thoroughly in a number of studies. The tasks of informal caregivers very often encompass much more than what would be, for example, included in the nursing context and therefore exceed the limits applying to the formal sector. Stressors to which caregivers are exposed include physical, financial and emotional aspects. It has been proved that this state of affairs has a negative impact on their physical health conditions as well as their psychological well-being. Caregivers do, however, at times report a certain extent of growth experienced by them which can be related to the care giving situation. The salutogenic perspective allows for a study of the origin of health and has, for the purposes of this study, been applied to obtain an alternative description of the caregivers' experiences. According to this perspective health does not merely mean the absence of disease, but also refers to health being influenced by an individual's management of stressful events. When an individual, even if confronted with stressful circumstances, has adequate general resistance resources at his/her disposal, a strong sense of coherence can develop and this will have a positive influence on his/her psychological well-being. In the South African context little if any literature can be found on the salutogenic factors that may affect informal caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients. The investigation of this study was based on an availability sample consisting of 8 informal caregivers of HIVIAIDS patients. A one shot cross sectional design with triangulation of data assessment techniques was used. The researcher obtained data with regard to the caregivers' sense of coherence by means of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) (Antonovsky, 1987). Semistructured interviews were conducted with all the caregivers involved and a qualitative analysis followed. The results revealed that informal caregivers' sense of coherence was much lower than- that of a group of nurses (formal caregivers) as described by Cilliers (2003). One of the reasons for this significant difference could be the lack of a structured setting or environment in which caregivers still have to perform their duties and responsibilities. According to the results a variety of factors exercising a negative impact on informal caregivers' sense of coherence could be identified. These included (a) stress, (b) exposure to unfamiliar situations, and (c) a lack of counselling skills. Within the framework of the salutogenic perspective there were, however, different factors also known as general resistance resources, that exercised a positive impact on the caregivers' sense of coherence. Among these the following could be counted: (a) spirituality, (b) insight into interpersonal situations, (c) utilisation of social support systems, and (d) multi-disciplinary cooperation. It would therefore seem that informal caregivers do possess general resistance resources which enable them to persevere with their tasks as caregivers in spite of the stressors they encounter on a daily basis. One of the recommendations that can be posed after having carried out this study and after having analysed the results, is the compilation as well as the evaluation and implementation, of a psycho-education training programme for informal caregivers, with special emphasis on such general resistance resources. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

<p>The objective of this literature study was to describe how the school nurse can adopt the salutogenic perspective in her health promoting work. The articles were examined in order to identify what was written about the school nurse’s work from the salutogenic perspective. In parallel, Eriksson’s, Orem’s, and Newman’s nursing theories were examined from the same perspective. Health promotion enables people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Aaron Antonovsky coined the term salutogenesis to describe why certain people can stay healthy despite stressful situations, and even grow and develop. The concept “sense of coherence” (SOC) is an important factor in this context. The Salutogenic model was a new way to develop knowledge in nursing. As caregivers capable of structuring life experiences and providing health information and services, nurses can foster and strengthen SOC. Salutogenesis promoted the understanding and the identification of factors relevant to child protection. It was also found that many factors, e.g., gender, lifestyle, habits and school climate correlated with SOC. The study showed a strong support for adopting the Salutogenic model in school health work, and that nursing theories can be used as analytical tools in the application of this model in practice.</p>

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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka olika salutogenetiska aspekter för friska äldre och undersöka om dessa kan implementeras i ett preventivt arbete i yngre åldrar. Material och metod: Sökning gjordes i databasen Pubmed. Alla artiklar som uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna och var relevanta för frågeställningen lästes i fulltext. Dessa blev kvalitetsgranskade och sammanfattades i en tabell. Kvalitetsbedömningen skedde med hjälp av en checklista som kan användas för bedömning av både randomiserade och icke-randomiserade kliniska studier.Resultat: Efter sökningen i Pubmed och läsning samt granskning av artiklar inkluderades 29 artiklar. Av de 29 artiklar som inkluderades var 10 review artiklar, 14 tvärsnittstudier, 3 prospektiva studier och 2 fall-kontroll studier. Totalt ingick 13 346 personer i tvärsnittsstudierna, 5 391 personer ingick i de prospektiva studierna och 285 personer i fall-kontroll studierna. Flera determinerande faktorer och orsaker till av patienten upplevd god hälsa och av professionen fastställd god hälsa kunde identifieras efter litteratursökningen. Dessa delades in i livsstil och individrelaterade-, biologiska-, vårdorganisatoriska- och socioekonomiska faktorer. Konklusion: Fler studier behöver göras för att undersöka hur dessa faktorer interagerar och hur man kan implementera dessa i hälsoförebyggande arbete. / Objective: The objective with this study was to explore different salutogenic aspects amongst healthy elderly and to find out whether it could be implemented in younger age to prevent illness.Material and methods: The search was done in the Pubmed database. All articles that met the inclusion criteria and were relevant for the question at issue were read in full text. The included articles were analyzed and quality assessed and were also summarized in a chart. Quality assessment was done using a check-list that can be used for assessment of both randomized and non-randomized clinical studies.Results: After the search and examination of articles, 29 articles were included out of which 10 were reviews, 14 cross sectional studies, 3 prospective studies and 2 case-control studies. Totally there was 13 346 participants in the cross sectional studies, 5 391 participants in the prospective studies and 285 participants in the case-control studies. Several determinants and causes which influenced the patients self-perceived good health and of the professional established good health could be identified after the literature search. These were divided into individual and lifestyle-, biologic-, health care organization- and socioeconomic determinants.Conclusion: Additional studies need to be carried out to investigate how these determinants interact and how they can be implemented in health promotion.

Teachers’ work-related health has worsened in Sweden, seen in the rising number of teachers who are stressed, unmotivated and that have left work or are on sick leave (The Swedish National Agency for Education, 2013; Månsson, 2008). The thesis’s aim was to explore the relation between health, personal coping and job stress. As proposed by Antonovsky (1979; 1987), sense of coherence (SOC) was used as an important individual approach for Salutogenesis; health maintenance. Health was measured as self-reported health and job stress according to the demand-control model (DCM) by Karasek (1979). Data came from the Teacher survey, a questionnaire part of a larger research project based at the Centre for Health and Equity Studies, Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, focused on school environment and health for pupils and teachers. The analytical sample consisted of teachers teaching 7-9th grade (n=1092), from both private and public schools. Results indicate an association for SOC and DCM independently with self-rated health, as well as a strong role for SOC in decreasing the odds of having less than good health due to psychosocial working conditions, especially for teachers who perceive their jobs as highly demanding.

Avhandlingens formål var en kompetansekartlegging av helsefremmende tilnærming i kontakten med brukere og bedrifter for ansatte i trygdeetaten i Norge. Etaten er en regelstyrt offentlig organisasjon i endring. Ved innføringen av ”Intensjonsavtalen om et mer inkluderende arbeidsliv”(IA-avtalen), fikk trygdeetaten tildelt ansvaret for å bistå virksomheter i privat og offentlig sektor med implementering av målsettingen om et inkluderende arbeidsliv. Arbeidslivssentre ble etablert og rådgivere ansatt. I studien inngikk en spørreundersøkelse besvart av 25 rådgivere. Kommentarer i åpnespørsmål ble analysert med kvalitativ metodikk. Oppgaven belyserutfordringen med åimplementere helsefremmende holdninger og metoder blant ansatte i en regelstyrt offentlig etat som trygdeetaten. Kartlegging og tolkning avdekker rådgivernes manglende kunnskaper om folkehelsearbeid. De har liten oversikt over sammenhenger mellom disse teorier/metoderog bistanden til bedrifter/brukere for å oppnå et mer inkluderende arbeidsliv. En spesiell utfordring ser ut til å være trygdefunksjonærenes holdninger til helse og sykdom. Begrensninger, årsaker og diagnoser har tradisjonelt et sterkt fokus. Det synes å væremindre bevissthet på helse som ressurs og betydningen av medvirkning/empowerment. Det ser også ut til å være etstort behov for mer kunnskaper om salutogenesis, dvs. betydning av opplevelse av sammenheng, mestring og trivsel på tross av sykdom og begrensninger / The aim of this study was to evaluate the employees of the Norwegian National Insurance Service, NIS, in their knowledge and experience on health promotion. NIS is a strictly traditional Public Organization ongoing managing change with the newly introduced reform “Tripartite agreement on a more inclusive workplace”. On behalf of the Government, theNIS has got the responsibility of assisting and supervising the Private and Public Organizations to improve and reach the aimsset in the agreement. The National Insurance Services Workplace Centres were established and advisers were employed. This study includes questionnaires answered by 25 advisers. Data, specific from comments in open ended-questions were analyzed by qualitative methods. The study shows thechallenge of implementing attitudes and methods on Health Promotion in a strictly traditional Public Organization like NIS. Analyzing the data showes a lack of knowledge in the advisers competence on Public Health theories and methods. They do not use elements of Health Promotion towards leaders and clients in private and public Enterprises in their supervising on “Inclusive Workplace”. Aspecial challenge seemed to be the advisers own attitude towards health and disease As a result of the analyses, recommendations for the employees/advisers of NIS are the needof more knowledge on Health Promotion, Empowerment and Salutogenesis. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-107-5</p>