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Wild west science reporting : pitfalls and ethical issues in the reporting of frontier sciencesLow, Marcus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When reporting on new research or claims by scientists, the science journalist faces a
number of pitfalls. For a number of reasons the journalist might produce a story which is
inaccurate or misleading. Thus, when a scientist claims to have found a cure for cancer,
the journalist needs to check himself before delivering the story.
In this paper I will examme a number of issues concerning the reporting of frontier
science, or new research. In this realm it is particularly difficult to distinguish more
reliable science from less reliable science. The problem is compounded by the vested
interests of scientists, pharmaceutical companies and other interest groups. What the
science journalist writes, influences public opinion, conceptions about science, and often
affects people's decision-making regarding medical issues. There is thus a clear ethical
aspect to science reporting.
I will try to show that an understanding of how science works is crucial to reporting
science responsibly. In this regard the distinction between frontier and textbook science is
of particular importance. Theoretical distinctions such as these provide useful tools for
the interpretation of claims from the frontier.
The first chapter, then, will deal with theoretical concepts pertaining to how SCIence
works. In the second we will examine a number of examples of how reporting from the
frontiers can go wrong. We will argue that a better understanding of science might have
prevented many of the inaccuracies and misleading claims examined.
In chapter three we will attempt to list what can go wrong, and examine some of the
possible consequences, thus outlining the ethical aspect of science reporting. Finally we
will make a few suggestions and outline some guidelines which might contribute to more
accurate and responsible reporting from the frontiers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer daar oor nuwe navorsing of aansprake deur wetenskaplikes berig moet word,
word die wetenskapsverslaggewer gekonfronteer deur 'n aantal moontlike slaggate. Om
verskeie redes kan daar onakkuraat of misleidend verslag gedoen word. Wanneer 'n
wetenskaplike dus berig dat daar 'n kuur vir kanker gevind is, moet die joernalis homself
eers aan sekere beginsels herinner.
In hierdie skrywe sal ek 'n aantal kwessies te doen met die beriggewing van
pionierswetenskap, of nuwe wetenskap, ondersoek. Op hierdie terrein is dit veral moeilik
om tussen betroubare en minder betroubare wetenskap te onderskei. Die probleem word
vererger deur die belange van wetenskaplikes, farmaseutiese maatskappye en ander
belangegroepe. Dit wat deur die wetenskapsjoernalis berig word, beïnvloed publieke
opinie en beskouings oor die wetenskap, en raak dikwels mense se besluitneming rakende
mediese kwessies. Daar is dus 'n duidelike etiese aspek aan wetenskapsverslaggewing
verbonde.
Ek gaan poog om te wys dat 'n begrippnj van hoe wetenskap werk, onmisbaar is vir
verantwoordelike wetenskapsverslaggewing. In hierdie verband is die onderskeid tussen
pioniers- en handboekwetenskap van besondere belang. Teoretiese onderskeide soos dié
verskaf bruikbare gereedskap VIr die interpretasie van aansprake uit die
pionierswetenskap.
In die eerste hoofstuk sal 'n aantal teoretiese konsepte oor die werking van wetenskap
verduidelik word. In die tweede hoofstuk sal 'n aantal voorbeelde van waar
verslaggewing van [N4]pionierswetenskap verkeerd geloop het, bespreek word. Ek gaan
argumenteer dat In beter begrippisj van wetenskap moontlik baie van dié onakkuraathede
en misleidende aansprake sou kon voorkom het.
Hoofstuk drie sal dan poog om te lys wat verkeerd kan gaan, en sal sommige van die
moontlike gevolge ondersoek. Hierdeur sal die etiese aspek van
wetenskapsverslaggewing dus uitgestippel word. Aan die einde sal ek 'n paar voorstelle maak, en probeer om riglyne uit te stip wat kan bydra tot meer akkurate en
verantwoordelike verslaggewing van pionierswetenskap.
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Science and communication : a critical analysis of the coverage by the Namibian press of the introduction of communal conservancies as a form of community based natural resource management (CBNRM)Barnard, Margaretha Magdalena 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Science forms an integral part of our lives. It is tied to social practices, public policies
and political affairs. Yet, very little is reported on it unless it is making hard news.
This thesis was written from the premise that the public requires as much accurate
information as possible to make choices and decisions. In many instances, they solely
depend on the news media to supply that information.
Journalists have a responsibility to reflect and explain the complexity of a world that
is increasingly influenced by science. In Namibia the establishment of conservancies
under the CBNRM programme of government, have an influence on many rural
people's lives who would previously not have been too concerned about science news.
Through the Media and Publicity Strategy of the CBNRM programme,
communication of the environmental message of conservancies has been successful to
a large extent, especially in terms of reportage in the local press.
The messages conveyed in the press have been overwhelmingly positive and
supportive of the system.
From the perspective of the level of journalism practised in this regard, the effort has
not been that great. Publications in Namibia operate on very limited budgets and have
to manage with a minimum number of reporters.
This means journalists are expected to cover a range of different beats, and are seldom
offered the opportunity to develop as specialist writers in specific fields. The field of
science and environment is generally not regarded as an area that produces hard news
on a regular basis.
This was evident in the articles reviewed for the purposes of this thesis. The majority
of stories were written from press releases or field trips organised by the CBNRM
programme organisers. Stories that were self-generated were not very well researched,
or did not follow through on potential hard news angles or ideas. In a world of war, hunger, poverty, diseases and many other tragedies, the story of the
development of communal conservancies is a wonderfully positive story that
highlights the success of sustainable development, the upliftment of the rural poor and
achievements in terms of conservation. It is a welcome change for journalists to tell a
positive story to the world.
However, as journalists should know, every story has two sides. The purpose is not
necessarily to find fault with the conservancy philosophy or to shoot it down or find
sensationalism where it is not due. Their role is to present a full, unbiased account of
the facts so that their readers can make up their own minds on whether they support
the concept, or not.
If journalists failed to inform their readers about the problems experienced by the
implementation of conservancies, then they have failed to give their readers the full
picture.
The conclusions drawn in this thesis on the level of science or environmental
reporting in Namibia, serve to emphasise the urgent need for specialist writers in the
profession.
A handful of dedicated and committed science writers that increasingly raises the
level of reporting will make a vast difference in the fields of science and environment
in Namibia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wetenskap vorm 'n integrale deel van ons lewens. Dit is gebind aan sosiale gebruike,
openbare beleidsrigtings en politieke sake. Tog word daar baie min daaroor geskryf,
behalwe wanneer dit harde nuus is.
Hierdie tesis is geskryf vanuit die oogpunt dat die publiek soveel as moontlik akkurate
inligting nodig het om keuses te maak. In baie gevalle vertrou hulle uitsluitlik op die
nuus media om daardie inligting te verskaf.
Joernaliste het 'n verantwoordelikheid om 'n wêreld wat al hoe meer beïnvloed word
deur wetenskap te verduidelik. In Namibië het die daarstelling van bewareas deur die
CBNRM-program van die regering, 'n groot invloed op die lewens van baie
plattelandse mense se lewens gehad wat voorheen nie veel sou omgegee het oor
wetenskapnuus nie.
Die daarstelling van bewareas het 'n hele nuwe wêreld met baie nuwe uitdagings tot
by hulle voordeur gebring. Dit was belangrik om hulle genoegsaam in te lig oor die
voor- en nadele van die stelsel om hulle in staat te stelom te besluit of hulle wou
betrokke raak of nie.
Die boodskap wat die pers oorgedra het, was oorweldigend positief met baie steun vir
die stelsel.
Vanuit 'n joernalistieke perspektief gesien, was die beriggewing rue so
noemenswaardig nie. Publikasies in Namibië werk met baie beperkte begrotings en
moet klaarkom met 'n minimum aantal verslaggewers.
Dit beteken daar word van joernaliste verwag om oor 'n wye verskeidenheid
onderwerpe te skryf. Wetenskap- en omgewingsberiggewing word oor die algemeen
gesien as 'n gebied wat nie werklik harde nuus op 'n gereelde basis produseer nie.
Dit het duidelik gebleik uit die artikels wat ontleed is vir die doel van die tesis. Die
meerderheid van die stories is geskryf van persverklarings en uitstappies georganiseer
deur die CBNRM. Die stories wat wel self gegenereer is, was nie baie goed nagevors
rue. In 'n wêreld van oorlog, hongersnood, armoede en siektes, is die ontwikkeling van .
bewareas 'n wonderlike positiewe storie wat dien as bewys van die sukses van
volhoubare ontwikkel, die opheffmg van plattelandse arm mense en wat bereik kan
word met bewaring. Dit is 'n welkome verandering vir joernaliste om vir 'n slag 'n
positiewe storie aan die wêreld te vertel.
Maar, soos joernaliste behoort te weet, het elke storie twee kante. Die doel van 'n
joernalis is nie noodwendig om fout te vind met die filosofie van bewareas nie, of om
dit af te skiet of sensasie te soek waar dit nie nodig is nie. Hulle rol is om 'n volledige,
onsydige verslag van die feite weer te gee sodat hulle lesers self kan besluit of hulle
die konsep ondersteun of nie.
As joernaliste daarin gefaal het om hulle lesers in te lig oor die probleme wat
ondervind is met die implementering van bewareas, dan het hulle daarin gefaal om die
volledige prentjie aan hulle lesers te skets.
Die slotsom van die tesis oor die vlak van wetenskap- en omgewingsjoernalistiek in
Namibië is dat daar 'n dringende tekort aan spesialis skrywers in die professie is.
Selfs net 'n handvol toegewyde wetenskapskrywers sal al klaar 'n groot verbetering
bring in die kwaliteit van verslaggewing in die wetenskap- en omgewingsvakgebied
in Namibië.
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Imagens de crianças, ciências e cientistas na divulgação científica para o público infantil / Images of children, science and scientists in the scientific dissemination for childrenBueno, Christiane Cardoso, 1978- 03 August 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Rodrigo Bastos Cunha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, nstituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural
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Promoting Health Knowledge: The Impact of Public Relations Efforts on News Media Coverage of Health ResearchWillis, Laura Elizabeth 18 September 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Reporting from 'the field' : foreign correspondents and the international news coverage of East AfricaBunce, Melanie J. January 2012 (has links)
There has been significant academic criticism of the international news coverage of Africa, but little or no first-hand research on the forces that create this news. This thesis draws on 51 semi-structured interviews and ethnographic work with practicing foreign correspondents in Sudan, Kenya and Uganda to explore the question: how can we explain and theorise the production of international news on East Africa? The thesis argues that Pierre Bourdieu’s Field Theory, and its analytical toolbox of ‘field’, ‘capital’ and ‘habitus’, can be meaningfully used to examine international journalistic practice. Field theory has been widely and productively used to understand domestic news production, but it has not yet been employed to empirically investigate journalistic production in the global sphere. The analysis is presented in three sections, each of which focuses on a different ‘layer’ of the international news system: the global field, where newswires compete for clients and capital; the national field ‘back home’ where traditional, nation based news outlets are based; and, finally, the local and immediate site where foreign correspondents work. Each of these layers is explored through an in depth case study of a major news producer/group of producers working in East Africa. The first and most substantial section examines the global journalistic field, and the position and practices of the Reuters newswire within this field. The second examines the foreign correspondents who report on Africa for print outlets in the UK. The final section presents two case studies of correspondents at work, negotiating a local news ecology: the election violence in Kenyan (2007-8), and the international coverage of the Darfur crisis. The discussion explores the fluidity between these three layers. Each analysis section stands alone as an investigations of major news producers in Africa today, and the forces that influence their work. Together, they build the argument that field theory is a useful approach to conceptualising the contemporary global news system, and examining journalistic practices within this. The main strengths of the theory lie in its notion of habitus; the extent to which it can incorporate and explain change; and its ability to link macro level phenomenon with micro level practice. The theory is ideally suited to capture and study the way in which foreign correspondents negotiate a complex and fluid global news system.
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MRC scientists and the media : attitudes to and experiences of reporting their findings to the publicGething, Leverne 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Scientists seem to have an 'international corporate culture' of mistrusting the
media. Attitudes of South African scientists to the media and their experiences of reporting
findings to the public and media have not been documented. The South African Medical
Research Council (MRC) is a statutory research body with an excellent research record - but
awareness of the MRC among the South African public is almost non-existent. The MRC
needs to publicise and increase knowledge of its goals and research findings by promoting
scientists' engagement with the public and other stakeholders.
Objective: A postal survey was carried out among MRC scientists to obtain a 'baseline'
indication of attitudes and experiences regarding communication to the public and media.
Results would inform development and implementation of strategies to fast-track a turnaround
in culture at the MRC towards promotion of science communication.
Method: A questionnaire with prompted responses was sent to 253 MRC scientists. One
hundred were returned (39.5%), representing an impressive assemblage of the MRC's research
leaders.
Findings: Although 48.9% of the scientists had each published over 30 articles in peerreviewed
journals, 38.9% had never had these articles mentioned in the lay media. Yet the
scientists regard 'the public' and 'policy makers' as the most important groups they should
communicate with, and most think the public glean their knowledge of scientific research and
its implications from the lay media. The scientists might not trust the media to provide accurate
scientific information, but they feel that the general public do. The vast majority (92.8%)
strongly agree or tend to agree that they have a duty to communicate their research and its
implications to the public, and 70.8% would like to spend more time on this. However, the
scientists also agree that the day-to-day requirements of their jobs leave them with too little
time to communicate the implications of their research to others (47.5%) or even to get on
with research (36.4%). Most of the scientists had never had contact with the media, or only
every few years. When the source or subject ofa news story, 65.4% had been either 'very satisfied' or 'somewhat satisfied' with the coverage. Many of their comments reflected
unrealistic expectations which can only be addressed by training in what the media are all
about. Most (86.9%) had never had any training in dealing with the media, but 80.8% would
be interested in such training.
Conclusions: It is clear that the scientists generally want to communicate and see the potential
benefits. For the MRC to become a communicating organisation it must spell out to its
scientists the importance and value placed on their communication activities. Science
communication and development of links with community and media should be seen as part
and parcel of scientific research, and given due recognition and support. Policies must be
agreed and communicated with the scientists about recognising, encouraging and rewarding
such efforts. The MRC also needs a clear media strategy giving guidelines on specific
situations, as well as on the Ingelfinger rule. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Dit kom voor asofwetenskaplikes 'n 'internasionale gedragskode' het om die
media te wantrou. Gesindhede van Suid-Afrikaanse wetenskaplikes teenoor die media en hulle
ondervinding van die bekendmaking van hulle bevindinge aan die publiek en die media is nog
nooit opgeteken nie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese Navorsingsraad (MNR) is 'n statutêre
navorsingsliggaam met 'n uitstekende navorsingsgeskiedenis - maar die Suid-Afrikaanse
publiek is haas onbewus van sy bestaan. Die MNR moet sy doelwitte en navorsingsbevindinge
openbaar maak deur wetenskaplikes se kontak met die publiek en ander belangegroepe te
bevorder.
Doelwit: 'n Posopname is onder die MNR se wetenskaplikes gedoen om 'n 'basislyn'
aanduiding van hulle gesindhede teenoor en ondervinding van kommunikasie met die publiek
en media te verkry. Die resultate hiervan sal die ontwikkeling and implimentering van strategie
om 'n vinnige handomkeer in gebruike by die MNR ten einde die bevordering van
wetenskapskommunikasie te weeg te bring, stuur.
Metode: 'n Vraelys met voorgestelde antwoorde is aan 253 MNR wetenskaplikes gestuur.
Eenhonderd is teruggestuur (39.5%), wat 'n indrukwekkende groep van die MNR se
navorsingsleiers verteenwoordig.
Bevindinge: AlhoeweI48.9% van die wetenskaplikes elk al meer as 30 artikels in
portuurevalueerde joernale publiseer het, het 38.9% nog nooit enige dekking in verband met
hierdie artikels in die lekemedia ontvang nie. Desondanks beskou die wetenskaplikes' die
publiek' en 'beleidmakers' as die mees belangrike groepe waarmee hulle moet kommunikeer.
Die meeste dink ook die publiek verkry hul kennis van wetenskaplike navorsing en die gevolge
daarvan vanuit die lekemedia. Die wetenskaplikes mag nie die media vertrou om akkurate
wetenskaplike inligting weer te gee nie, maar hulle dink die algemene publiek vertrou wel die
media. Die oorgrote meerderheid (92.8%) stem sterk saam of stem saam dat hulle 'n
verpligting het om hulle navorsing en die implikasies daarvan met die publiek te deel, en 70.8%
sou graag meer tyd hieraan wou afstaan. Die wetenskaplikes stem egter ook saam dat die dag tot-dag eise van hulle beroep te min tyd oorlaat om die implikasies van hulle navorsing aan
ander te kommunikeer (47.5%) of om selfs hulle navorsing te doen (36.4%). Die meeste van
die wetenskaplikes het nog nooit enige kontak met die media gehad nie, of dan wel slegs met
tussenposes vanjare. Wanneer hulle die bron ofonderwerp van 'n nuusstorie was, was 65.4%
óf 'baie tevrede' óf 'effens tevrede' met die dekking. Baie van hul kommentaar dui op
onrealistiese verwagtinge wat slegs aangespreek kan word deur opleiding oor die 'hoe' en
'wat' van die media. Die meeste (86.9%) het nog nooit enige opleiding gehad om met die
media te werk nie, maar 80.8% sou belangstel in sulke opleiding.
Gevolgtrekkings: Dit is duidelik dat die wetenskaplikes oor die algemeen wil kommunikeer en
ook die moontlike voordele daarvan insien. Om 'n kommunikerende organisasie te word, moet
die MNR die belang en waarde wat geheg word aan wetenskaplikes se kommunikasieaktiwiteite,
aan hulle uitspel. Wetenskaplike kommunikasie en die vorming van netwerke met
die gemeenskap en die media moet gesien word as 'n deel van wetenskaplike navorsing en
moet paslike erkenning en ondersteuning geniet. Beleid rakende die herkenning, aanmoediging
en beloning van sulke pogings moet vasgestel en oorgedra word aan die wetenskaplikes. Die
MNR het ook 'n duidelike mediastrategie nodig wat riglyne oor spesifieke situasies en die
Ingelfinger reël gee.
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Relações dialógicas no processo de ressignificação do discurso científico em enunciados de notícia de popularização da ciênciaEdmundson, Maria Verônica Andrade da Silveira 05 April 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-05 / The distinct aspects that involve the sphere of human activity, in which the Popularisation of Science News (PSN) is produced in the written mode, and the types of dialogic relations in the process of resignification of Scientific Discourse (SD) for the Discourse of Science Popularisation (DSP), present in the utterances of PSN, are indispensable elements to provide the wider public in society with access to scientific knowledge. We defend the thesis that the types of dialogic relations on which is grounded the process of resignification of the utterances of SD in utterances of the PSN genre – a heterodiscursive genre – favour the construction of the meaning of the utterances by the PSN reading public. The guiding question for this research is: What types of dialogic relations are relevant to describe the process of resignification of SD in the utterances of PSN? Inserting ourselves into the dialogic perspective of language, the proposal of this research is to analyse the boundaries of the process of resignification from one discourse to another, from one form of communicating to another. In this way, grounded on the Bakhtinian concepts of language, the research has the general aim of analysing and identifying the types of dialogic relations that are the basis of the process of resignification of SD to PSN. The research corpus consists of two representative samples of SD: a scientific article, published in the CELL journal, and a report, published in the Science magazine. As for samples of DSP, we chose three PSNs published on internet sites, as follows: two from the American website Sciencedaily, specialising in science news, and one from the Brazilian journalism portal G1. The choice of these PSNs, which popularised one of the most significant discoveries of the 2000-2010 decade, is justified by the relevance of the contents that they cover. As regards the methodology adopted, this is a qualitative piece of research of a descriptive-explicative nature, in which the data are analysed and interpreted starting from methodological parameters through means of which are analysed the thematic content, the compositional form and the style of the author-enunciator, that is, the journalist, that will reflect his/her axiological positioning and the social context of this genre. The epistemological framework adopted is the one guided by the work arising from the Enunciative Theory on the dialogical perspective of language based on the theoretical formulation of Bakhtin, and of the Circle, such as Bakhtin (1976, 2006, 2013, 2014), Bakhtin/Volochinov (1997, 1976) and Volochinov (1930). Besides this, we have taken as basis of study the analysis of scientific articles developed by Swales (1999 and 2005). With respect to concepts in the journalistic sphere, we have adopted as referential the theoretical assumptions of Bueno (1985, 2010, 2014), Lustosa (1996), Bahia (1990) and Lage (2008, 2011, 2012). The results indicate that the author-enunciator of the PSN acts as mediator between the scientists and society and that there are different types of dialogic relations in the process of resignification of the SD to utterances in the PSN, amongst which three main dimensions stand out: dialogic relations of proximity with the presumed recipient, between preceding and following utterances, and through the schemes of resignification of the discourse of the other. / Os distintos aspectos que envolvem a esfera da atividade humana, em que a Notícia de Popularização da Ciência (NPC) é produzida na modalidade escrita, e os tipos de relações dialógicas no processo de ressignificação do Discurso Científico (DC) para o Discurso de Popularização da Ciência (DPC), presente nos enunciados da NPC, são elementos indispensáveis para proporcionar ao público mais amplo da sociedade acesso aos conhecimentos científicos. Defendemos a tese de que os tipos de relações dialógicas que fundamentam o processo de ressignificação dos enunciados do DC em enunciados do gênero NPC - um gênero heterodiscursivo - favorecem a construção do sentido dos enunciados pelo público leitor da NPC. A pergunta que norteia esta pesquisa é: Que tipos de relações dialógicas são relevantes para descrever o processo de ressignificação dos enunciados do DC nos enunciados da NPC? Inserindo-se na perspectiva dialógica da linguagem, a proposta desta pesquisa é de analisar os limites do processo de ressignificação de um discurso para outro, de uma forma de comunicar para outra. Assim, fundamentada nos conceitos bakhtinianos de linguagem, a pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar e identificar os tipos de relações dialógicas que são a base do processo de ressignificação do DC para a NPC. O corpus da pesquisa é formado de duas amostras representativas do DC: um artigo científico, publicado no periódico CELL, e um report, publicado na revista Science. Como amostras do DPC, selecionamos três NPCs publicados em sites da internet, a saber: duas no website americano, Sciencedaily, especializado em notícias de ciências, e uma no portal de jornalismo brasileiro, o G1. A escolha dessas NPCs, que popularizavam uma das mais significativas descobertas da década de 2000-2010, justifica-se pela relevância do conteúdo que abordam. Quanto à metodologia adotada, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho descritivo-explicativo, em que os dados são analisados e interpretados a partir de parâmetros metodológicos por meio dos quais se analisam o conteúdo temático, a forma composicional e o estilo do autor-enunciador da NPC, ou seja, o jornalista, que refletem seu posicionamento axiológico e o contexto social desse gênero. O quadro epistemológico adotado é o que se pauta nos trabalhos advindos da Teoria da Enunciativa, na perspectiva dialógica da linguagem baseada nas formulações teóricas de Bakhtin, e do Círculo, como Bakhtin (1976, 2006, 2013, 2014), Bakhtin/Volochinov (1997, 1976) e Volochinov (1930). Ademais, tomamos como base de estudos a análise de artigos científicos desenvolvida por Swales (1999 e 2005). No que concerne a conceitos da esfera jornalística, adotamos como referencial os pressupostos teóricos de Bueno (1985, 2010, 2014), Lustosa (1996), Bahia (1990) e Lage (2008, 2011, 2012). Os resultados apontaram que o autor-enunciador da NPC atua como mediador entre os cientistas e a sociedade e que há diferentes tipos de relações dialógicas no processo de ressignificação do DC em enunciados de NPC, dentre as quais, destacam-se três principais dimensões: relações dialógicas de proximidade com o destinatário presumido, entre enunciados precedentes e posteriores, e a partir dos esquemas de ressignificação do discurso de outrem.
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METÁFORAS LEXICAIS EM ESTRUTURAS VERBAIS E MENTAIS EM NOTÍCIAS DE POPULARIZAÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA / LEXICAL METAPHOR IN VERBAL AND MENTAL STRUCTURES IN POPULAR SCIENCE NEWSSantos, Rogéria Lourenço dos 02 March 2010 (has links)
The aim of this dissertation was to identify and describe lexical metaphors in popular science news (PSN) from lexicogrammatical elements. Based on Systemic-
Functional Linguistics we worked with the concepts of lexical metaphor, grammatical metaphor and transitivity in order to analyze lexical metaphors in 30 PSN selected
from the magazines BBC News International and Scientific American (Motta-Roth, 2007). Through transitivity we observed the structures specified by each process and
the meanings which are typical to them. When these meanings are built in a nonliteral or non-congruent way we have a lexical metaphor which is caused by the semantic tension between the process and its participant(s). A lexical metaphor can be a metaphor when there is a relation of similarity between the terms; a metonymy
when there is a contiguity relation between terms; and a personification when terms related to inanimate things are described as having human abilities or characteristics.
From our analysis we found more occurrence of metaphor, followed by the occurrence of metonymy and personification. The metaphors showed varied semantic fields although the most common ones referred to war and engineering. The most common metonymies were the kind that studies, reports and results were named instead their researchers (research by researcher) and the kind that research institutions as well as health or government institutions were named instead their responsible members (institution by responsible), depersonalizing the subjects. Most of metonymy cases were at the same time classified as personifications in which mainly researches and institutions became agents which create and spread scientific knowledge and perform varied actions related to decisions in the scientific field. Thus, lexical metaphors were widely found in our corpus, mainly in dependent
projected clauses. / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado foi identificar e descrever metáforas lexicais em notícias de popularização da ciência (PC) a partir dos elementos da léxico-gramática. Com base na Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, trabalhamos os
conceitos de metáfora lexical, metáfora gramatical e transitividade a fim de analisarmos as metáforas lexicais em 30 notícias de PC selecionadas nas revistas BBC News International e Scientific American (Motta-Roth, 2007). Pela
transitividade, observamos as estruturas especificadas por cada processo e os sentidos que lhes são pertinentes. Quando esses sentidos são construídos de modo não literal ou não congruente, temos uma metáfora lexical, que é causada pela tensão semântica existente entre processo e seu(s) participante(s). A metáfora lexical pode se configurar como uma metáfora propriamente dita, quando há relação
de semelhança entre termos; em metonímia, quando há relação de contiguidade entre termos; e em personificação, quando termos referentes a seres inanimados são descritos como possuidores de habilidades ou características humanas. A partir da nossa análise, verificamos maior ocorrência de metáfora, seguida da ocorrência de metonímia e de personificação. As metáforas apresentaram campos semânticos variados, embora os mais comuns foram referentes à guerra e à engenharia. As metonímias mais frequentes foram do tipo em que estudos, relatórios e resultados foram nomeados em detrimento de seus pesquisadores (pesquisa por pesquisador) e do tipo em que instituições de pesquisa, governamentais e relacionadas à saúde foram nomeadas em detrimento de seus responsáveis (instituição pelos responsáveis), causando a despersonalização dos sujeitos. A maioria dos casos de
metonímias foram, concomitantemente, classificados como personificações em que, principalmente, pesquisas em geral e instituições tornaram-se agentes criadores e propagadores do conhecimento científico e de ações variadas relacionadas a
decisões no campo da ciência. Assim, metáforas lexicais foram amplamente constatadas em nosso corpus, principalmente em orações dependentes projetadas.
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Human stem cell research : tracking media attention in time from 1998-2005Morrison, Christa (De Swardt) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Moral questions arising from advances in science and technology are proliferating exponentially. Much controversy surrounds the ways in which biotechnology is used to eradicate a vast range of diseases and injuries. Stem cell research is one such way.
Throughout the world stem cell research has been met with varying responses that range from opposition and criticism to approval and advocacy. As a result, it has attracted significant attention from the news media.
The media have been accused of bias by focusing only on the controversial aspects of the research as opposed to reporting fully and fairly on the remarkable scientific advances.
In this study I look at the patterns of media attention paid to stem cell research in the international weekly magazine Time between November 1998 and September 2005 inclusive.
Contrary to the results expected on the basis of my literature study which pointed out the notion that the media tend to focus on sensational news more than non-controversial issues, I found that Time did a fair job in reporting on the scientific aspects of stem cell research. The percentage content of articles by year, focusing on scientific information of stem cells, dominated other news frames. The two years following the 2000 and 2004 American presidential elections, are however marked by the dominance of policy frames.
This study found that Time covered controversial issues like embryonic stem cell research, public funding debates and political policy development in direct relation to their rise and fall on the political agenda in the United States.
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Cloning in the news : an analysis of how the science and ethics of cloning are reported in three daily newspapers of Cape TownVan der Linden, Cornelis Albert 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Cloning is a topic that has long fascinated people. It has imbedded
itself into popular culture, but studies show that the general public has, at best, only a
vague understanding of what cloning entails. Alternatively, their perception has been
skewed by that very same popular culture. However, cloning is a complex scientific
subject that has considerable ethical implications. It is the kind of topic that people in
a deliberate democracy should know about. The media play an important role in the
education of the public with regards to science and technology. However, the media
have the potential to do more than provide the basic facts. In fact, the media can play
an important role in influencing the actions and opinions of the public. It is therefore a
responsibility of the media to provide accurate information on scientific
developments, such as cloning.
Objective: An analysis of three daily newspapers in the Western Cape was carried
out to determine how cloning is reported. The broad topics addressed were whether
the coverage focused on the ethical or scientific aspects of cloning, if the subject was
reported in a positive or negative tone, and whether the science of cloning was
adequately explained.
Methodology: A quantitative content analysis was completed of a sample of 69
articles. These articles were all those relating to cloning that appeared in three daily
newspapers (Cape Argus, Cape Times and Die Burger) over a period of one year
from 10 November 2002 to 10 November 2003.
Findings: Of all the articles analysed 34% focused on the scientific aspects, 21%
focused on the ethical aspects, 6% focused on both ethics and science, while 39%
focused on neither. Fifty two percent of articles dealing specifically with animal
cloning focused on the science, while only 4% focused on the ethics. However, in
articles dealing specifically with human cloning, more (30%) emphasised ethical
aspects than scientific aspects (20%). With regards to tone of coverage, 32% of all
the articles analysed were positive, 28% negative, and 40% neutral. Sixty percent of
articles dealing specifically with animal cloning featured a positive tone, while only
13% of articles exclusively about human cloning had a positive tone. This 13% was
comprised of articles on therapeutic rather than reproductive cloning. In terms of
explaining the science associated with cloning, only 30% of articles provided an explicit explanation. Potential threats to the accuracy of explaining science were
found to exist.
Conclusions: While the overall findings were somewhat indistinct it seemed that
when the media of the Western Cape reported on the cloning of animals it was done
with a positive tone and emphasised the scientific aspects. Reporting on human
cloning tended to feature a negative tone and emphasised the ethical aspects. The
large number of ‘neutral’ results for both the ‘tone’ and 'science or ethics’ variables
could indicate that the media were wishing to remain neutral. However, the large
number of neutral articles relating to the ‘science or ethics’ variable could have a
negative impact on public understanding. The small number of articles explaining
cloning and an emphasis on ‘breakthrough’ news stories could also have a negative
impact on public understanding. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Kloning is ‘n onderwerp wat die mensdom lank interesseer. Maar selfs
al vorm kloning ‘n deel van ons populere kultuur, wys navorsing dat die groot publiek
maar vaagweg verstaan wat die onderwerp behels. Dit is ook moontlik dat hul
persepsie negatief bemvloed is deur dieselfde populere kultuur. Maar kloning is ‘n
komplekse wetenskaplike onderwerp met aansienlike etiese gevolgtrekkings. Dit is ‘n
onderwerp waarvan mense in ‘n demokratiese samelewing moet weet. Die media
speel ‘n belangrike rol in die groot publiek se opleiding in wetenskap. Maar die media
het die potensiaal om meer te doen as net die basiese feite deur te gee. Die media
het die potensiaal om die gedrag en menings van die publiek te beTnvloed. Daarom is
dit die verantwoordelikheid van die media om akkurate inligting oor wetenskaplike
ontwikkelings, soos kloning, te voorsien.
Dolewit: Drie daaglikse koerante in die Weskaap is geanaliseer om te bepaal hoe
kloning gedek word. Daar is bepaal of die artikels op die etiese of wetenskaplike
aspekte van kloning fokus, of die onderwerp in ‘n positiewe of negatiewe toon gedek
is, en of die wetenskaplike aspekte doeltreffend verduidelik is.
Metode: ‘n Kwantitatiewe inhoudsanalise van 69 artikels is voltooi. Die
geanaliseerde artikels is al die oor kloning wat in drie daaglikse koerante (Cape
Argus, Cape Times en Die Burger) tussen 10 November 2002 en 10 November 2003
verskyn het.
Bevindinge: Van die artikels het 34% net op die wetenskaplike aspekte van kloning
gefokus, 21% net op die etiese aspekte, en 6% op beide etiek en wetenskap. Geen
van die twee aspekte is in 39% van artikels beklemtoon nie. Van die artikels wat
spesifiek oor dierkloning geskryf is, het 52% op die wetenskaplike aspekte gefokus.
Net 4% het op die etiese aspekte gefokus. In die geval van artikels oor die kloning
van mense, het meer (30%) die etiese aspekte as die wetenskaplike aspekte (20%)
beklemtoon. Met betrekking tot die toon, was 32% van al die artikels positief, 28%
negatief, en 40% neutraal. In die geval van artikels uitsluitlik oor dierkloning het 60%
‘n positiewe toon gedui, terwyl net 13% van artikels oor menslike kloning in ‘n
positiewe toon geskryf was. Die 13% het bestaan uit artikels oor terapeutiese
kloning. Geen artikels oor reproduktiewe kloning was met ‘n positiewe toon geskryf
nie. Net 30% van artikels het ‘n uitdruklike verduideliking van die geassosieerde
wetenskap gegee. Daar is moontlike bedreigings tot die akkuraatheid van
wetenskaplike verduidelikings gevind.
Gevolgtrekkings: Die algemene bevindinge is ietwat onduidelik maar dit blyk dat die
daaglikse koerante van die Weskaap ‘n positiewe toon in hul dekking van dierkloning
gebruik het. Die wetenskaplike aspekte van dierkloning was in die artikels
beklemtoon. Berigte oor menskloning was in ‘n negatiewe toon geskryf en het die
etiese aspekte daarvan beklemtoon. Die groot hoeveelheid ‘neutraal’ resultate vir die
‘toon’ en ‘wetenskap of etiek’ veranderlikes dui moontlik dat die media probeer het
om neutraal te bly in hul dekking. Die groot hoeveelheid ‘neutraal’ artikels vir die
‘wetenskap of etiek’ veranderlike kan dalk ‘n negatiewe invloed op publieke begrip
van kloning he. Die klein hoeveelheid artikels wat kloning verduidelik, en ‘n klem op
‘deurbraak’ nuusstories kan ook dalk ‘n negatiewe invloed op publieke begrip he.
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