Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) has been the most common forestry species in UK plantations for many decades. It is generally fast grown in short rotation, which has implications for quality. The harvested timber has a number of end-use applications. Of these, sawn construction grade timber is at the high end of market value. Currently, under one third of home grown sawn timber processed by sawmills achieves the required C16 or higher grading for construction class timber. Presently there is significant standing stock of 40 years old or under. Improvements in timber quality would create significant benefits for growers and processors. Distortion in kiln dried sawn timber is a considerable barrier to improving grading classification and marketability. Twist in particular accounts for around six percent of the rejections after kiln drying. Additional twist when timber dries further; in storage, at construction sites or in-service, is perceived as a marketing issue. The focus of this work was to better understand the evolution of twist during the drying process and seek to improve quality by examining the key properties in sawn timber that contribute to the formation of twist. Samples of regularly processed full size (3 m in length) sawn timber were kiln dried with no restraint to promote maximum twist. This was done in three stages to assess the impact of intermittent drying. Measurements of twist, moisture content, acoustic velocity and basic dimensions were taken before and after each drying cycle. The results showed highly significant differences between battens containing the pith and those that did not. Drying in stages did not seem to affect the linearity of the moisture content against twist relationship. Twist was seen to develop at a consistent rate throughout the process regardless of the final amount of twist accrued or the position from which the batten was sawn. Where timber is likely to dry to lower moisture content after sale it is therefore possible to predict the additional twist from the moisture content expected and allow for it by stricter grading than the twist standard demands. Twist was seen to decrease slightly during a lengthy period of storage in controlled conditions between drying cycles. This may allude to a relaxation effect which could have implications for timber distortion in-service but this would require a more extensive study before any such conclusions could be drawn. A second batch of unrelated samples, were kiln dried to 12% MC under restraint. All of these samples contained the pith along their length and all developed significant amounts of twist. This suggests that battens containing the pith will twist regardless of restraint. A method was developed to measure longitudinal shrinkage. This required the batten size to be reduced to fit the method and battens were sawn into 3 x 1 m sections. Battens were re-saturated and measured daily throughout air drying until an equilibrium moisture content was achieved. Measurements of transverse shrinkage were also taken concurrently. No relationship could be found between the longitudinal and transverse results. When plotted against the data for twist a positive relationship was found with longitudinal shrinkage. Acoustic tools were used to calculate dynamic stiffness. As the values for acoustic velocity squared correlated well with dynamic stiffness, other possible relationships were explored. Good agreement was found with twist and longitudinal shrinkage. This suggests it may be possible to predict twist in sawn timber directly or as a function of microfibril angle, using acoustic tools. A simple method for measuring grain angle was devised. Discs taken from the trees used in the drying experiment were measured for grain angle to compare with other measured properties. The measurement method worked well but the sample size was small and the discs too thin to provide good quality data quality. The results were not as instructive as expected. A vague relationship with twist was found. A repeat of the experiment with an improved method could yield more conclusive results. A method was developed to measure radial and tangential shrinkage in discs. Discs of Sitka spruce from a different source were used. Discs were saturated and allowed to dry with the expectation of cracks developing. The intention was to explore the nature of internal stresses present in intact discs and why tangential and radial shrinkage differs. As only one disc cracked the scope of comparison was limited but it was apparent that the greater shrinkage tendency in the tangential direction was responsible for radial cracking.

The use of distributional models in forestry is investigated, in terms of their capability of modelling distributions of forest mensurational attributes, for modelling and inventory purposes. Emphasis is put on: (i) the univariate and bivariate modelling of tree diameters and heights for stand-level modelling work, and (ii) heuristic methods for use and analysis of distributions which occur in multi-temporal EO imagery, (for the inventory-related tasks of land-use mapping, change detection and growth modelling). In univariate distribution modelling, a new parameterization of the widely-used Johnson’s SB distribution is given, and new Logit-Logistic, generalised Weibull and the Burr system (XII, III, IV) models are introduced into forest modelling. The Logit-Logistic distribution is found to be the best among those compared. The use of regression-based methods of parameter estimation is also investigated. In the domain of bivariate distribution modelling of tree diameters and heights the Plackett method (a particular form of copula) is used to construct Plackett-based bivariate Beta, S­B and Logit-Logistic distributions, (the latter two are new), which are compared with each other and the SBB­ distribution. Other copula functions, including the normal copula, are further employed (for the first time in forest modelling) to construct bivariate distributional models. With the normal copula, the superiority of the Logit-Logistic in the univariate domain is extended into the bivariate domain. To use multi-temporal EO imagery, two pre-processing procedures are necessary: image to image co-registration, and radiometric correction. A spectral correlation-based pixel-matching method is developed to “refine” manually selected control points to achieve very accurate image co-registration. A robust non-parametric method of spectral-distribution standardization is used for relative radiometric correction between images. Finally, possibilities for further research are discussed.

Vi fick i uppdrag av ATEA att sätta upp två stycken serverrum på Northvolt Ett i Skellefteå i samarbete med Nätverksteamet på Northvolt, samt installera distributionswitchar ute i fabriken som sedan ska användas för att koppla fabrikens maskiner till nätverket. Denna rapport handlar om Cisco DNA, SD-ACCESS och ISE som är tre moderniseringar av hur ett nätverk kan byggas upp. Rapporten kommer först att gå igenom teorin för att förstå vad som var målet för Cisco DNA, ISE och SD-ACCESS och varför det är bra att använda i ett modernt nätverk. Rapporten kommer gå igenom hur vi gick tillväga för att lära oss hur det fungerar, och vilket praktiskt arbete som utfördes för att fysiskt sätta upp två serverrum på Northvolt Ett.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to design and implement a diagnostic tool for communication protocol of SD memory cards. The diagnostic tool will be able to monitor and interfere with communication of an SD memory card. The hardware implementation will be based on platform with Kinetis K66 microcontroller. A PC application designed for windows is also a part of diagnostic tool. There is a conclusion of the diagnostic tool limitation at the end of the thesis.

本研究は、大学改革時代における大学職員の新たな人材育成方策として新たな概念であるOJD２（On-the-job development×development）」と進化系OJTであるVOJD2（Virtual On-the-job development×development）に着目し、その効果とリスクを検証することで、新たな大学改革時代に適した政策として提案することを目的とした。なお、本研究では、OJD２を学内のプロジェクト、VOJD２を学外のプロジェクト型研修と定義し、OJD2の大学組織での運用実態、OJD2およびVOJD２の経験者分析等を行いその効果を検証した。理論は、コルブの「経験学習」をベースとした。 / 博士(技術・革新的経営) / Doctor of Philosophy in Technology and Innovative Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Denna uppsats försöker kartlägga samvariationen mellan otrygghet skapad av gängkriminalitet och stöd för Sverigedemokraterna med hjälp av en panelregressionsmodell.Detta genom att mäta sambandet mellan skjutningar och stöd för Sverigedemokraterna iSveriges samtliga kommuner. Sveriges kommuner jämförs med sig själva under tidsperioden2010–2018 med hjälp av tidsfixa effekter. Panelregressionsmodellen visar inget statistisktsignifikant resultat. Studien bidrar i stället med att belysa ett teoretiskt resonemang till varfördenna koppling kan finnas, samt problematiken med att mäta denna form av otrygghet.

De senaste åren har Cisco jobbat intensivt med att utveckla DNA Center. DNA Centerär en kraftfull nätverkskontroller som ger användarna en ny och effektiv plattform närdet gäller arbetet med nätverk.Denna rapport behandlar och beskriver Cisco Digital Network Architecture Center(Cisco DNA-Center) samt Software defined Access (SD-Access).Rapporten beskriver DNA center utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv och beskriver hurden nya tekniken nyttjas idag hos en kund hos Atea.Med den nya tekniken kan man effektivisera och introducera ett nytt arbetssätt somkan underlätta arbetet med hjälp av mjukvara. / In recent years, Cisco has worked intensively to develop the DNA Center. DNACenter is a powerful network controller that gives users a new and efficient platformwhen it comes to working with networksThis report covers and describes the Cisco Digital Network Architecture Center(Cisco DNA-Center) and Software defined Access (SD-Access).The report describes the DNA center from a theoretical perspective and describes howthe new technology is used today by a customer at Atea. With the new technology,you can streamline and introduce a new way of working that can facilitate the workwith the help of software.

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La participation des communautés autochtones à la foresterie est un enjeu important au Québec. Pour les communautés autochtones, le développement forestier représente des retombées économiques importantes qui peuvent permettre de réduire l’écart entre les conditions socioéconomiques de leur population et celles de la population non-autochtone. Conséquemment, la participation des autochtones à la foresterie a sensiblement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. Le manque d’information actuellement disponible nuit toutefois aux efforts déployés pour soutenir et encourager les initiatives autochtones en foresterie. Afin de mettre en exergue certains facteurs qui facilitent ou qui limitent les initiatives entrepreneuriales autochtones en foresterie, cette étude explore le développement de l’entrepreneuriat forestier dans la communauté ilnu de Mashteuiatsh. Cette communauté est située dans la région du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. Le premier chapitre situe le projet dans le contexte forestier québécois. Le deuxième chapitre présente le portrait des entrepreneurs forestiers autochtones de cette communauté. Finalement, le troisième chapitre compare ces entrepreneurs autochtones à des entrepreneurs forestiers non-autochtones de la même région. Les résultats de notre étude montrent l’importance pour l’entrepreneur forestier autochtone du réseau social au sein de la communauté de Mashteuiatsh. Cette situation permet d’expliquer en partie les différences constatées lors de la comparaison des profils, des perceptions et des motivations des entrepreneurs forestiers de la communauté de Mashteuiatsh et d’un groupe d’entrepreneurs forestiers non-autochtones. Les entrepreneurs autochtones, contrairement à leurs homologues non-autochtones, semblent très optimistes quand à l’évaluation de leur sort actuel et avenir. / The participation of the First Nations in forestry is a fundamental issue in the province of Québec. For their part, First Nations are considering forestry as a lever to improve the socioeconomic conditions in their communities. Over the last decades, there has been an increasing participation of First Nations in the forestry sector. Unfortunately, little information is currently available on aboriginal community initiatives in regards to business creation. The main objective of this research is to identify key factors that favor or limit aboriginal business creation in forestry. This study first presents the development of forest entrepreneurship within the Ilnu community of Mashteuiatsh, located in the region of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. The first chapter situates this project in the broader context of Québec forestry. The second chapter draws a portrait of forestry entrepreneurs within this community. The third chapter compares these aboriginal forestry entrepreneurs to non-aboriginal forestry entrepreneurs from the same area. Ours results demonstrate the importance for the aboriginal forest entrepreneur of the social network of the Mashteuiatsh Ilnu community. This network contributes to the differences observed when comparing the portrait, the perceptions and motivations of forestry entrepreneurs within the Ilnu community of Mashteuiatsh to those of non-aboriginal forestry entrepreneurs. In addition, Aboriginal forest entrepreneurs seem more optimist than non-aboriginal entrepreneurs when evaluating they actual situation and future.

La productivité est influencée par des facteurs climatiques et non-climatiques temporaires ou permanents. Leurs effets varient dans le temps et dans l’espace et le fait d’assumer une sensibilité homogène de la productivité alors qu’elle est en fait hétérogène a des conséquences sur la capacité de prévision de la productivité forestière. Il existe des preuves des changements globaux, régionaux et locaux et la réponse en terme de croissance à ces variations dans la forêt boréale est diversifiée et dans certains cas contrastées. Il est donc nécessaire de surveiller constamment la croissance et la productivité et des études régionales sont donc nécessaires pour étudier les alternatives des procédures d'estimation de la productivité. Cette thèse a donc pour but de déterminer dans quelle mesure les changements dans le climat et les régimes de perturbations affecter la productivité du site dans les forêts boréales et tempérées septentrionales situées dans la province de Québec. Des données d’analyse de tiges ont été obtenues pour 32 peuplements dominés par le tremble dans un transect nord-sud couvrant 5 degrés de latitude, représentant un large gradient climatique avec différent dépôts du surface. La croissance en hauteur en temps réel y a été étudiée à l’aide du modèle de productivité de Plonski. Plus de 4000 placettes échantillons temporaires ont été obtenues dans des peuplements d'âges, de structures et de compositions différentes pour mesurer les effets rétroactifs de la végétation sur la productivité, qui résultent indirectement du climat et du sol. Le modèle de Pothier et Savard a ensuite été utilisé pour estimer l'indice de qualité de station du tremble dans des peuplements mélangés. Enfin, le dernier chapitre a utilisé le modèle aspécifique hauteur dominante-âge de Pothier et Auger. Les résultats du premier chapitre montrent que, dans les peuplements dominés par le tremble, la croissance en hauteur est surtout influencée par la somme annuelle des degrés-jours, avec un pouvoir prévisionnel aussi bon que celui obtenu avec des variables basées sur les processus. Un modèle qui suppose que certaines populations ont des réponses différentes au climat est meilleur, ce qui démontre que la sensibilité du tremble au climat n'est pas identique sur toute son aire de dispersion. Dans les peuplements mélangés, la structure du peuplement et la composition en espèces sont les principaux facteurs expliquant la productivité du tremble. Une interaction entre les facteurs du paysage et de la placette influence la productivité à l’échelle des placettes, suggérant qu'une approche de modélisation hiérarchique est plus appropriée. Enfin, puisque les changements de structure et de composition reflètent la dynamique de succession, il est déduit que les changements successionnels dominent la variabilité de la productivité dans les peuplements mélangés. Nos résultats semblent concorder avec l’idée fondamentale de l’existence d’une hétérogénéité (dans la productivité forestière) due aux interactions intra- et inter-specifiques qui produisent des structures capables de s’adapter dans le temps, comme le suggère le concept des systèmes adaptatifs complexes. / Forest productivity is driven by direct climatic and non-climatic factors which are transient or permanent in nature. Their effects vary through time and along spatial scales, thus assuming equal sensitivities across time and space where heterogeneous growth responses exist has consequences for the prediction of forest productivity. There is growing evidence of global changes, associated by rather diverse and in some cases contrasting changes in growth. It is necessary to constantly monitor growth and productivity and regional studies are therefore necessary to consider alternative productivity estimation procedures. This thesis was therefore aimed at determining to what extent global, regional and local changes in climate and disturbance regimes affect forest site productivity within eastern Canadian boreal and northern temperate forests located within the province of Québec. Stem analysis data was first obtained from 32 aspen dominated stands that spanned a 5-degree of latitude-wide transect representing a large climate gradient with different surficial deposit types in order to study real-time height growth. Plonki’s site index model calibrated from stem analysis data was used in estimating a height growth index for these 32 stands. Over 4000 temporary sample plots were also obtained from stands of varying age, structure and species compositional gradients in order to determine feedback effects of vegetation on productivity, which are indirect effects of climate and soil. A site index model calibrated from temporary sample plots (and currently used in Québec for growth and yield estimation) was used in estimating site index for mixed aspen stands. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis used an aspecific height-age relationship. Results of the first chapter show that within aspen dominated stands, height growth is mainly driven by the annual cumulative sum of growing degree days with an explanatory capacity as good as that of more complex processed-based variables. Also, aspen productivity in pure stands is better explained with a model that assumes that specific populations have different response functions to climate, demonstrating that climate sensitivity is not stable across a species’ geographic range. Within mixed species stands, stand structure and species composition are the major drivers of aspen productivity. Variability in productivity is better explained at the level of landscapes than stand-level. An interaction between landscape- and stand-level drivers influence stand-level productivity, suggesting that a hierarchical modelling approach is more appropriate than a single-level model. Since stand structural and compositional changes are dynamics that characterize stand succession, it is inferred that successional changes and not climate drive productivity in mixed stands, when measured with site index. Our results seem to concur with the fundamental idea of the existence of heterogeneity (in forest productivity) due to intra- and inter-specific interactions in a way that produces structures capable of adapting through time, as suggested by the concept of complex adaptive systems.