Experienced nurses depart the workforce in significant numbers; therefore, it is critical to understand how those departures affect patient care and safety. The focus of this systematic review included appraisal of recent research to provide an understanding of strategies used in acute care settings to retain experienced nurses. Guided by Benner's model of skill acquisition, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify factors that influence the decision of nurses with experience to leave or remain working in acute care work settings. The 19 articles selected for this review were limited to those pertaining to experienced registered nurses who have worked in the acute care setting for 2 years and longer. The review excluded articles pertaining to registered nurses with fewer than 2 years of experience, who were considered at the novice or proficient level of nursing. The results of this literature review showed that management conflicts, lack of support, work environments, work schedules, and disproportionate staffing levels were among the factors leading to morale distress and burnout in experienced nurses. These findings have the potential to contribute to positive social change by guiding administrative efforts to retain experienced nurses and improve mentoring of newer nurses and, ultimately, improve patient outcomes.

本研究以羅吉斯迴歸模型探討影響上市櫃公司選擇籌資之因素，籌資工具包括股權與債務，並進一步探討若籌資工具為普通股，影響私募普通股或現金增資之因素。 實證結果發現，公司選擇以私募或公開發行管道籌措資金的決策，主要和下列因素有關：(1) 資訊不對稱程度愈高之公司，愈傾向以私募籌資；(2) 風險愈高之公司，愈傾向以私募籌資；(3) 信用品質愈差之公司，愈傾向以私募籌資；(4) 成長性愈強之公司，愈不傾向以私募籌資；(5) 股票市場情況愈好，公司愈不傾向以私募籌資。 公司選擇以私募普通股或現金增資籌措資金的決策，主要和下列因素有關：(1) 資訊不對稱程度愈高之公司，愈傾向以私募普通股籌資；(2) 風險愈高之公司，愈傾向以私募普通股籌資；(3) 股票市場情況愈好，公司愈不傾向以私募籌資。 / This research uses Logistic Model to investigate some specific factors which may influence firms’ choices between issuing securities in private market (private placement) and in public market (public offering). As for the funding mechanism, both equity securities and debt securities are included. Then the range of funding mechanism is narrowed to common stock and this research analyzes the possible factors which influence firms’ choices between issuing private equity and seasoned equity offering follows. The empirical results on the choices between issuing in private market or public market indicate the following: (1) Firms with higher information asymmetry tend to raise fund by private placement rather than by public offering. (2) Firms with higher operating risk tend to raise fund by private placement rather than by public offering. (3) Firms with worse credit quality tend to raise fund by private placement rather than by public offering. (4) Firms with stronger growth potential tend to raise fund by public offering rather than by private placement. (5) When the performance of the stock market is better, firms tend to raise fund by public offering rather than by private placement. The empirical results on the choices between issuing private equity or seasoned equity offerings indicate the following: (1) Firms with higher information asymmetry tend to raise fund by private equity rather than by seasoned equity offering. (2) Firms with higher operating risk tend to raise fund by private equity rather than by seasoned equity offering. (3) When the performance of the stock market is better, firms tend to raise fund by seasoned equity offering rather than by private equity.

abstract: Managers’ control over the timing and content of information disclosure represents a significant strategic tool which they can use at their discretion. However, extant theoretical perspectives offer incongruent arguments and incompatible predictions about when and why managers would release inside information about their firms. More specifically, agency theory and theories within competitive dynamics provide competing hypotheses about when and why managers would disclose inside information about their firms. In this study, I highlight how voluntary disclosure theory may help to coalesce these two theoretical perspectives. Voluntary disclosure theory predicts that managers will release inside information when managers perceive that the benefits outweigh the costs of doing so. Accordingly, I posit that competitive dynamics introduce the costs associated with disclosing information (i.e., proprietary costs) and that agency theory highlights the benefits associated with disclosing information. Examining the context of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), I identify three ways managers can use information in SEO prospectuses. I hypothesize that competitive intensity increases proprietary costs that will reduce disclosure of inside information but will increase discussing the organization positively. I then hypothesize that capital market participants (e.g., security analysts and investors) may prefer managers to provide more, clearer, and positive information about the SEO and their firms. I find support for many of my hypotheses. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017

The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the differences in human capital profile of new appointed female directors to corporate boards as a result of mandatory quotas and voluntary targets. By exploring differences in age, and human capital differences in board tenure, executive experience (CEO, CFO), number of qualifications, and the number of directorships held by these women, this study contributes to the important and current international public policy decision debate on relevance and wisdom of adopting a mandatory gender quota or introducing voluntary targets. The study uses human capital theory to evaluate the profiles of 41 new female directors appointed through a mandatory quota in Norway and 397 new female directors appointed through voluntary targets in Australia and extends the current corporate governance literature on board gender regulation by exploring whether female directors differ in human capital as a result of the two types of regulations. The results of this study show that new female directors hired through a quota are on average younger than new female directors hired through a target; new female directors hired through a quota are less likely to have more years of board experience than new female directors hired through a target; new female directors hired through a quota are likely to have more years of executive experience than new female directors hired through a target; and new female directors hired through a quota have lower number of qualifications than new female directors hired through a target. These results, albeit contrary to the hypotheses developed in this study, propose several important implications from an academic, management, and policy point of view while at the same time have limitations that present opportunities for future research.

本研究以民國94年至96年曾採私募增資之上市、上櫃公司為研究對象，探討私募增資決策是否影響企業之經營績效，並比較企業在採取私募或現金增資之不同增資方式下之經營績效。 實證結果發現，企業私募增資兩年後其經營績效顯著優於增資前一年；增資前私募企業之經營績效比現金增資企業之經營績效差，但其差距在增資後顯著縮小。綜合而言，私募後企業本身之經營績效不但有顯著的改善，相對於現金增資企業之經營績效，在增資後也有顯著的改善。 此外，私募普通股占原已發行普通股股數之比例越高的公司，其累計異常報酬大；而參考價格與私募實際價格間的差異，亦會影響投資人對於股價的反應，其差距越大，累計異常報酬越小。 / This study examines the effects of private placement or seasoned equity offerings on performance. Three main findings are as follows. In general, the corporate performance of firms with private equity offering is worse than that of firms with public offering, but the difference lessens after the fund raising. The evidence shows that the firm performance is improved after private placement. Moreover, the change of performance after private placement is better than public offering. The evidence also shows that the volume of private equity offering is positively associated with cumulative abnormal return, but the difference between the actual price and consultative price is negatively associated with cumulative abnormal return.

i Abstract This Master Thesis is focused on under-pricing of initial public offering. We examine the possibility of signaling by IPO under-pricing on Polish data over the period 2005 - 2010. Signaling by IPO under-pricing is analyzed using signaling model. Taking into consideration the uniqueness of Polish sample, we also analyze the signaling by IPO under- pricing used to the build up the government reputation as market-oriented. Our results suggest the statistical significant positive effect of IPO under-pricing on probability of seasoned equity issue as well as on size of seasoned issue. These findings together with negative relation between IPO under-pricing and lag between IPO and seasoned issue are consistent with predictions of signaling model. We do not find any statistical significant evidence that the Polish government tries to build up reputation for its privatization policy over time by under-pricing and selling a high fraction at the initial offer. Keywords IPO under-pricing, signaling hypothesis, Central Europe, asymmetric information, seasoned equity offering, privatization

Denna studie undersöker huruvida nyemissioners bakomliggande motiv påverkar hur det emitterande företaget värderas efter tillkännagivandet. Fenomenet undersöks på den svenska marknaden, då majoriteten av tidigare forskning bedrivits på utländska handelsplatser. Effekten av olika motiv analyseras för ett urval bestående av 203 observationer under en 14-årsperiod, mellan år 2005-2018, där samtliga nyemissioner genomförts på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Studien omfattar både riktade och företrädesmissioner. Avvikande avkastning beräknas på kort och lång sikt i samband med nyemissionernas tillkännagivande med hjälp av tre olika metoder (CAR, BHAR samt FF3M). Således mäts både den kortsiktiga annonseringseffekten såväl som företagets långsiktiga prestation mot index (OMXSPIoch SIXRX). Vidare används även multipel regressionsanalys för att undersöka om samband går att återfinna mellan motiven och avvikande avkastning.  Studien finner signifikanta bevis för att underprestation i regel följer nyemissioners tillkännagivande. Negativt avvikande avkastning återfinns i de fall motivet uppges vara antingen rekapitalisation eller generella ändamål. Däremot förekommer ett positivt samband mellan avvikande avkastning och motivet investeringar, vilket indikerar på att dessa företag snarare överpresterar marknaden. Således argumenterar studien för att nyemissioners motiv har betydelse för hur företaget presterar, både på kort och lång sikt, vilket indirekt påverkar företagets värdering. / The purpose of this thesis was to examine if the stated motive for a seasoned equity offering (SEO) affects company valuation, post-SEO. This was accomplished by calculating abnormal returns for a sample containing 203 SEOs over a 14 year period between 2005 and 2018. All companies being listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm during the time of their respective equity offering. By providing three different measurements for abnormal return (CAR, BHAR, and FF3M) as well as performing multiple regression analysis, the study finds significant evidence for general underperformance following the SEO. This is true for when the motive is stated as recapitalization or general corporate-related purposes. When the motive is stated as investment, the study finds significant evidence for post-SEO overperformance.

本研究的主旨在探討台灣證卷交易市場之上市公司辦理現金增資時採用不同承銷配售方式下各種資訊內涵差異，研究樣本包括民國八十四年至民國八十六年間，曾在台灣證卷交易市場宣告辦理現金增資之 278 家公司，其中又區分為 201 家採公開申購配售方式及 77 家採詢價圈購配售方式之現金增資公司樣本。本研究鑑於民國 84 年新版承銷配售制度施行以來，現金增資採行詢價圈購配售方式之公司股價出現特定人套利現象，甚至引發立法院於民國 86 年底，提出修正法案欲將詢價圈購提撥比率之但書規定廢除事件，故本研究目標將著重於探討公開申購配售與詢價圈購兩種不同承銷配售方式來現金增資之公司間其財務屬性及其對股價之影響是否有差異，以檢驗現行的詢價圈購制度是否有缺失。 實證結果顯示：採兩種不同承銷配售方式現金增資之公司，其財務變數並無顯著差異，顯示公司的財務特質並不影響其承銷配售方式的選擇。經由股價反應的驗證則發現採公開申購配售及詢價圈購承銷配售方式之現金增資之公司，其發行宣告首次見報時對股價異常報酬均有顯著正面的影響。但兩者對股價異常報酬之影響於統計上卻發現有顯著差異。至於在首日申購（圈購）日時之股價異常報酬反應，採公開申購配售者為顯著正股價異常報酬反應，採詢價圈購者股價異常報酬則為顯著負反應，因此兩者在首日申購日時對股價之反應有顯著差異，採公開申購配售公司之股價異常報酬反應明顯優於採詢價圈購配售公司。而於發行日時之價格異常報酬反應，採公開申購配售公司並不顯著，採詢價圈購配售方式公司卻有正向股價異常報酬反應，兩種承銷配售方式於發行日時顯示顯著的股價異常報酬反應差異。 兩種承銷配售方式為公司以現金增資向股東或投資大眾取得資金的途徑，其最終目的均相同，因此不同配售方式對股價異常報酬之影響應不會有太大差異，但本研究卻發現在首次宣告日、首日申購日及發行日時三種不同事件日下，兩種配售方式之股價異常報酬反應卻出現顯著差異的情形。由於此一差異與公司的財務特質無關，所以顯示詢價圈購配售方式可能存有缺失，造成特定人可藉由現行制度的漏洞來進行套利或取得比以往更多的新股，因此對於無法進行套利或取得新股的股東而言，現行的詢價圈購制度並不公平，確實有改善之必要。 / The study is based on a sample, consisting of 278firms, of the announcements of SEO(seasoned equity offerings) in Taiwan stock market during the period from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1997, to detect whether the current circling system in TW is not proper. There are two major SEO underwriting procedures in TW: by offer=for-sales and by circling. The paper focuses on two types of firms which adapt different SEO underwriting. By comparing the both firms' financial characteristics and stock price responses, we know if the existing system is fair. The evidence shows that 89% financial ratios (in the research) of firms, adapting different underwriting procedures, don't have statistically significant positive abcdrmal returns for both underwriting procedures and the reaction levels for both are different. During the circling procedure, circling firms' stock price response is significantly negative but is significantly positive for offer-for- sales firms'. It's very clear that the latter firms have the better stock price performance than the former. During the days of offerings, circling firms' stock price response is significant positive but is not significant negative for offer-for sales firms'. In the research, we can be sure that these two SEO underwriting procedures are significantly different in all of three event days. Since the different market responses are not associated with firms' financial characteristics, we now can be sure that current circling system exist some problems. The system may provide some big stockholders having chances to arbitrage and to get more newissuing shares then they should have. To the other stockholders who can't engage in arbitraging and get new issuing shares, the existing circling system is unfair.

本研究主要是探討台灣上市櫃公司從事現金增資之決策是否受公司所處生命周期及市場時機影響，並進一步探討增資公司是否因市場時機有囤積現金的現象。 本研究檢視民國83年1月1日至95年12月31日止，共十三年期間台灣發生之現金增資。本研究以羅吉斯回歸檢定企業生命週期與市場時機之替代變數，發現兩者對台灣上市櫃公司增資意願之影響皆為顯著，而企業生命週期對增資之影響比市場時機的影響更大。雖然生命週期與市場時機的替代變數皆為顯著，但迴歸的預測模型對增資機率的解釋力低，因此本研究進一步探討增資公司於增資前後的現金水準變化。最後發現台灣增資公司利用市場時機進行增資而短期現金水準提高的現象並不算常態，多數公司於增資後會用盡增資現金，且多數公司若未進行增資則可能面臨現金短缺的狀況。因此，本研究之實證結果顯示，市場時機與公司所處生命週期雖會影響現金增資之機率，但只能解釋為一小部分的增資動機，而大部分的公司之所以從事現金增資是因為面臨現金短缺，為避免進一步的財務危機而向資本市場籌資。

本研究以中國2000年至2007年間滬深上市公司為樣本，分析保薦制度對於企業在現金增資（在本研究中包含增發與配股）後經營績效的影響，其中經營績效包括稅後淨利成長率、股東權益報酬率成長率與每股盈餘成長率為衡量指標。實證結果顯示，現金增資後企業的經營績效有明顯衰退的現象，但是本研究發現這個經營績效惡化的現象在保薦制度後有顯著減緩的證據。最後，若將企業細分為增發與配股，進一步的分析顯示，保薦制度的效果在配股樣本中得到顯著結果。彙總而言，實施保薦制度能夠有效減緩企業現金增資後經營績效衰退的情形，且該效果在配股企業較為明顯。 / This study examines the impact of Sponsor’s System on operating performance of firms conducting Seasoned Equity Offerings from 2000 to 2007 in China. The performance measures include the growth of net income, the growth of ROE, and the growth of EPS. The empirical results indicate that there is significant decline in post-SEO performance. However, the phenomenon of poor performance after SEO is less severe after Sponsor’s System. In conclusion, the employment of Sponsor’s System can relief performance decline after SEO.