Car seats for smaller children, offers very good protection incase of a collision. Unfortunately for the parents’ sake , these car seats is heavy to handle outside the car. For example back and forth home and short errands around town. In other words, all those times when you decide to just take out the car seat and carry it instead of place the baby in a baby carrier. By analyzing where and how the car seat is being used. How best to carry heavier loads up to about 15 kg as a car seat with the child can weigh and by taking into account the child ’s and the parents anatomy. This work led to a concept on how this problem can be solved. Various technical principle solutions have been developed and evaluated. The chosen solution has then been further developed by various design approaches where form and expression has been the important part. The main body of the new solution is a softer inner which you lifts out when you leave the car. The baby sits in a carrier that the parent carries in front of their body. Remaining in the car is a chair-like base with ”click” fasteners that lock the softer part in place when it´s placed in the car, with the baby in it. The major benefits of solving it this way is that the baby is carried in front of the body without oblique loaded lifting on the spine. While the solution also itself weighs several pounds less than the current car seats. It also frees the parents both hands by carrying the child this way. All this leads to a gentler living for the parents.

The thesis presents an investigation of pregnant women s safety and comfort needs during car travel. A survey is used to investigate all aspects and problems of car travel. This survey is a comprehensive examination of the entire driving activity with much detail of reported difficulties from pregnant women that forms a novel resource for the automotive engineers. The survey results are used to generate guidelines for the automotive industry. A series of sled tests are presented that investigate seat belt use in pregnancy including the use of lap belt positioners. The peak abdominal pressure results clearly agree with current guidelines that the lap belt should be positioned across the hips and not across the abdomen. This research includes a novel anthropometric dataset for 107 pregnant women including measurements especially selected for the field of automotive design and to describe the changes of pregnancy. This includes investigation of pregnant driver s proximity to the steering wheel. A novel measurement of knee splay is used to define the pregnant women s preference to sit with their knees widely spaced instead of knees together, in both normal sitting and in a car. Comparison is made between the pregnant women's measurements and the available data in the literature for non-pregnant women and males, and this shows that pregnant women can be excluded from designs if the accommodation does not consider their needs. The pregnant women's anthropometric data is presented as a novel website in order to make the data available to the automotive industry. This website is generated for use by automotive engineers and is designed to suit their usability needs and the general trends within the industry, in order to make the site more user-friendly and more likely to be used as a reference for pregnant occupant's needs.

Motor coaches are an integral part of the transportation system. It was observed that occupant fatalities and serious injuries occur in rollover more frequently than in any other type of accidents for these vehicles. Several regulations such as Economic Commission for Europe Regulation 66 (ECE R66) are issued to minimize the catastrophic consequences of rollover accidents. Passing “Motorcoach safety plan” which is based on a complete vehicle rollover test of ECE R66 will be mandatory in North America in the near future. However, the cost of a single physical test encourages researchers to perform numerical simulations prior to a complete vehicle rollover test. In this thesis, the integrity of a coach seat and the effects of different restraint configurations on the safety of passengers in rollover are numerically studied. To perform this research, a new modeling approach, which is computationally effective and highly suitable for parametric studies, is proposed. Firstly, a detailed model of two seats of a coach is developed and validated against experimental results. Anthropomorphic Test Devices are then introduced to the model and acceleration history of a physical rollover test is imposed on the system. The model is solved using non-linear explicit dynamic Finite Element code LS-DYNA®. Injury criteria values are extracted and compared to the experimental results. An acceptable level of correlation is achieved that confirms the validity of the model and the reliability of the modeling approach. The integrity of the seat in a rollover is analyzed showing the necessity of an anchorage test prior to a whole coach rollover test. The results of a parametric study on the safety of passengers reveal the high probability of partial ejection if the retractor does not lock properly in a rollover. It is also shown that the safety of occupants can be improved if retractor pretensioners be introduced to coaches. / February 2017

This thesis was performed in cooperation with Uniti Sweden, an emerging electricalvehicle manufacturer in Sweden. Uniti Sweden is developing a new vehicle, with aprototype slated for a Q3 2017 release. This thesis is about the driver's seat in the Uniti vehicle. The aim of the thesis was todevelop the seat partly by creating a design manual for future use. Data for the project was gathered using triangulation, using interviews,benchmarking, literature searches from different perspectives. Six different aspectswas studied, regulation, comfort and discomfort, aesthetics, biomechanics andergonomics, design and anthropometrics. The seat was developed using QFD anddiscussions with Uniti personnel, however, the development part was put on hold dueto Uniti's schedule, and greater emphasis was put on design manual. The designmanual featured three parameters, fit, feel and support. The project concluded with a technical report, featuring the design manual, theresults from the product development, a checklist and a thesaurus.

This thesis' work has been conducted at and made possible by Autoliv Sverige AB in Vårgårda. The aim of this thesis is to study how the occupant experience of the belt changes when it is moved from a traditional installation point in the car's B-pillar, to the seat. This shall be studied in terms of how the perceived comfort is influenced by a belt in seat in an upright and a reclined seat back position of 20 and 45 degrees, for different sizes of occupants. Also how the ability to reach a belt in seat is affected by the size and mobility of the occupant. Based on this new knowledge, an optimal outlet position for a belt in seat shall be proposed, from a comfort perspective. The work has used a cross-sectional research approach to achieve its purpose. Through the cross-sectional approach, several different qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. Initially, a literature study where subjects relevant to the forthcoming study was studied. Meanwhile, a competitive analysis of existing belt in seat installations in new cars available on the market was planned and carried out. In the main element of this work, a two-part comfort and mobility study with a belt in seat was performed. The study combined the methods interview, survey and observation. Through the interview, qualitative questions were asked as a complement to the quantitative responses given by the test subjects on scales in the survey. Observations were used to observe the subjects' behavior and difficulties regarding the belt in seat. A major limitation of the results of the study is the deficient distribution of sitting heights and genders in the group of test subjects, which founded a certain bias in the results. This has been the reason why it has not been possible to draw any certain conclusions from the results, however, some trends have been seen. The comfort study revealed several different assessments of the belt that contributed to discomfort, including the perception of the belt being too close to the neck or too far out on the shoulder. Additionally, the discomfort significantly impaired when the seat was reclined to the relaxed state. The mobility study showed that more subjects felt limited by their own bodies in the movement than by the belt. In addition did the reversed belt geometry create large discomfort issues at the neck. An important conclusion of this thesis is that the seat's design is as important to the customer experience of discomfort of the belt as the positioning of the outlet. It has also become clear that the accessibility of a belt in seat is strongly limited, as it was tested in this study.

Due to the competitive nature of airline industry and the desire to minimise aircraft weight, there is a continual drive to develop lightweight, reliable and more comfortable seating solutions, in particular, a new generation slim economy seat. The key design challenge is to maximise the “living space” for the passenger, with strict adherence to the ‘Crash Safety Regulations’. Cranfield University is addressing the needs of airliners, seat manufactures and safety regulating bodies by designing a completely novel seat structure coined as “Sleep Seat”. A generous angle of recline (40 degree), movement of “Seat Pan” along the gradient, fixed outer shell of the backrest, and a unique single “Forward Beam” design distinguishes “Sleep Seat” form current generation seats. It is an ultra-lightweight design weighing 8kg (typical seat weight is 11kg). It has to sustain the static (CS 25.561) and dynamic (CS25.562) “Emergency landing” loads as specified by “Certification Specifications (CS). Apart from maintaining structural integrity; a seat-structure must not deform, which would impede evacuation, should absorb energy so that the loads transferred to Occupants are within human tolerance limits and should always maintain survivable space around the Occupant. All these parameters, which increase a life-expectancy in a ‘survivable’ crash, can be estimated using either experimental testing or virtual simulation tools such as “Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Design of the “Sleep Seat” is still in its conceptual phase and therefore experimental testing for all the design iterations involved is unrealistic, given a measure of the costs and timescales involved. Therefore focus of research is to develop practical and robust FE methodologies to assess static and dynamic performances of a seat-structure so as to compare different design concepts based on their strength, seat interface loads (a limit defined by strength of aircraft-floor), maximum deformations and cross-sectional forces ... [cont.].

Main purpose of this thesis is an assessment of the possibility of companies to transfer their seat from several points of view. It is distinguished between situations of companies with regard to the relocation of head office contrary to the relocation of registered office. At first, the migration issue is analyzed in general, then from the perspective of EU law. Due to insufficiently resolved scope of the freedom of establishment, especially with respect to the transfer of registered office, the thesis focuses on the European Company. For the time being, it can be considered as the most advanced result of the common effort of EU member states to achieve a supranational company form. It was not a random choice to dedicate part of this thesis to the European Company since the possibility to move its registered office freely across the EU is one of the main attributes granted to the European Company form. The analysis of relocation process, including consideration of potential difficulties results in comparison with actual opportunities of "national"companies in this respect. With regard to the structure of thesis it is divided into four parts and a separate conlusion. First part deals with the matter of the EU common market, with an emphasis on each of four freedoms. Especially the primary and...

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the current legal issue concerning the corporate mobility within the European Union. The main focus is placed, in particular, on the analysis of the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Other parts of this thesis will give an overview of cross border mergers and supranational forms of companies including their ability to transfer their seat to other member states without being wound up in liquidation before the transaction within the area of the European Union. As evident from the title, the paper focuses on the topic from the European perspective only and the issue of the mobility from, or into, a non-member state is not dealt with. The first chapter provides a brief definition of the basic legal concepts that are crucial to this thesis. The definition of freedom of establishment in the context of the common market of the EU is given and also the incorporation theory and the real seat theory are briefly outlined, as well as the conflict that may arise between these two doctrines. The second chapter, the most extensive chapter which represents the core of this thesis, describes and analyzes the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union law relating to the freedom of establishment. This chapter is divided into two...

Companies in private international law The topic of this diploma thesis includes questions related to companies in private international law. The thesis deals especially with changes of the Czech law evoked by the recent recodification of the private law in the Czech Republic. The purpose of the thesis is, first of all, to introduce the current form of this part of the law, to sum up and analyse ideas published in expert sources, and also to add own views concerning the topic. Following methods were primarily used: analysis, synthesis, description and comparison. The thesis, besides general Introduction and Conclusion, includes seven individual chapters which create coherent total. Chapter One explains basic terms used in the thesis. The following chapter defines the term personal statute of legal person and introduces two basic principles of its determination - the incorporation principle and the seat principle. The third chapter continues with detailed description of the position of the incorporation principle in the Czech law, including the questions related. Chapter Four defines foreign legal persons and gives the reasons why the registered seat of the legal person is relevant for determination of such a person. Chapter Five focuses on the basis of the fact that a legal person with the seat...

Desde a sua invenção, o motor a combustão interna sofreu significantes evoluções, como redução do consumo de combustível, aumento da sua potência e durabilidade a um menor custo. Outros setores também evoluíram, como a busca por alternativas de combustível, tendo como exemplo o etanol hidratado combustível, que trouxe vantagens tais como maior desempenho e menor emissão de poluentes, porém com solicitações mecânicas, térmicas e termomecânicas mais severas. Sua menor lubricidade, quando comparada a da gasolina tipo C também intensificou o desgaste no par tribológico válvula e sede de válvula. Neste trabalho foram analisados diversos pares de válvulas e sedes de válvulas provenientes de quatro motores pós teste, sendo dois deles de mesma especificação técnica e submetidos às mesmas condições de ensaio, variando somente o combustível utilizado (etanol hidratado combustível e gasolina comum tipo C). A topografia da superfície de contato foi avaliada através de exames das superfícies com lupa estereoscópica, microscópio eletrônico de varredura e perfilômetro óptico a fim de identificar os danos encontrados. Ao término das análises foi realizada a comparação dos danos encontrados entre a superfície de contato das válvulas e sedes do motor que operou com etanol hidratado combustível e gasolina comum tipo C, de forma a evidenciar as diferenças proporcionadas pelos combustíveis. Este trabalho faz parte do \"Consórcio de P&D e Desafios Tribológicos em Motores Flex-Fuel\" patrocinado pela FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) com participação da indústria automotiva, para identificar os modos de desgaste atuantes. / Since its invention the internal combustion engine presented significant improvements like lower fuel consumption, higher power and durability increase at reduced costs. Other industries sectors did also improve as the search for new alternative fuels such as hydrated ethanol fuel which brought advantages like higher performance with lower pollutant emissions, although with it came more severe mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanic stresses. Ethanol lower lubricity when compared to type C gasolines did also increase the valve/ valve seat insert wear. This study presents the results of contact surface analysis of several pairs valve/ valve seat insert from four engines after test being two of them of same technical specification and submitted to the same test cycle with only difference their fuel (hydrated ethanol and regular type C gasoline). The contact surface topography was evaluated through surface exams using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope and non-contact profiler, to evaluate damages. At the end of analysis, a comparison between valves and valve seats from the engines that operated with hydrated ethanol and regular type C gasoline in order to put in evidence the damage difference provided by the fuels. This study is part of \"Consórcio de P&D e Desafios Tribológicos em Motores Flex-Fuel\", sponsored by FAPESP (\"Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo\") with participation of automotive industries, to characterize the existent wear.