Abstract In the past, seats on the management of the research focuses on exploring the best logical way for seats assignment to ensure the revenue maximizing, it¡¦s rarely to consider in the faces of management pressure and services requirement. Hence, this thesis will take a survey through market research studies to identify the reason of the shift of passenger from Non-reserved Seating to Reserved seating or the increase of rider-ship caused by the lower fare of Non-reserved Seating. After fully collection of the requirement of passengers and the consideration of High Speed Rail¡¦s operator, the ¡§Situational Analysis¡¨ mechanism is applied. The different Non-reserved car allotment will be arranged under different circumstance and their revenue will be evaluated as well. Finally, the recommendation of the High Speed Rail¡¦s seat management strategy from the point of view of revenue maximizing, operation consideration and passenger requirement will be provided. Key words¡GTaiwan High Speed Railway, Non-reserved Seating, Reserved Seating, Seat management strategy

Seeking to quench airliners’ unending thirst for lightweight, reliable and more comfortable seating solutions, designers are developing a new generation of slim economy – class seats. Challenge in front of the designers is to carve out additional “living space”, as well as to give a “lie – flat” experience to air travellers with strict adherence to safety regulations. Present research tries to address all these industry needs through an innovative and novel “Sleep Seat”. A generous angle of recline (40 degree), movement of “Seat Pan” along the gradient, fixed outer shell of backrest, and unique single “Forward Beam” design distinguishes “Sleep Seat” form current generation seats. It is an ultralightweight design weighing 8kg (typical seat weight is 11kg). It satisfies “Generic Requirements (GR2)” which ensures “Comfort in Air”. It will be a “16g” seat, means it can sustain the “Emergency landing” loads as specified by “Certification Specifications (CS 25.561 and CS 25.562)”. For present research, only CS 25.561 has been considered. Since, the design of “Sleep Seat” is still in its conceptual phase, it is not possible to build the prototypes and their physical testing, due to costs and time involved. “Finite Element Analysis (FEA)” is a useful tool to predict the response of the structure when subjected to real life loads. Hence, the aim of research being undertaken is to develop a detailed FE model of the complete seat structure, which will help designers to identify potential weak areas and to compare different design concepts virtually, thereby reducing the development cycle time. In order to avoid handling of large number of design variables; major load carrying members (called Primary Load Path) i.e. Forward beam and leg; are designed for the most critical “Forward 9g” loads; using FEA results as a basis. A robust framework to verify the FEA results is developed. “Sequential Model Development Approach”; which builds the final, detailed FE model starting from preliminary model (by continuously updating the FE model by addition of details that are backed up by pilot studies); resulted in a FE model which could predict the stress induced in each of the components for applied CS 25.561 loads along with “Seat Interface Loads”. The “Interface Load” is the force exerted by the seat design on the floor and is one of the main contributing factors in seat design. “Optistruct” is used as a solver for linear static FEA, whereas “Abaqus / Standard” is used for non-linear FEA. Stepwise methodologies for mesh sensitivity study, modelling of bolt-preload, representing bolted joint in FEA, preventing rigid body motion, and obtaining a converged solution for non-linear FEA are developed during this research. Free-Shape Optimisation is used to arrive at a final design of Seat-leg. All the findings and steps taken during this are well documented in this report. Finally, a detailed FE model (involving all the three non-linearities : Contact, material and geometric) of the complete seat structure was analysed for the loads taken from CS 25.561, and it was found that design of “Forward beam” and leg are safe against CS 25.561. Therefore, all the aims and objectives outlined for this research were accomplished. For future work, first area to look for, would be validation of present FEA results by experimental testing. FE model to simulate dynamic loads CS 25.562 can be developed followed by design improvements and optimisation.

Objective: Lifting-seat devices are designed to raise the seat height to reduce biomechanical and neuromuscular demands of a sit-to-stand (STS). The goal of this thesis was to understand how seat height and lifting-seat devices with different mechanisms affect trunk, hip, and knee biomechanics and neuromuscular activity of surrounding muscles, and determine whether the effects are altered by age. Four conditions were tested; 1) no device normal seat height (ND-normal), 2) Seat Assist™ (SA), 3) Power Seat™ (PS), 4) no device raised height (ND-raised). Using a cross-sectional design, two objectives were completed. Objective one compared ND-normal and ND-raised to determine the effects of seat height. Objective two compared ND-raised, PS, SA to determine the effects of lifting-seats. Design: 10 healthy older and 10 healthy younger adults performed five trials of each STS condition. Bilateral lower limb and trunk three-dimensional motion, ground reaction forces and electromyography (EMG) from five muscles were collected.

Human Systems Integration Capstone / Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Current ejection seat certified aircrew weight ranges (136 to 213 lbs.), such as for the F/A-18, prohibited over one third (38%) of women and (8%) of men from accessing the naval aviation strike pipeline (carrierbased aviation) between 2008 and 2013. This is deleterious to the Naval Aviation Enterprise to restrict access of otherwise qualified and talented applicants to the strike aviation pipeline due to an outdated anthropometric survey based specification. The acceptable level of risk that was utilized by the Naval Aviation Systems Command was overly conservative and needs to be updated to align with current operational risk management principles, actual ejection seat performance mishap data and the naval aviation anthropometric population. This research is a deep exploration of all aspects of this issue and makes recommendations that can be used by Commander of Naval Air Forces in establishing an operational weight limit for all ejection seat aircraft.

The physical dimensions of a population change in the course of time. On the other hand, the physical dissimilarities among different population are much more significant and remarkable than time-dependent natural evolution process that affects all populations in the world. In this study, passenger seats of intercity coaches that are important industrial products for Turkey in terms of usage frequency and their prevalence were investigated from an ergonomic viewpoint. To achieve this aim, eight seat parts and their equivalent anthropometric variables were specified to gather their measures from four different intercity coaches: These coaches represent the normal and top segment in Turkish intercity coaches market in addition to being imported or not. After that, these seat measures are compared with two anthropometric studies in terms of the sufficient sample size to reflect the anthropometric data related to Turkish population and the inclusion of the specified variables that correspond to these parts. Finally, alternative dimensions were recommended for each seat part to be used in the design process of passenger seats. In conclusion, it was found that dimensions of all seats demonstrated no significant differences among each other in terms of belonging to middle or luxury segment coaches. Only for seat pan widths, all seats had higher values than the hip breadths of both anthropometric studies. Conversely, for other seat parts, the dimensions of almost all seats had lower values. All backrest heights were the lowest among the other parts based on the studies of Hertzberg et al and KayiS. It was observed that although all seats showed approximate values with specified seat parts of the directive of European Commission- 2001/85/EC- generally, all seat brands except Grammer had a lower value than the seat pan width mentioned in this regulation. It was also found important differences between the outcomes of two Turkish studies and the regulation of EC.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007. / "A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, MARCS Auditory Laboratories in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliography.

With the development of the vehicle industry and the innovation of technology, driving experience is improving in all aspects. Volvo is more and more focusing on improving the comfort of driving. Part of this is to minimize squeaks and rattle (S&R) from vehicle seats. A physical measurement method was studied from component level in this thesis. The communication with the supplier has helped to better understand the definition and measurement method of play. Based on the previous work from Volvo and the supplier, a new improved algorithm has been developed to suit current production demands in this thesis work. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been finished for general engineers. The Study and exploration of a FEM simulation method make it possible to measure play in an economical way in the future.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar os níveis vibratórios a que os passageiros de ônibus rodoviários intermunicipais estão submetidos e realizar uma mudança projetual na carroceria/poltrona que atenue tais efeitos. A redução desses níveis é uma necessidade, porque os passageiros que utilizam ônibus como meio de transporte em viagens de longa distância podem ficar expostos a efeitos vibratórios que o chassi transmite para a carroceria, e também à vibração decorrente dos efeitos externos, que são gerados quando o ônibus transita em estradas. Esses efeitos podem gerar também riscos de quebra dos componentes estruturais da carroceria. Neste estudo foram realizadas medições das acelerações produzidas na direção vertical de acordo com a Norma ISO 2631, confrontadas com as curvas-limite de conforto, saúde e fadiga estabelecidas nesta norma. Há uma necessidade de se quantificar o nível de vibração a que o passageiro de ônibus está submetido estando sentado na poltrona e de quantificar quanto tempo ele pode utilizar o transporte sem que haja riscos à sua saúde. Também é necessário o conhecimento do comportamento da carroceria em relação aos efeitos vibratórios para dimensionar os componentes da estrutura de modo que resistam a esses efeitos. Para a modificação projetual foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de análise dinâmica, por meio do modelo numérico da carroceria, poltrona e chassi, aplicando ao modelo numérico a rugosidade de pavimentos asfálticos medidas experimentalmente, permitindo visualizar numericamente os efeitos vibratórios na estrutura da poltrona e, por consequência, gerar uma mudança projetual amenizando tais efeitos. / The purpose of this work is to evaluate the vibratory levels the ones that the passengers of inter-municipal road buses are submitted; and fulfill a changing project in body/seat that attenuates such effect. The reduction of these levels is a necessity, because the passengers who use buses as half of transport in trips of long distance can be exposed to the vibratory effect that the chassis transmits to the body, and also the consequential vibration of the external effect, which is generated when the bus transits on roads. These effects can also generate risks of the structural components braking of the body. In this study measurements of the accelerations produced in the vertical direction were fulfilled in accordance with Norma ISO 2631, collated with the curve-limit of comfort, established health and fatigue in this norm. There is a necessity to quantify the vibration level that the bus passenger is submitted being seated in the armchair and to quantify how long it can use the transport without risks to its health. It is also necessary the body's behavior knowledge related to the vibratory effect to measure the structure components in a way they can resist to these effects. For the project modification it was developed a methodology of dynamic analysis, through the numerical model of the body, armchair and chassis experimentally applied to the numerical model, the rugosity of measured asphalt floors, allowing visualizing numerically the vibratory effect in the structure of the armchair and, consequently, to generate a changing project tempering such effect.

O design de assentos personalizados produzidos em espumas de poliuretano (PU) é uma opção para melhorar o conforto e o posicionamento das pessoas com deficiências que passam horas do dia sentadas na mesma posição. Estas superfícies de suporte aumentam a área de contato entre o assento e o usuário, o que melhora na distribuição do seu peso, diminuindo as pressões localizadas que geram problemas como úlceras de pressão. A grande maioria dos equipamentos destinados à produção destes assentos são dedicados, ou seja, especialmente desenvolvidos para este propósito, assim como suas ferramentas. Estes fatores aumentam o custo do produto final e restringem o número de pessoas que poderiam desfrutar de equipamentos personalizados. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa objetiva estabelecer rotinas de desenvolvimento e produção de assentos personalizados para usuários de cadeiras de rodas manufaturados através de usinagem CNC convencional com a utilização de espumas de poliuretano. Para isto, foram ensaiados parâmetros (rotação e avanço) de usinagem CNC para cortar as espumas de PU. Os desbastes foram analisados quanto a precisão do corte e rebarbas em sua superfície, e os parâmetros selecionados como adequados para o corte foram então transpostos para ensaios de acabamento. Sendo as espumas de PU materiais flexíveis, a forma gerada foi verificada através da digitalização tridimensional. Para avaliar a deformação em peças maiores, os parâmetros foram testados em assentos e então analisados mais uma vez através da digitalização. Foram testados três combinações de velocidades de avanço, mantendo a rotação a 24.000 RPM por ter se mostrado mais adequada. Para validação da pesquisa, um estudo de caso foi executado com a melhor combinação de velocidade de avanço, verificadas anteriormente. Com esta pesquisa, foi comprovada a viabilidade da produção de assentos personalizados em espumas de PU flexível através da usinagem CNC. Também, com a produção destes é possível levar ao usuário um equipamento que melhora a distribuição das pressões na superfície do assento, fato verificado através de um tapete medidor de pressões. / The design of customized seats manufactured in polyurethane foams is and alternative to improve comfort and positioning for people with disabilities, as those people spend hours of the day seated in the same position. These support surfaces increase the contact area between the seat and user. This aspect improves weight distribution reducing localized pressures that can generate scars. The great majority of equipments and tools destined to the manufacture of these seats are dedicated, i.e. specially developed to this purpose. These factors enhance the final product cost and restrict the number of people who could enjoy customizes equipments. In this sense, the present research aims at establishing development and production routines of customized seats for wheelchair users manufactured through conventional CNC machining of polyurethane foams. It was tested parameters (spindle and feed rates) of CNC machining to cut polyurethane foams. The selected parameters were then transposed to finishing tests. As polyurethane foams are flexible materials that tend to deform, the distortions on the generated geometry were analyzed through tridimensional scanning. The parameters were then tested and the distortion was analyzes in bigger pieces. It was tested three combinations of feeds, keeping the spindle at 24.000 RPM (more adequate according t previous tests). A case study was also executed to validate the research. This study proves the viability of customized seat manufacture in polyurethane foams through CNC machining. It also provides the user an equipment that can improve the pressure distribution in seats surfaces, verified through a mat measurer system.

Os passageiros têm reclamado da diminuição do conforto na classe econômica dos aviões comerciais. A autoridade aeronáutica brasileira instituiu um selo de qualidade, mas as empresas aéreas brasileiras mantêm os mesmos arranjos internos em seus aviões. Estadissertaçãotrata da avaliação do espaço entre as poltronas e a sua influência no conforto dos passageiros em vôos comerciais. Realizaram-se avaliações da usabilidade utilizando-se um simulador de cabine para treinamento de tripulantes e um avião B737-300. Os resultados indicam uma forte relação entre os níveis de conforto e o passo (medida de repetição das fileiras de poltronas ao longo do avião). / Passengers have complained about reduction on economy class comfort levels on commercial airplanes. The Brazilian Aeronautical Authority has instituted a quality seal, but the airlines maintain the same interior layouts in their airplanes. This dissertation is about the evaluation of the space between seats and its influence in passengers comfort on commercial flights. Usability evaluations have been carried out in a cabin simulator for airline crew training and a B737-300 airplane. The results show a strong connection between the comfort levels and the seat pitch (distance separating seat rows along the airplane).