Over the last decade, a number of reinforced concrete bent caps within Houston, Texas have exhibited premature concrete damage (cracking, spalling and a loss of material strength) due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and/or delayed ettringite formation (DEF). The alarming nature of the severe surface cracking prompted the Houston District of the Texas Department of Transportation to initiate an investigation into the structural implications of the premature concrete damage. Specifically, an interagency contract with the University of Texas at Austin charged engineers at Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory to: 1. Establish the time-dependent relationship between ASR/DEF deterioration and the shear capacity of affected bridge bent caps. 2. Develop practical recommendations for structural evaluation of in-service bridge bent caps affected by ASR and/or DEF. To accomplish these objectives, six large-scale bent cap specimens were fabricated within the laboratory. Four of the specimens (containing reactive concrete exposed to high curing temperatures) represented the most severe circumstances of deterioration found in the field. The remaining two specimens (non-reactive) provided a basis for the comparison of long-term structural performance. All of the specimens were subjected to a conditioning regimen meant to foster the development of realistic ASR/DEF-related damage. Resulting expansions were characterized over the course of the study through a carefully-planned monitoring program. Following a prolonged exposure period, three of the six bent cap specimens (representing undamaged, mild, and moderate levels of deterioration) were tested in shear. Observations made over the course of each test captured the service and ultimate load effects of ASR/DEF-induced deterioration. Six shear-critical spans were tested prior to this publication: three deep beam and three sectional shear tests. The remaining six shear spans (contained within the remaining three specimens) were retained to establish the effects of severe deterioration through future shear testing. Subsequent analysis of the expansion monitoring and shear testing data provided much needed insight into the performance and evaluation of ASR/DEF damaged bent structures. The results ultimately formed a strong technical basis for the preliminary assessment of a damaged bent structure within Houston, Texas. / text

Sectional ownership has introduced several new concepts of property that differ significantly from prevailing as well as common-law concepts of property. The right of extension with regards to sectional titles is one such concept. The right entails a subtraction from the dominium of sectional owners and is widely regarded as a limited real right. It is submitted that the right cannot be categorised into any common-law category. The right is a statutory limited real right sui generis that has its own characteristics with regards to the way it is established, transferred, alienated, burdened or lapses. The right should also be recognised as constitutional property. The study concludes with an investigation into selected aspects relating to the right as an estate asset and points to problems relating to the valuation of the right for purposes of estate, capital gains and donation tax. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Submitted in fulfillment of Masters in Radiography, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 2007. / Aim/research questions The aim of the study was to evaluate CT-based treatment planning versus digitised image planning (standard planning technique) for carcinoma of the breast, using the four-field breast technique, in terms of the depth of supraclavicular and axillary nodes, the variability of the breast tissue and the dose inhomogeneity at the matchline. The variability of the depth of supraclavicular and axillary nodes has not been documented in any local or national studies. When simulating patients for treatment, it is evident that the anatomical variability of patient chest wall thickness, shape and size is a contributing factor towards the final treatment plan and dose distribution achieved. Therefore knowing the correct depth of the nodes and being able to clearly demarcate the breast tissue should result in a favourable dose administration. The following questions were addressed:  What is the dose to the supraclavicular nodes from both plans?  What is the dose to the axillary nodes from both plans?  How do the plans differ in terms of dose coverage to the supraclavicular and axillary nodes?  What is the relationship between the depth of the supraclavicular nodes and the patient separation? ii  What is the relationship between the depth of the axillary nodes and the patient separation?  Does the target volume receive adequate dose coverage from the plans?  How is dose to the heart volume affected by target coverage on both plans?  How is dose to the lung volume affected by target coverage on both plans?  What is the dose variability along the matchline?  Are the plans over dosing?  Are the plans under dosing? / M

In recent years, an increasing amount of research has been conducted on the topic of personal spiritual practices, such as prayer. Fewer studies have been conducted on reasons for changes in the frequency of such practices within the church. Those that have addressed church behavior have most often measured attendance and membership. It is the goal of this study to conceptualize potential causes for changes in personal prayer practice at one church. A yearlong marketing campaign was used to help increase church attenders’ frequency of the personal spiritual practice of prayer. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted one-year apart and revealed a significant increase in prayer. Possible reasons for this change, limitations and suggestions for further research will be discussed.

Background: Participation in physical activity (PA) is influenced by a multitude of factors. Traditionally, research has focused on several theoretical frameworks focusing on the individual ; however, they do not necessarily take into consideration other influencing factors such as the social environment or the physical or built environment. As such, a comprehensive socio-ecological model considering a multiplicity of factors is useful in explaining behaviour. Aims: To 1) assess the prevalence of the individual level correlates and their association with PA and walking; 2) assess the prevalence of environmental determinants and neighbourhood characteristics and the association between these and PA and walking behaviours; 3) explore within a comprehensive and socio-ecological approach, the contribution of the individual, social, and environmental factors in predicting PA and walking. Methods: The studies used in this thesis are national, random-digit dialling telephone-based surveys of a representative population sample within Canada. All research questions and procedures underwent ethics review at York University. The studies incorporated a two-stage probability selection process to select a survey respondent, and included a number of standard self-report measures across the data collection cycles. PA and all-domain walking were measured using the telephone-administered, short International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the neighbourhood environment was measured using an abbreviated version of the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS), and individual factors such as knowledge about amount of PA required for guidelines, beliefs about the benefits of PA, self-efficacy, intention, and initial behaviour changes. Walking for transport was measured through the Physical Activity Monitor and walking for recreation were measured through an adapted version of the Minnesota Leisure-Time PA questionnaire (for the 2007 collection only). Complex sampling methods were required to take into account stratification by province or territory within Canada. Complex samples cross-tabulation procedures were used to calculate the prevalence estimates of Canadians meeting the PA and walking guidelines and 95% confidence intervals. The relationship between factors predicting sufficient activity and sufficient walking were examined using complex samples logistic regression procedures that were reflect the sample design. This thesis explored associations and the relative strength of the factors as the independent measures predicting sufficient PA and sufficient walking as the dependent measures, using age, sex, and education as covariates for each of these models. Chapter Six expands this model by including walking for recreation and transportation, and examining sub-population groups. Results: Individual factors (e.g., self-efficacy, intention, and some trial behaviours) and social factors were associated with sufficient PA and certain types of walking. Relatively few environmental factors were associated with sufficient walking (all domain and domain-specific) or sufficient PA. The relationship between high density neighbourhoods and higher rates of walking (generally and specific), and the availability of supportive walking facilities with various modes of walking were evident. Proximity of many shops and the presence of sidewalks were associated with the highest quartile of walking for transport. A greater number of the individual factors predicted walking and PA compared to the environmental/neighbourhood factors, within the context of a full socio-ecological model. Findings differed when stratified by age and sex of respondents. Conclusions: The results suggest that individual factors may be more relevant for predicting activity and walking than environmental factors, or at least should be considered in their inter-relationship with environmental factors when developing environment-based interventions. Although the inter-relationship between individual factors, social factors and the built environment are important, understanding individual factors are critical for determining strategies and interventions to promote PA among certain populations with traditionally lower levels of activity. Findings suggest that within countries like Canada, with a relative abundance of supportive environments, more specific and detailed measures of the perceived and objective physical environment may be required in order to achieve sufficient variation.

En studie gjord av den internationella mäklarfirman Knight Frank placerar den svenska bostadsmarknaden på en fjärde plats i rankingen över världens hetaste bostadsmarknader. Många kommuner i Sverige har upplevt en kraftig prisutveckling på bostäder de senaste åren och det är därför viktigt att studera den svenska bostadsmarknaden och dess priser. Syftet med denna studie är således att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som påverkar prisutvecklingen på småhus i Sveriges kommuner. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie över 288 kommuner där förändringen i bostadspriserna studeras under åren 1996 till 2015. Studien har utförts med hjälp av en statistisk metod i form av en regressionsanalys som har delats upp i två perioder: 1996 till 2005 och 2006 till 2015. Den beroende variabeln är prisutvecklingen på bostäder och de förklarande variablerna är utbudet av bostäder, förvärvsinkomst, arbetslöshet, befolkning och kommunalskatt. Regressionsanalysen visar att befolkningsökningen är den variabel som är signifikant med prisutvecklingen under den första perioden och alla förklarande variabler utom kommunalskatten ärsignifikanta under den andra perioden. Genom den deskriptiva statistiken kan vi även se ett samband mellan utbud av bostäder per invånare och prisutvecklingen på bostäder. / According to a study by the international real estate firm Knight Frank, the Swedish housing market is in a fourth place in the rankings of the world's hottest housing markets. Many municipalities in Sweden have experienced a strong price trend in housing during recent years. Therefore, it is important to study the Swedish housing market and its prices. The purpose of the study is to examine which factors affect the increase in house prices in Sweden's municipalities. We have made a cross-sectional study of 288 municipalities and studying the change in housing prices from year 1996 to 2015. The study was conducted using a statistical method in form of a regression analysis that has been divided into two time periods: 1996 to 2005 and 2006 to 2015. The dependent variable is the change in housing prices and the explanatory variables are the supply of housing, professional income, unemployment rate, population rate and municipal taxes. The regression analysis show that population growth is the variable that is significant to the price trend during the first period. All the explanatory variables except municipal taxes is significant during the second period. Through the descriptive statistics, we can also see a connection between supply of housing per capita and increases in house prices.

Title: Patient perspective of medication information desired Student: Kalaitzidis Panagiotis Tutor: Jiri Vlcek Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Background: Even from the decade of 1970, patients wanted more information about drugs and did not want to be so depended on the information the physician provided them. Today patients are more than ever informed about their disease and the available and appropriate treatment, due to the high volume of information that can be acquired through the Internet. The traditional role of pharmacists was the provision of medicines to the population. However, nowadays, this role has been changed so as to include other tasks, such as management of prescribed medicines, and promotion of health, since pharmacists can serve as a source of expertise knowledge to the customers. Due to the fact that there is no relevant research for the case of Greek patients, this pilot research could help to fill this gap, by trying to find out what kind of information patients want to know about medicines in several pharmacies in Greece. Aim: The aim of this research is to examine what kind of information patients want related to medicines. More precisely, this research will try to identify the type of...

Objetivos: Conhecer a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de Chilpancingo, México, e investigar o efeito independente de alguns fatores de risco ou de proteção para estes desfechos. Métodos: O estudo teve um delineamento transversal e a coleta de dados foi realizada no período de março a maio de 2004. A população de referência foi constituída pelo universo de alunos matriculados em escolas primárias de localização urbana, e a população do estudo foi composta por 700 escolares, de ambos os sexos, através de amostragem probabilística. Além das prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade, que foram estimadas segundo o sexo e a idade, investigaram-se os fatores de risco ou de proteção para estes desfechos, utilizando-se a técnica estatística de regressão logística multivariada, com nível de significância a £ 0,05. As medidas de associação utilizadas foram os \"Odds Ratios\", estimados por pontos e por intervalos com 95% de confiança. As análises foram desenvolvidas no software STATA, versão 7.0. Resultados: Para o conjunto dos escolares, as prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade foram, respectivamente, 28,1% e 13,7%. No sexo masculino, as respectivas prevalências foram 23,0% e 16,0%, e no feminino, 33,9% e 12,1%. Entre os escolares com menos de 10 anos de idade, a prevalência de sobrepeso foi 25,7% e a de obesidade, 16,3%. Nos escolares com mais de 10 anos, as respectivas prevalências foram 32,5% e 10,8%. Os fatores de risco para o sobrepeso, nos escolares de Chilpancingo, compuseram o seguinte elenco: \"nº de anos de escolaridade da mãe\"; \"hábito de comer enquanto estudavam ou assistiam TV\"; \"escores de alimentos de risco classificados no 2º ou 3º tercil de consumo\";\"atividade sedentária classificada no 2º ou 3º tercil\" e \"peso a nascer no 2º ou 3º tercil\". O \"nº de ix vezes/semana de pratica de atividades esportivas fora da escola\" foi identificado como fator de proteção. Os fatores de risco para a obesidade, nos escolares de Chilpancingo, compuseram o seguinte elenco: \"escores de alimentos de risco classificados no 2º ou 3º tercil de consumo\"; \"atividade sedentária no 2º ou 3º tercil\"; \"peso a nascer no 2º ou 3º tercil\" e \"ser filho de pai obeso\". O \"nº de vezes/semana de pratica de atividades esportivas fora da escola\" foi identificado como fator de proteção. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo permitiram a identificação dos principais fatores de risco ou de proteção para o sobrepeso e a obesidade, indicando o direcionamento de programas de intervenção para estes desfechos e que possam contribuir para a prevenção de doenças crônicas nesta população, cujos fatores de risco já podem ser identificados a partir da infância. / Objectives: Get to know the prevalence rates for overweight and obesity among school children in Chilpancingo, Mexico, and examine how some risk or protection factors independently affect these outcomes. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were collected between March and May 2004. The reference population corresponded to the universe of students enrolled in primary schools located in urban areas, and the study population consisted of 700 school children, both boys and girls, by means of a probabilistic sample. Besides prevalence rates for overweight and obesity, which were estimated according to gender and age, this study examined the risk or protection factors for these outcomes, using the multivariate logistic regression technique with an a £ 0.05 significance level. The adopted association methods were the odds ratios, which were estimated by points and intervals, using a 95% confidence level. These analyses were developed through STATA software, version 7.0. Results: Prevalence rates for overweight and obesity amounted to 28.1% and 13.7%, respectively, in the group of school children. Rates among boys corresponded to 23.0% and 16.0% and, among girls, to 33.9% and 12.1%, respectively. In the group under 10 years old, the prevalence was 25.7% for overweight and 16.3% for obesity while, in the group over 10 years old, prevalence rates amounted to 32.5% and 10.8%, respectively. Risk factors for overweight among school children in Chilpancingo were as follows: \"mother\'s schooling in years\"; \"habit of eating while studying or watching TV\"; \"scores for risk food items classified in the 2nd and 3rd consumption tercile\"; \"sedentary activity classified in the 2nd and 3rd tercile\" and \"birth weight in the 2nd and 3rd tercile\". The \"number of times/week the child practices sports outside school\" was identified as a protection factor. Risk xiii factors for obesity among school children in Chilpancingo were as follows: \"scores for risk food items classified in the 2nd and 3rd consumption tercile\"; \"sedentary activity classified in the 2nd and 3rd tercile\"; \"birth weight in the 2nd and 3rd tercile\" and \"having an obese father\". The \"number of times/week the child practices sports outside school\" was identified as a protection factor. Conclusions: These study results allowed us to identify the main risk or protection factors for overweight and obesity, indicating the need to direct intervention programs at these outcomes, which may contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases in this population, whose risk factors can already be identified in childhood.

A região do Estuário de Santos e São Vicente é alvo da ocupação desordenada e degradação ambiental em decorrência do despejo de toneladas de resíduos tóxicos produzidos por empresas do pólo industrial de Cubatão que contaminam rios, solo, fauna e a população estabelecida próxima a estes depósitos industriais irregulares. O fígado é um dos órgãos que podem ser afetados por estes contaminantes, pois é o local de neutralização de substâncias tóxicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar prevalência de doenças do fígado e alterações nas enzimas hepáticas bem como indicadores de exposição a poluentes químicos em áreas contaminadas do Estuário de Santos e São Vicente e é parte de um projeto financiado pelo CNPq. Foi adotado o desenho transversal e foram selecionados 820 domicílios em cada uma das quatro áreas do Estuário (Pilões e Água-Fria, Cubatão Centro, São Vicente Continental e Guarujá) e em uma área localizada fora do Estuário (Bertioga). Na primeira fase foi realizado um inquérito de morbidade referida nas áreas selecionadas. O instrumento de coleta de informações foi um questionário estruturado e prétestado. Foram estimadas as proporções das doenças do fígado, hepatite, cirrose e câncer de fígado e vias biliares por área, a associação entre desfechos e áreas e diferenças entre proporções. Foram realizados modelos de regressão logística para investigação de possíveis fatores de risco para as doenças hepáticas. Na segunda fase, em uma amostra dos participantes da primeira fase, foram feitas sorologias para hepatites B e C e dosados os níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase (ALT ou TGP), mercúrio e chumbo. Modelos de regressão logística foram usados para estimar fatores de risco para alterações enzimáticas. Foi avaliada a associação entre alterações nos níveis da enzima hepática e os níveis de chumbo e mercúrio no sangue. A prevalência de doenças do fígado entre todos os entrevistados foi de 1.5% e de 1.4% entre os sem exposição a produtos químicos e álcool. Entre os que mencionaram presença de doença do fígado, 1/3 dos que relataram ter hepatite e metade dos que relataram ter outras doenças do fígado, não apresentaram as duas exposições. Nesta mesma amostra, hepatite foi a doença mais relatada e houve associação estatística entre residir em Pilões e Água-Fria e ter hepatite (p = 0,001). O consumo de produtos alimentícios produzidos localmente (frutas) (RC = 3,91; IC95%: 1,70 8,99) e de água de fontes locais (RC = 4,44; IC95%: 1,73 11,40) mostraram-se fatores de risco para doenças hepáticas. A proporção de alterações nos níveis de alanina aminotransferase (ALT ou TGP) foi de aproximadamente 11%. O IMC elevado apresentou-se como fator de risco para a presença de alteração na enzima hepática (RC = 2,8; IC95%: 1,25 6,27). Entretanto, 20% dos indivíduos com ALT elevada apresentavam IMC normal e sorologia para hepatites B e C negativas. Nesta mesma amostra não houve associação entre concentrações de metais no sangue e níveis séricos de ALT. Estes resultados indicam que a exposição ambiental através de rotas de contaminação atuais ainda é um claro problema de saúde pública na região estuarina de Santos e São Vicente. / The Santos and Sao Vicente estuary region is the scene of unplanned occupation and environmental degradation due to the dumping of toxic waste tons produced by companies in the industrial hub of Cubatão that contaminate rivers, soil, fauna and people close to these irregular industrial deposits. The liver is an organ that may be affected by these contaminants once it is the local for neutralization of toxic substances. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of liver disease and abnormal liver enzymes as well as indicators of exposure to chemical pollutants in contaminated areas of the estuary of Santos and São Vicente and is part of a project financed by CNPq. It was adopted a cross sectional design and were selected 820 households in each of the four areas of the estuary (Pilões Água Fria, Cubatão Center, Continental São Vicente and Guarujá) and 820 households in an area outside the estuary (Bertioga). In the first phase a survey of referred morbidity was carried out in the selected areas. The information collection instrument was a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. We estimated the proportions of liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer of both liver and biliary tract by area, the association between outcomes and areas and differences between proportions. We performed logistic regression models to investigate possible risk factors for liver disease. In the second phase, in a sample of participants from the first phase, we carried out hepatitis serology (B and C) and measured serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), mercury, and lead. Logistic regression models were used to estimate risk factors for enzyme abnormal levels. We evaluated the association between changes in liver enzyme levels and blood lead and mercury levels. The prevalence of liver disease among all respondents was 1.5% and 1.4% among those without exposure to chemicals and alcohol. Among those who mentioned the presence of liver disease, 1/3 of those who reported having hepatitis and half of those who reported having other diseases of the liver did not present the two exposures. In the same sample, hepatitis was the most prevalent disease and it was observed statistical association between living in Pilões Água Fria and having hepatitis (p = 0.001). The consumption of locally produced food products (fruits) (OR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.70 to 8.99) and water from local sources (OR = 4.44, 95% CI: 1.73 - 11 40) were risk factors for liver diseases. The proportion of participants with high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) was approximately 11%. Increased BMI was presented as a risk factor for the alterations in liver enzyme (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.25 - 6.27). However, 20% of individuals with elevated ALT had a normal BMI and negative serum tests for hepatitis B and C. In the same sample there was no association between ALT serum concentrations and blood metals levels. These results indicate that exposure through environmental contamination routes is still present and it is a clear public health problem in the estuary of Santos and São Vicente.

O treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) emergiu como uma alternativa ao treinamento de força tradicional, com intensidades variando entre moderada a alta, principalmente para idosos que possam apresentar alguma limitação ou dificuldade na realização do treinamento mais intenso. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar a efetividade do TFR na modulação dos níveis de força, área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) e dos diferentes tipos de fibra (ASTF) bem como da quantidade de células satélites (CS) e mionúcleos (MIO) presentes nas células musculares de indivíduos idosos e comparar os ganhos proporcionados por esse treinamento com os ganhos do treinamento de força tradicional. Trinta sujeitos foram alocados de maneira aleatória e balanceada, pela área de secção transversa muscular do quadríceps, nos seguintes grupos: grupo controle (GC), treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) e treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFAI). Após 12 semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana, com o exercício Leg Press ambos os grupos, TFR e TFAI apresentaram aumentos nos níveis de força muscular (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectivamente) e na ASTM do quadríceps (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectivamente). O grupo controle não apresentou nenhuma alteração significativa dessas variáveis. Após o período de intervenção, a ASTF bem como a quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras musculares não apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significantes para nenhum dos grupos. Entretanto, no grupo controle foi observada uma queda na ASTF (tipo I = -10%; tipo II = -1%) e também na quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras (CS = -29,2%; MIO = -9,7%). Para o grupo TFR foi observado um aumento na ASTF tipo II de 13%, contudo um decréscimo de 6% na ASTF do tipo I. Na quantidade de CS o grupo TFR apresentou uma queda de 5% enquanto que para quantidade de MIO foi apresentado um acréscimo de 14,6%. Já o grupo TFAI apresentou uma elevação de 15% na ASTF para ambos os tipos de fibra, I e II. A quantidade de CS aumentou em 32,6% enquanto que a quantidade de MIO presente nas fibras musculares aumentou 3,6%. Os achados do presente estudo mostram adaptações similares nos ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular entre o TFR e o TFAI, sendo ambos efetivos em reverter os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento nessas variáveis, consolidando assim o TFR como uma possível alternativa ao TFAI. Quanto à modulação da ASTF bem como da quantidade de CS e MIO por fibra muscular, se comparado ao controle, que apresentou queda nos níveis dessas variáveis, ambos os treinos TFR e TFAI foram capazes de retardar o efeito do envelhecimento sobre essas variáveis, sendo o TFAI mais efetivo em modular a ASTF do tipo I e a quantidade de CS por fibra em dozes semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana. Já para modulação da quantidade de MIO por fibra, o TFR apresentou uma ligeira vantagem frente ao TFAI. Dessa forma, em nível celular, no que diz respeito à ASTF, CS e MIO ambos os treinos, após 12 semanas com uma frequência de treinamento baixa, parecem capazes de preservar os níveis dessas variáveis frente ao processo de envelhecimento / The low load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) emerged as an alternative training mode to traditional resistance training (RT), with moderate to high intensities, mainly to elderly, with some limitations or losses, unable to exercise the traditional RT. Thus, the aim of the present study was comparing the effectiveness of BFR to promote strength gains, increases in the muscle and fibers cross sectional area (CSAm and CSAf in that order) as well as an augment in the muscle satellite cells (SC) and myonucleous (MYO) contents in elderly with RT results in these variables. Thirty elderly individuals were ranked in quartiles according to their initial quadriceps CSA and then randomly allocated into one of the following groups: control (CG), low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction group (BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT). After 12 weeks of training, twice a week, using the Leg Press exercise, both groups, BFR and HRT presented increases to muscle strength (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectively) and CSAm (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectively). The CG did not present any significantly alteration in these variables. After the intervention, the CSAf as well as the SC and MYO contents did not show any significantly alteration for the three groups. However in the CG was observed a CSAf decreases (type I = -16%; type II = -12%) even as in the SC and MYO (CS= -29,2; MYO = -9,7%). To the BFR group was observed an increase of 13% in the type II CSAf while type I presented a decrease of 6%. The CS content decreases 5% whereas MYO content show a increase of 14,6%. To the HRT, both fibers type, I and II, presented an increase in the CSAf (type I = 1%; type II = 12%). To CS and MYO contents HRT showed an augment of 32,6% and 3,6 % respectively. These finds indicate similar strength and hypertrophy gains between BFR and HRT, being both training capable to offset age-related loss in muscle strength and mass, placing the BFR as a surrogate approach to HRT. Comparing the CSAf as well as SC and MYO modulation after intervention in both groups with the control group, BFR and HRT seems capable to break the aging impact on these variables, being the HRT slightly more effective to increase the type I CSA and CS contents while BFR seems slight more effective to increase MYO contents after 12 weeks of training twice a week. On this way both training, BFR and HRT, showed able to preserve CSAf levels even as CS and MYO content during aging