The global carbon cycle is subject to intense research, where sources and sinks for greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide in particular, are estimated for various systems and biomes. Lakes have previously been neglected in carbon balance estimations, but have recently been recognized to be significant net sources of CO2. This thesis estimates emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from boreal lakes and factors regulating the CO2 saturation from field measurements of CO2 concentration along with a number of chemical, biological and physical parameters. Concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was found to be the most important factor for CO2 saturation in lake water, whereas climatic parameters such as precipitation, temperature and global radiation were less influential. All lakes were supersaturated with and, thus, sources of CO2. Sediment incubation experiments indicated that in-lake mineralization processes during summer stratification mainly occurred in the pelagial. Approximately 10% of the CO2 emitted from the lake surface was produced in epilimnetic sediments. The mineralization of DOC and emission of CO2 from freshwaters was calculated on a catchment basis for almost 80,000 lakes and 21 major catchments in Sweden, together with rates of sedimentation in lakes and export of organic carbon to the sea. The total export of terrestrial organic carbon to freshwaters could thereby be estimated and consequently also the importance of lakes for the withdrawal of organic carbon export from terrestrial sources to the sea. Lakes removed 30-80% of imported terrestrial organic carbon, and mineralization and CO2 emission were much more important than sedimentation of carbon. The carbon loss was closely related to water retention time, where catchments with short residence times (<1 year) had low carbon retentions, whereas in catchments with long residence times (>3 years) a majority of the imported TOC was removed in the lake systems. The Gulf of Bothnia was also studied in this thesis and found to be a net heterotrophic system, emitting large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere on an annual basis. The rate of CO2 emission was depending on the balance between primary production and bacterial respiration, and the system was oscillating between being a source and a sink of CO2.

La stratigraphie synrift du bloc de faille est divisée en trois groupes stratigraphiques, représentant une épaisseur de 1624 m. Le Groupe inférieur est composé de sédiments fluvio-lacustres, le Groupe moyen comporte les Gilbert-deltas géants et leurs faciès fins associés, le Groupe supérieur est formé de Gilbert-deltas récents à actuels ainsi que de formations superficielles. La discordance basale de l’Unité du prérift présente une paléotopographie. La phase d'extension précoce (Groupe inférieur) est caractérisée par une très faible subsidence assurée par l’activité précoce de la faille de Pirgaki et des failles mineures. La transition avec la phase d'extension principale (Groupe moyen) est marquée par un approfondissement du bassin ainsi que par une augmentation du taux de subsidence. La phase d'abandon et de soulèvement du bloc (Groupe supérieur) est caractérisée par des évènements de creusement-comblement. Le Gilbert-delta géant de Kerinitis se serait déposé dans la période Pléistocène inférieur-Pléistocène moyen, en milieu marin. L’étude de la sédimentologie de faciès a permis de mettre en évidence quatre associations de faciès : topset, foreset, bottomset, prodelta. L’architecture stratigraphique est composée de onze Unités Stratigraphiques (SU) séparées par onze Surfaces Stratigraphiques (KSS). Dans un contexte de création continue d’espace d’accommodation, les SU se déposent pendant les maxima et les périodes de chute du niveau marin. Les KSS se mettent en place pendant des périodes d’augmentation du niveau marin. Les quatres étapes de construction du Gilbert-delta de Kerinitis ont enregistré le début, le maximum et l’arrêt de l’activité du système de failles / Synrift stratigraphy on a normal fault block is subdivided into three groups. The Lower group is composed of continental sediments (fluvio-lacustrine). The Middle group contains the giant Gilbert-type fan deltas and their associated fine-grained facies. The Upper group is composed of the recent to present day Gilbert-deltas and superficial deposits. The Lower group is marked by a low subsidence rate on the young Pirgaki fault and some secondary faults. A marked increase in subsidence rate mark the transition to the Middle group. It is proposed that the increase in subsidence rate is due to the connexion between two major faults. The Upper group was deposited during uplift of the study area in the footwall of the Helike fault. It is suggested that the giant Kerinitis Gilbert-type fan delta was deposited during the Early to early Middle Pleistocene, under marine conditions. Facies characterizing a range of depositional processes are assigned to four facies associations: topset, foreset, bottomset and prodelta. The stratal architecture is composed of eleven Key Stratal Surfaces (KSS) separating eleven Stratal Units (SU). In this subsidence-dominated system, each SU records a highstand period and principally a period of decreasing eustatic sea level. The KSS, record transgressions that took place in periods of rapid sea level rise. The eustatic signal, controlling the deposition of the SU is of higher frequency than the tectonic signal, which controlled four stages of delta growth. The four delta growth stages are linked with the initiation, maximum growth and the abrupt death of the Pirgaki-Kerinitis fault system

Orientador: Lucas Veríssimo Warren / Resumo: O evento de ruptura do Gondwana no Cretáceo foi responsável pela reativação de estruturas do Pré-Cambriano e geração de diversas bacias interiores do tipo rifte no Nordeste do Brasil. Nesse contexto, a sucessão sedimentar da Bacia do Araripe registra as sequências pré-, sin- e pós-rifte formadas durante os distintos estágios tectono-sedimentares envolvidos na formação do Oceano Atlântico Sul. A Formação Araripina do Albiano Médio faz parte da sequência pós-rifte, é limitada na base por discordância litológica com rochas do embasamento ou por discordância angular com a Formação Romualdo, marinha. No topo, é limitada por discordância erosiva ou angular com os depósitos fluviais da Formação Exu. A Formação Araripina é composta principalmente de intercalações rítmicas de arenitos e lamitos, e a sucessão sedimentar é dividida em duas sequências deposicionais, SD1 e SD2, por uma superfície de truncamento regional. Sob essa superfície tectônica, em SD1, a associação de fácies mostra que a sedimentação foi em planícies intermediárias a distais de sistemas fluviais distributivos sujeitas a inundações episódicas associadas a canais efêmeros e à fluxos laminares, com evidências de complexos de splays terminais e laterais, pequenos lagos efêmeros e tectônica ativa. Acima da superfície, a SD2 apresenta menor evidência de tectonismo e de aporte sedimentar. O ambiente deposicional imediatamente após a superfície é compatível com depósitos de playa lake em diversos afloramentos estudados, pr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Cretaceous Gondwana breakup event was responsible for the reactivation of Precambrian structures producing several interior rift basins in the Northeast Brazil. In this context, the sedimentary succession of the Araripe Basin record the pre, syn and post-rift sequences formed during the distinct tectono-sedimentary stages involved in the formation of the South Atlantic Ocean. The Middle Albian Araripina Formation is part of the post-rift sequence, bounded at base by basement rocks (nonconformity) or by the marine Romualdo Formation (angular unconformity). It is bounded at the top by a disconformity/angular unconformity with the fluvial deposits of the Exu Formation. The Araripina Formation is mainly composed of rhythmically interbedded sandstones and mudstones, and the succession is divided in two (DS1 and DS2) by a major truncating surface. Under this tectonic surface, in DS1, facies association shows that sedimentation was likely in a plain with medial to distal distributive fluvial systems. This plain was subjected to episodic inundations associated with ephemeral channels and sheetfloods, with evidences of terminal splays complexes, lateral splays, small playa lakes and active tectonics. Above the surface, the DS2 presents a more lenient tectonic setting and less sediment suppy. The depositional environment immediately after the surface is compatible with playa lake deposits in several studied places, probably in response to the previous tectonic activity. Overall, it... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Le paysage littoral de la basse vallée de l’Aude est composé d’une mosaïque de milieux laguno-deltaïques mobiles à l’échelle des derniers millénaires. Du fait de cette mobilité et de l’ancienneté de l’occupation humaine, continue depuis le Néolithique, la compréhension des dynamiques environnementales passées constitue une problématique incontournable de la recherche archéologique narbonnaise. Le travail que nous présentons vise à identifier et expliquer les transformations de ce paysage fluvio-lagunaire à l’Holocène, à partir de l’analyse sédimentologique et micropaléontologique des enregistrements sédimentaires datés au radiocarbone. Dans un premier temps, une étude de la répartition spatiale actuelle des ostracodes des lagunes et embouchures fluviales modernes est proposée en vue d’utiliser cette microfaune comme bioindicateur privilégié des conditions environnementales passées dans la zone d’étude. Elle repose sur le prélèvement d’une soixantaine d’échantillons de sédiments de surface provenant de différents complexes paraliques de Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Les assemblages d’ostracodes actuels permettent de caractériser différents stades d’isolement des bassins, des lagunes complètement fermées jusqu’aux baies largement ouvertes sur la mer, ainsi que la variabilité intra-lagunaire des milieux en relation avec la proximité des embouchures et des graus. La base de données présentée peut être utilisée, à titre comparatif, pour reconstituer les dynamiques géomorphologiques littorales holocènes, telles que la mobilité deltaïque et l’évolution des systèmes barrières-lagunes, dans le golfe du Lion. Dans un second temps, l’étude des enregistrements sédimentaires a permis d’appréhender l’évolution du littoral narbonnais à l’Holocène. Elle repose sur neuf sondages carottés répartis sur les deux branches deltaïques, méridionale et orientale, de l’Aude. Les résultats obtenus permettent de proposer un scénario paléogéographique reconstituant la dynamique des environnements de la basse vallée depuis 9500 ans cal. BP, en même temps qu’ils renseignent le contexte local de la remontée du niveau marin holocène dans l’intervalle 9500-6000 ans cal. BP. Plusieurs problématiques sous-jacentes à l’évolution des paléoenvironnements littoraux narbonnais sont discutées. Elles concernent les modalités de la transgression holocène dans les lagunes du golfe du Lion, l’enregistrement d’un événement marin extrême en fond de ria vers 5200-5000 ans cal. BP, et le rythme de progradation accéléré du delta de l’Aude durant le dernier millénaire. L’identification de deux périodes d’enrichissement en plomb cohérentes avec les principaux pics d’exploitation minière connus en Languedoc à la charnière du changement d’ère et au début du Moyen-âge classique suggère un enregistrement de la fluctuation historique des activités métallurgiques. / The present day Aude valley’s coastal landscape is the result of unstable lagoonal and deltaic environments during the last millennia. The understanding of past environmental dynamics is a key issue of the local ar-chaeological research, because since the Neolithic period human beings have settled in this area. This work aims to identify and explain the fluvio-lagoonal landscape’s evolution in the Narbonne region during the Holocene by using sedimentology, micropalaeontology and radiocarbon sediment datations. First, we analysed the present ostracods spatial distribution in modern lagoons and river mouths in order to use this microfauna as a bioindicator of past environmental conditions in the study area. Various aquatic envi-ronments (60) from the NW Mediterranean coastline were studied. The present ostracod assemblages characterize different stages of isolation, from completely closed lagoons to widely open marine bays, as well as intra-lagoonal environmental variability in relation to the inlets and river mouth proximities. The proposed database can be used to reconstruct coastal geomorphologies and dynamics, such as the holocene evolution of delta and barrier-lagoon systems in the Gulf of Lion. Second, sedimentary recording studies have been used to analyse the Narbonne’s coastal evolution. This study is based on nine cores distributed over the southern and eastern deltaic branches of the Aude river. With theses results, it is possible to propose a palaeogeographic scenario associated with the environmental dynamics of the lower valley since 9500 years cal. BP. This same data informs us about the local context of the Holocene sea level rise during the 9500-6000 years cal. BP. Several issues are discussed such as : the Holocene’s transgressions of the Gulf of Lion’s lagoons, the extreme marine event near the bay head delta around 5200-5000 years cal. BP, and the Aude delta’s rapid progradation during the last millennium. Additionally, we identified two periods of lead enrichment; which are consistent with the major mining peaks known in Languedoc (beginning of the first century AD - beginning of the classical Middle ages) and suggest a record of fluctuating metallurgical activity.

Conciliar as crescentes demandas da produção agrícola com a garantia da produtividade do solo exige decisões rápidas e apoiadas em informação confiável acerca de impactos esperados. Compreender o efeito de grandes dinâmicas de alteração do uso do solo sustenta decisões futuras quanto à implementação de práticas sustentáveis de manejo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a dinâmica da produção de sedimentos no Rio Grande do Sul em conseqüência da evolução do plantio direto a partir da modelagem em larga escala de dados secundários acesso público. Primeiramente, a validade da aplicação de um modelo de predição de erosão em larga escala foi testada no estado de São Paulo com variáveis exógenas relativas a bacias hidrográficas. À exceção da adoção de práticas de conservação, os demais fatores da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo foram calculados e espacializados em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas. Os dados de perda de solo foram combinados com parâmetros ligados a forma das bacias hidrográficas, sua declividade, a ocorrências de represamentos e matas ciliares; e usados como variáreis explicativas da carga de sedimentos nos rios através de modelos de regressão multivariada. A produção de sedimentos foi correlacionada à perda de solo estimada e à presença de grandes reservatórios nos terços inferiores das bacias (R²=0,55). Na aplicação do modelo testado, a perda de solo esteve diretamente relacionada ao uso da terra, concentrando altas taxas de erosão nas áreas ocupadas por agricultura de cultivos anuais. A partir da comprovação do método, este pôde ser utilizado na avaliação do efeito da mudança no manejo do solo em larga escala ocorrida no Rio Grande do Sul a partir da década de 80. Impulsionado por uma complexa estrutura social favorável, o Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) foi amplamente adotado no estado. O fator cobertura do solo, que engloba uso e manejo foi obtido através dos Censos Agropecuários e monitoramentos estaduais da área de SPD dos anos de 1985, 1996 e 2006. Vinte e nove bacias hidrográficas foram determinadas a partir de estações sedimentométricas e separadas em agrícolas e de pastagem. A proporção de área agrícola determina o efeito do SPD no controle da erosão na bacia. A produção de sedimentos não variou nas áreas com pastagem e foi menor que a produção nas bacias agrícolas nos anos de 1985 e 1996. Nas áreas agrícolas, a produção de sedimentos diminuiu em 1996 e em 2006, quando se igualou à produção das bacias com pastagem. A adoção do SPD apresentou uma redução média na carga de sedimentos de 82%, valor próximo da redução das taxas de erosão testada em experimentos com plantio direto. O método sugerido permitiu a compreensão da distribuição espacial da erosão e sua dinâmica temporal em função do uso da terra. Modelos como este podem subsidiar a tomada de decisão, com potencial para avaliação de serviços ambientais fornecidos pelos agricultores, ferramentas determinantes na disseminação de práticas conservacionistas. / Reconcile the increasing demands of agricultural production with the assurance of soil productivity requires quick decisions and supported by reliable information about the expected impact. Understand the effect of large dynamic change of land use maintains future decisions regarding the implementation of sustainable agricultural management practices. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of sediment production in Rio Grande do Sul in consequence of the no-till evolution by large scale modeling with easily accessible data. First, the validity of applying a predictive model of erosion on a large scale was tested in the state of Sao Paulo with exogenous variables related to watersheds. Except for the adoption of conservation practices, all factors of Universal Equation of Soil Loss (USLE) were calculated and spatialized in Geographic Information Systems. The soil loss data were combined with parameters related to the shape of river basins, its slope, the occurrence of dams and riparian areas, and used as explanatory variables of the load of sediment in rivers through multivariate regression models. The sediment yield was correlated with the estimated soil loss and the presence of large reservoirs in the lower thirds of the basins (R² = 0.55). In applying the model tested, the soil loss was directly related to land use, focusing high rates of erosion in areas occupied by annual crops. From the proof of the method, this might be used in evaluating the effect of large scale changes in soil management occurred in Rio Grande do Sul from the 80s. Driven by a complex social structure, the no-till system (NT) has been widely adopted in the state. The soil cover factor, which includes the use and management, was obtained through the state Agricultural Censuses and monitoring of the area of SPD of the years 1985, 1996 and 2006. Twenty-nine watersheds were determined from sediment stations and separated into agricultural and pasture. The proportion of agricultural area determines the effect of the NT to control erosion in the basin. The sediment yield did not vary in areas with pasture and was lower than production in the agricultural basin in the years 1985 and 1996. In agricultural areas, the sediment production declined in 1996 and 2006, when it equaled the production of watersheds with pasture. The adoption of the NT showed an average reduction in sediment load of 82%, a value close to the reduction of soil erosion rates tested in experiments with tillage. The suggested method allowed the spatial understanding of the spatial distribution of erosion and its temporal dynamics as a function of land use. Models like this can support the decision-making, with potential for assessing environmental services provided by farmers, determinant tools in the spread of conservation practices.

A deriva litorânea é estudada no litoral sul do Espírito Santo através de diferentes técnicas: distribuição de Minerais Pesados (MP); modelo conceitual Análise de Transport de Sedimento (Sediment Trend Analysis - STA), através da variação de parâmetros texturais do sedimento; dados de clima de onda entre 1997 e 2010 do modelo global WaveWatch III propagados para a zona costeira através do modelo Delft-3D, fornecendo parâmetros necessários para as equações de deriva; e imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas para avaliar a variação espaço-temporal da morfologia costeira. O modelo STA mostrou-se confiável apenas nos dois setores ao norte, enquanto nos demais os resultados foram mascarados por altos teores de MP e/ou carbonato e a entrada de outras fácies no sistema; as equações representaram bem a variação da morfologia costeira na área de estudos. De maneira geral, os setores ao sul apresentaram transporte longitudinal para sul, e os setores ao norte, para norte, fato relacionado à batimetria local. A orientação da linha de costa auxiliou na compreensão dos fenômenos erosivos, pois em sua maioria estão orientados no sentido NEN, formando 45º com as ondas dos setores de ESE e SE. / Longshore drift is studied in the southern portion of Espírito Santo through different techniques: Heavy Minerals (HM) distribution; the conceptual model Sediment Trend Analysis (STA) by sediment textural parameters fluctuation; wave climate data between 1997 and 2010 from WaveWatch III propagated to the coastal zone through Delft-3D model, providing the required data for longshore drift equations; and satellite images and aerial photograph to survey time-space coastline variations. The STA model appears to be trustworthy only within the northern sectors, as high HM and/or carbonate content and different facies input into the system may mask the results. Broadly speaking, the southern sectors showed longshore transport southward, while northern sectors showed northward longshore transport, which is related to local bathymetry. Shoreline azimuth helped understanding the location of erosive zones, since most of them are turned NEN, 45o with ESE and SE wave sectors.

Manguezais são formados por grupos de árvores e arbustos que se desenvolvem na zona de intermarés de regiões tropicais. Este ecossistema ao se estabelecer na interface do ambiente marinho e continental, apresenta sua formação relacionada com as flutuações relativas do nível do mar quaternário, através do preenchimento dos vales dos rios, margens de lagunas e baías com sedimentos tanto de origem continental como marinha. O conhecimento da distribuição de partículas e dos minerais constituintes da assembléia mineralógica dos solos em ambiente de planícies estuarinas, auxilia na compreensão de processos de sedimentação e geoquímica dentro dos estuários. O trabalho foi realizado nos manguezais distribuídos ao longo do litoral do Estado de São Paulo, e objetivou-se caracterizar os ambientes de sedimentação de acordo com a granulometria e o processo de evolução quaternária, determinar qualitativamente e semiquantitativamente a assembléia mineralógica e estudar em detalhe os tipos de esmectitas presentes nesses solos. Para tanto foram coletadas amostras de solos de 14 manguezais nas camadas de 0-20 e 60-80cm e de sedimento em suspensão do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, além de amostras de diferentes profundidades para datações. Determinaram-se as frações, argila, silte, areia total e 5 frações da areia, foram realizadas datações 14C por cintilação líquida e AMS na fração humina da matéria orgânica e por termoluminescência em grãos de quartzo. As análises mineralógicas foram realizadas na fração silte e argila e no sedimento em suspensão através de DRX, IV, MET, MEV com microanálise, ATD e ATG, realizou-se também o teste de Greene- Kelly para identificar o tipo de esmectitas presentes nesses solos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que os solos dos manguezais do Estado de São Paulo podem apresentar diferentes texturas desde arenosa até muito argilosa, freqüentemente contêm altos teores de silte e todos têm idade holocênica, oscilando entre 410 anos A.P. e 3.700 anos; a distribuição de partículas está relacionada à morfologia atual do estuário e à natureza dos sedimentos costeiros adjacentes; a assembléia mineralógica da fração fina dos solos é constituída de pirita, nontronita, caulinita, illita, gibbsita, quartzo, feldspato, e localmente ocorrem goethita, vermiculita, biotita, halloysita e anatásio; os minerais alóctones são de origem continental e marinha; a distinção entre os cenários geomorfológicos ao longo do litoral condiciona a distribuição de minerais, e ainda foi inferido que ocorre neoformação de esmectita e de caulinita, e que o processo de oxidação de matéria orgânica nesses solos pode estar utilizando o Fe3+ da nontronita como receptor de elétrons. / Mangroves are formed by groups of trees and shrubs that develop in the intertidal zone of tropical regions. This ecosystem to establish in the interface of both marine and continental environment, present its formation related to the sea-level fluctuations during the quaternary period, where the terrigenous and marine sediments are deposited in rivers valleys, edges of lagoons and bays. The knowledge of both particle distribution and minerals constituent of soils in estuarines areas, can aid to understand the processes of sedimentation and geochemistry in this site. This study was carried out with mangroves distributed along the São Paulo State coast, and aims to characterize the sedimentary environments in accordance with grain size and process of quaternary evolution, to determine qualitatively and semiquantitatively the mineralogical assemblage and to identify the smectites types in these soils. Samples were collected from 14 mangroves soils at the layers 0-20 and 60-80cm, and also was collected sediment in suspension of the Ribeira de Iguape River, and samples of different depths for dating. The clay, silt and total sand sizes and 5 sand fractions were determined, radiocarbon dating were carried out by liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry in humin fraction of the soil organic matter and by thermoluminescence of quartz grains. The mineralogical analyses were carried out by XRD, FTIR, TEM, SEM, DTA and GTA in silt and clay sizes and in the sediment in suspension, also was made the Greene-Kelly test to identify the smectites type. According to the results we concluded that the mangroves soils from São Paulo State have different textures varying from sandy up to very clay, also occuring high silt contents. All the mangroves are holocenic, with ages varying from 410 yr B.P. to 3,700 yr; the particle distribution is related to the current geomorphological setting of the estuary and the origin of coastal sediments. The mineralogical assemblage is constituted of pyrite, nontronite, kaolinite, illite, biotite, gibbsite, quartz, feldspars, and locally occurs goethite, vermiculite, halloysite and anatase; the aloctones minerals are from both the terrigenous and marine origin; the difference between geomorphological settings along the coastal plain rules mineral distribution, and still it was inferred the neoformation of esmectita and kaolinite and that the process of organic matter mineralization in these soils may be using Fe3+ from nontronite as an electron acceptor.

Le Centre-Est de la Mongolie intérieure, faisant la partie sud-est de la Ceinture Orogénique de l'Asie Centrale (CAOB), est une zone de clé pour étudier l'histoire de l’accrétion-collision entre la Chine du Nord (NCC) et les blocs continentaux du Nord. Les contraintes du cadre tectonique et de la connaissance de l’évolution tectonique sont importantes pour comprendre l’accrétion de la CAOB car il n’y a pas de consensus sur le mode et la période de l'accrétion entre NCC et les blocs du Nord. Par conséquent, des études pluridisciplinaires ont été effectuées sur les roches sédimentaires et magmatiques du Paléozoïque supérieur dans le centre-oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure. Sur la base de nos études sédimentologiques, géochronologiques, géochimiques et paléomagnétiques, et compte tenu des résultats précédents en pétrographie, géochimie et paléontologie, l'évolution sédimentaire et tectonique du Paléozoïque supérieur du Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure a été bien établie. Les études détaillées en sédimentologie et géochimie montrent une transition entre les dépôts molassiques du Dévonien à la dénudation du Carbonifère inférieur et les sédiments marins du Carbonifère supérieure vers les dépôts de bassin d'extension au Permien. D’après nos analyses détaillées des faciès sédimentaires, des caractéristiques géochimiques des roches magmatiques et nos données paléomagnétiques, nous proposons un modèle géodynamique de subduction-collision-extension post-orogénique pour le Paléozoïque au Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure. / Central-eastern Inner Mongolia, located in the southeastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is a key area to study the collisional-accretionary history between the North China Craton (NCC) and the northern continental blocks. The establishment of precise constraints of this tectonic framework and evolutional history are important to understand the accretion of CAOB. However, no any consensus has been achieved about the way and the timing of the accretion between NCC and the northern blocks. Therefore, multidisciplinary studies have been carried out on the Late Paleozoic strata and magmatic rocks in central-eastern Inner Mongolia. Based on our sedimentological analyses, detrital zircon geochronological constraints, geochemical studies and paleomagnetic investigations, integrating the previous results in petrology, geochemistry and paleontology, the Late Paleozoic sedimentary-tectonic evolution of the central-eastern Inner Mongolia has been established. Detailed sedimentological and geochemical studies show a transition from the Devonian molassic deposits to the Early Carboniferous denudation and from the Late Carboniferous inland-sea sediments to the Permian extensional basin deposits. According to the comprehensive analyses on sedimentary facies, geochemical characteristics and paleomagnetic data, we propose a Paleozoic subduction-collision- post-orogenic extension tectonic model for central-eastern Inner Mongolia.

As relações entre tectônica e sedimentação são fatores primordiais na compreensão geológica de sucessões sedimentares. Por sua vez, o estudo de depósitos fluviais pré-silurianos representa um desafio a esta área do conhecimento em consequência da ausência de interação entre rios e plantas terrestres que ocorre nos depósitos fluviais recentes. A Bacia do Camaquã (Ediacarano a Eocambriano) apresenta extensas exposições que possibilitam neste presente trabalho a discussão da sedimentação sob o ponto de vista de um modelo tectônico definido. Através da análise de fácies sedimentares e arquitetura deposicional, a caracterização da unidade estratigráfica basal do Grupo Guaritas (Eocambriano), a Formação Guarda Velha, um espesso pacote sedimentar de depósitos fluviais, levou à reconstituição das características do ambiente de sedimentação, considerando-se a influência da tectônica sin-deposicional e de fatores climáticos. É interpretado um estilo fluvial entrelaçado com grande variação de vazão, alta taxa de aporte sedimentar e grandes dimensões. Diversas estruturas de deformação sinsedimentares de reologia dúctil originadas por sismos são investigadas como indicadores da atividade tectônica sin-sedimentar e correlacionadas às informações de fácies sedimentares e elementos arquiteturais para caracterização do ambiente deposicional, revelando uma bacia com intensa atividade sísmica penecontemporânea. A caracterização dessas estruturas leva ao questionamento sobre o caráter efêmero do sistema fluvial proposto em trabalhos anteriores para a Formação Guarda Velha. Um importante evento reconhecido através da análise de estruturas rúpteis e responsável pela discordância angular entre os Grupos Santa Bárbara e Guaritas, é caracterizado por falhas transcorrentes e oblíquas geradas por compressão NE-SW. As evidências da intensa atividade sísmica sin-deposicional são correlacionadas ao evento regional distensivo com 3 NW-SE e posterior à compressão NE-SW, atribuído ao evento de subisidência responsável pela deposição do Grupo Guaritas. A Bacia do Camaquã apresentou também intensa atividade tectônica após a deposição do Supergrupo Camaquã, notadamente com eventos transcorrentes deformacionais, distintos dos eventos distensionais formadores da bacia. Notadamente foi reconhecido um evento de deformação transcorrente principal na região com direção principal de esforços WNW, estruturas de direção E-W com cinemática destral e estruturas de direção NNE apresentando cinemática sinistral. Este evento foi seguido então por uma distensão NW, que por sua vez precedeu um evento compressivo com direção principal de esforços NNE a N-S, responsável por estruturas com cinemática contrária à do evento transcorrente principal. Finalmente, foi reconhecido um evento de deformação com falhas predominantemente normais geradas por distensão NE, interpretado como de idade cretácea. Desta forma, as evidências coletadas no presente estudo da Formação Guarda Velha revelam intensa atividade sísmica sin-deposicional relacionada ao evento regional distensivo com 3 NW-SE e concomitante a deposição em planícies aluviais com predomínio de carga de fundo e grande variação de vazão, durante a subsidência inicial do rift continental eocambriano do Rio Grande do Sul. / The relationship between tectonics and sedimentation plays a primordial role in the understanding of sedimentary successions. On the other hand, the study of pre-Silurian fluvial deposits represents a challenge due to the lack of interaction between land plants and river systems which characterizes post-Silurian environments. The Camaquã Basin (Ediacaran to Eocambrian) presents extensive exposures allowing investigations of sedimentary environments under a well defined tectonic model. Through the analysis of sedimentary facies and depositional architecture, the geological characterization of the basal stratigraphic unit of the Guaritas Group (Eocambrian), the Guarda Velha Formation, a thick sedimentary strata composed of fluvial deposits, provided the recognition of the sedimentation environment, considering the influence of sin-depositional tectonics and climatic factors. A braided fluvial style with great discharge variation, high sedimentary load and large dimensions was identified. Many seismically triggered ductile sin-sedimentary deformation structures found in the area bring information about the tectonic activity during sedimentation and were correlated using sedimentary facies and architectural elements analysis in order to describe the depositional environment, revealing a basin system dominated by an intense contemporaneous seismic activity. The characterization of these structures lead to a questioning about the until now accepted model of ephemerous channels for this fluvial system. An important event recognized by means of brittle structures analysis was identified as the origin of the angular unconformity between the Santa Bárbara Group and the Guaritas Group which is characterized by strike-slip and oblique faults generated by a NE-SW compression. The intense sin-depositional seismic activity evidences are correlated to an extensional event with 3 direction NW-SE, which post-dates the compression and was responsible for the subsidence of the Guaritas Group. The Camaquã Basin also records an intense tectonic activity that occurred after the deposition of the Camaquã Supergroup, markedly deformational strike-slip events. The most important event recognized on the studied region had a mean WNW stress direction, with E-W structures showing right-slip kinematics and NNE structures presenting left-slip kinematics. Following this event a NW extension followed by a NNE to N-S compression were recognized, the late showing structures with reverse kinematics to the mean strike-slip event. At last, a NE extension event originated normal faults dated of Cretaceous age. Conclusively, the Guarda Velha Formation here collected data reveals an intense seismic activity related to an extension event showing 3 NW-SE concomitantly to a bed load-dominated aluvial plain deposition and great discharge variability, during the initial subsidence of the Guaritas rift (Eocambrian) in southern Brazil.

A zona costeira cearense tem aproximadamente 600 km de extensÃo, distribuÃda em diversas unidades geoambientais. O foco deste trabalho sÃo os Tabuleiros PrÃ-LitorÃneos, moldados em rochas da FormaÃÃo Barreiras, de Paleodunas e Dunas. O plano amostral à composto de 71 poÃos rasos totalizando 360 amostras distribuÃdas por toda zona de Tabuleiros. Por intermÃdio de anÃlises granulomÃtricas, teor de carbonato, morfoscopia, geomorfologia por sensoriamento remoto e determinaÃÃo dos teores de metais em 9. Pelos parÃmetros analisados foi descoberto que a zona de dunas costeiras (paleodunas) nÃo se limita somente aos grandes campos de toda a Ãrea e com forma definida, sendo encontrados em locais antes mapeados como da FormaÃÃo Barreiras. Em geral, as paleodunas se encontram logo abaixo das recentes tendo as mesmas caracterÃsticas. A estratigrafia destes depÃsitos à formada no topo por uma camada bem fina de solo ou por sedimentos provenientes de rios, quando prÃximos ou na abrangÃncia de suas planÃcies de inundaÃÃo. Sotopostos, os sedimentos da FormaÃÃo Barreiras, sendo uma das principais feiÃÃes caracterÃsticas dos Tabuleiros PrÃ-LitorÃneos com granulometria variando de areia mÃdia a fina, com a presenÃa de nÃveis arenoargilosos e conglomerÃticos. O tom predominante à o avermelhado, que vai clareando ao se aproximar do nÃvel freÃtico. A partir de imagens Landsat ETM+ e SRTM, onze perfis topogrÃficos foram traÃados, identificando o comportamento dos Tabuleiros e sua delimitaÃÃo, com Ãnfase as drenagens que recorta a unidade. Os teores de metais presentes nos sedimentos apresentam ordem de abundÃncia Al>Fe>Pb>Mn>Cu, o alumÃnio à mais abundante com teor mÃdio de 5,47 mg.g-1, seguido do ferro, com 1,93 mg.g-1, chumbo com 4,58 ug.g-1, manganÃs com 4,14 ug.g-1 e o cobre, com 0,11 ug.g-1. O alumÃnio à derivado do intemperismo das rochas do embasamento, o ferro de um grupo de minerais que compÃe o embasamento, o chumbo tambÃm à encontrado nas rochas em regiÃes mais interiores, contudo a explicaÃÃo pra seus teores à a urbanizaÃÃo na regiÃo, o manganÃs e o cobre estÃo na ordem de ug.g-1 sua concentraÃÃes muito baixas tem explicaÃÃo na deficiÃncia deste elementos no embasamento. A quantidade mÃdia de matÃria orgÃnica nÃo excedeu 1,17%, e 2.42 % para carbonato de cÃlcio. / The coastal area Cearà has approximately 600 km long, divided into several units geoambientais. The focus of this work are the Pre-coastal trays, molded in the Barreiras Formation rocks of Paleodunas and dunes. The sampling plan consists of 71 shallow wells total of 360 samples distributed throughout the Tablelands area. Through analysis of size, content of carbonate, morfoscopia, geomorphology and remote sensing for determining the levels of metals in the 9th By the parameters analyzed was discovered that the area of coastal dunes (paleodunas) is not limited only to major fields of the whole area and shape, before being found in local map and the Barreiras Formation. In general, the paleodunas are below the recent having the same characteristics. The stratigraphy of these deposits is formed on top and a thin layer of soil or sediment from rivers, or when coming in from their coverage of flood plains. Sotopostos, the sediments of the Barreiras Formation, one of the main features characteristic of pre-coastal trays with a range of medium to fine sand, with the presence of arenoargilosos levels and Conglomerates. The predominant tone is reddish, which will clear when approaching the water table level. The images from Landsat ETM + and Srtm eleven topographic profiles were traced, identifying the behavior of the trays and their boundaries, emphasizing the drainages that cut the unit. The levels of metals in sediments have plenty of order Al> Fe> Pb> Mn> Cu, aluminum is more abundant with average content of 5.47 mg.g-1, followed by iron, with 1.93 mg.g -1, lead ug.g-1 to 4.58, manganese 4.14 to ug.g-1 and copper, with 0.11 ug.g-1. Aluminum is derived from the weathering of rocks of the basement, the iron of a group of minerals that make up the rock, lead is also found on rocks in the more inland, though the explanation for its content is the urbanization in the region, manganese and copper are the order of ug.g-1 is its very low concentrations in the explanation of this deficiency in the light elements. The average quantity of organic matter did not exceed 1.17% and 2.42% for calcium carbonate.