ElectroMagnetic Interferences (EMI) are emerging problems in today's high speed circuits. There are several examples that these interferences affected the circuits and systems. This work tries to reduce the abovementioned problems in synchronous systems by modifying the clock signal such that it produces less interferers. In this thesis first EMI and its sources and related definitions are studied in Chap.1 and then a theoretical background is presented in Chap.2, finally Chap.3 and Chap.4 are dedicated to circuit implementation and simulation results, respectively. A novel multi-segment clocking scheme is presented in this thesis. An analytical methods for formal verification of advantages of this clocking method is presented in Chap.2. Chap.3 and Chap.4 also are devoted to implementation, simulation and comparison of proposed clocking method versus other methods. Since proposed clocking method does not set any constraint on timing (speed of the circuit) and does not impose very high extra power consumption on the circuit, compared to the conventional clocking, this method could be used to reduce interferences in system.

Bakgrund: IFRS 8 är sedan 1 januari 2009 obligatorisk för samtliga börsnoterade företag i Sverige. Den stadgar att företagen ska tillämpa ett ledningsperspektiv, vilket innebär att den externa segmentsrapporteringen ska spegla den interna rapporteringen. Detta skiljer sig från tidigare regler i IAS 14, där rapporteringen skulle ske efter övriga externredovisningsprinciper i IFRS. Förespråkare till IFRS 8 menar att det ger en bättre insyn i företaget vilket underlättar för investerare och analytiker att fatta beslut och göra prognoser. Kritiker menar dock att IFRS 8 försvårar jämförelser mellan företag samt leder till att företaget lämnar ut mer konkurrenskänslig information. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det förväntade resultatet av IFRS 8 har uppnåtts. Studien ämnar även undersöka om företag påverkats av IFRS 8. Genomförande: Som primär data har en kvalitativ datainsamling använts, bestående av intervjuer med sex företag noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Den primära datan från den kvantitativa datainsamlingen består av en enkät skickad till 233 företag noterade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Sekundär data har även samlats in genom litteraturstudier. Resultat: Majoriteten av företagen har inte genomfört en förändring av sammansättningen av segment samt segmentsupplysningar. Överlag ansåg inte företagen att användarna fått en bättre inblick i företagens rapportering. De menade dock att det är viktigt att lämna ut information till företagets intressenter. IFRS 8 ledde inte heller till någon kostnadsbesparing för företagen. / Background: IFRS 8 is since 1 January 2009 mandatory for all listed companies in Sweden. It states that companies must implement a management approach, which means that the external reporting of segments should reflect the internal reports. This differs from the previous rules in IAS 14, in which the information should correspond with the other external IFRS accounting principles. Proponents to IFRS 8 argue that the standard gives a better insight into the company which makes it easier for investors and analysts to make decisions and prognosis. Critics argue that IFRS 8 prevents comparisons between companies and force the company to disclose more competitively sensitive information. Aim: Purpose of this study is to examine if the expected benefits of IFRS 8 has been achieved. The study will also examine whether firms is affected by IFRS 8. Completion: The authors used a qualitative data collection consisting of interviews with six companies listed on the OMX Nordic Exchange Stockholm, and the quantitative data collection consists of a survey sent to 233 companies listed on the OMX Nordic Exchange Stockholm as primary data. Secondary data was also gathered through literature studies. Conclusions: The study has revealed that the majority of companies have not implemented a change in the composition of segments and segment information. The majority of the companies did not consider the users to have gained a better insight into the corporate reporting. They argued though that it is important to provide information to its stakeholders. IFRS 8 did not lead to any cost savings for companies.

<b>Purpose:</b> Assess the relationship between tear film drying and sensation between blinks. <b>Methods:</b> MATLAB sampled a slitlamp video camera, a potentiometer and a microphone while subjects kept one eye open for as long as possible. 23 subjects rated the intensity of the ocular sensation while video and voice data were collected simultaneously. The tear drying on the cornea was measured. <b>Results:</b> The sensation was triphasic. Two linear functions described the latter 2 parts of the data (r &#8805; 0. 95). The correlation between TBUT and the elbow in the time-discomfort function was 0. 72. Extent of tear film drying was linearly correlated to time (median correlation = 0. 88). The correlation between the discomfort elbow and image elbow was 0. 93 with single data pair for each subject. Analysis of sensation characteristics showed significant differences between itching and burning for both intensity and time (p = 0. 03 and p = 0. 02 respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> Simultaneous recording of ocular surface appearance, discomfort intensity and attributes of sensation provide novel information about the development of discomfort during ocular surface drying. The rapid increase in discomfort proceeding blinking has been quantified and the relationship between the time course of drying and discomfort is elucidated.

<p>Spectral&#8208;domain optical&#8208;coherence tomography (SDOCT) has recently emerged as a powerful new tool for noninvasive human retinal imaging. I have developed a low&#8208;cost, high resolution real&#8208;time Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SDOCT) system optimized for rapid 3D imaging of the human retina in vivo. Then functional retinal OCT imaging such as polarization sensitive OCT (PSOCT) and Doppler OCT were also developed based on phase technique. Unique phase unwrapping method in retina is described to extract the total reflectivity, accumulative retardance and fast axis orientation of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). The polarization scrambling layer of the retinal pigment epithelium was segmented by employing single camera sequential scan bsed PSOCT. As an extension, synthetic wavelength method will be also introduced for phase unwrapping in cell imaging. Finally I present an algorithm for 3D refraction correction based on a vector representation which accounts for refraction of CT light in the cornea. Following 3D refraction correction of volumetric corneal datasets, we can estimate the corneal optical power, thickness and the individual wavefront aberrations of the epithelial and the refraction&#8208;corrected endothelial surfaces by using Zernike spectrum analysis.</p> / Dissertation

In this paper, we propose two schemes for layer allocations to adjust the number of layers of SVC (Scalable Video Coding) segments according to the bandwidth variation in P2P video streaming networks. The first scheme is Periodical Layer Allocation (PLA) that can adjust the number of layers to fully satisfy the available bandwidth measured periodically. However, when the available bandwidth is changed abruptly, two major drawbacks may be occurred by PLA algorithm; first, the quality of video frames may become unsmooth so that users would feel uncomfortable about the picture quality, and second, the cost is increased due to the periodical measurement of the available bandwidth. Therefore, we propose Dynamic Layer Allocation (DLA), to dynamically change the time interval for adjusting SVC layers. When freeze-up occurred or when there was not enough buffer space to store the video segments during the interval, the interval would be reduced. When the interval for adjusting SVC layers was expired, available bandwidth can be determined by the number of video segments waiting in the buffer. Compared with PLA, DLA adjusts the SVC layers gracefully so that the quality of picture becomes smoother and users feel more comfortable while watching the film. We built a simulator written in C++ under two scenarios: the available bandwidth is changed abruptly and the one changed gradually. Simulation results show that the performance of PLA is quite similar to DLA when the available bandwidth is changed gradually. However, when the available bandwidth is changed abruptly, DLA can not only obtain the smoother video film but also decrease the freeze-up time significantly.

<p>Det blir allt viktigare för butikerna att differentiera sig på marknaden, för att locka till sig det tänkta kundsegmentet i takt med att konkurrensen inom handeln ökar. Att anpassa den exteriöra, interiöra och psykosociala miljön utefter butikens kundsegment blir därför allt mer viktig för att attrahera kunderna. Det är även viktigt att det finns en röd tråd genom de tre säljmiljöerna. De tre miljöerna prioriteras oftast mindre i fabriksbutiker trots att de inte skiljer sig så mycket från andra butiker. Vi har därför valt att undersöka hur fabriksbutiker arbetar med säljmiljöerna och hur de kan förbättra sina butiker utefter sitt valda kundsegment. Uppsatsens syfte är att försöka beskriva hur den exteriöra, interiöra och psykosociala miljön i en fabriksbutik kan utformas utifrån vilket kundsegment butiken riktar sig till. Vi vill se hur kundsegmentet reflekteras i de olika miljöerna i de valda fabriksbutikerna och hur de har tänkt när de utformat fabriksbutikerna. Vi vill även undersöka varför kunderna lockas till en fabriksbutik, om det är priset, upplevelsen eller något annat som lockar dem dit. Vår målsättning med den här uppsatsen är att visa hur kundsegmentet påverkar de tre miljöerna och hur de kan utformas för att attrahera rätt målgrupp. Vi har använt oss av den kvalitativa metoden och har då utfört benchmarkingstudier genom observationer, öppna individuella intervjuer med butiksansvariga samt kunder i tre fabriksbutiker och öppen individuell intervju med en butiksinredare. Den data vi har samlat in har vi sedan använt oss av i analysavsnittet, där vi har gjort en schematisk bild för en lättare översikt av vad vi kommit fram till. Därefter har vi dragit slutsatser utifrån analysen och bland annat kommit fram till att ingen av de undersökta fabriksbutikerna medvetet har använt sig av sitt kundsegment vid utformningen av säljmiljöerna och att kunderna söker svensktillverkade och prisvärda produkter. Vi har även kommit fram till vissa förslag på förbättringar, som finns med i rekommendationerna.</p>

<p> </p><p>The correlation between pulp properties and operating conditions in high consistency (HC) refiners at Holmen Paper AB were studied. Two types of HC refiners were investigated: the Andritz RTS refiner at the Hallstavik Mill and the Sprout-Bauer Twin 60 refiner at the Braviken Mill. The objective of the study was to clarify the relationship between the pulp properties and refining conditions such as electrical energy input, housing- and feed- pressure and plate wear in high consistency refining.</p><p>The results of this project show that worn segments reduce the operating energy maximum input and the pulp and handsheet properties in negative aspects such as lower tensile- and tear index, and shorter average fibre length. Energy input is an important factor in the refining process and influence Canadian Standard Freeness and the tensile index as evident from the probability residuals. Housing pressure and feed pressure influence the pulp quality and should be adjusted in order to optimise the refining process, although the effect is not as great as for energy input or plate wear.</p><p>The results of the study indicate that Braviken Mill is operating at its optimum for the parameters measured in this project. Hallstaviks goal, to avoid fibre shortening and to obtain better tensile index, can be reached by making slight changes in pressure condition.</p><p> </p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Mannheim, 1999.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 120-130.

Following a series of reporting scandals in the early 2000s, several researchers studied the gradual shift toward more principles-based accounting systems. There seems to be a general belief that the adoption of international principles-based accounting standards will improve financial reporting quality worldwide, although little evidence is provided for this claim. At the same time several studies claim that heterogeneity in countries’ environmental factors will not lead to harmonized accounting practices and that important differences will remain even though there is common international accounting system. This study contributes to the literature regarding a shift toward more principles-based standards by investigating the effect of increased requirements’ flexibility on disclosure practices in an international environment characterized by harmonized accounting regulations but heterogeneous disclosure practices. The standards that are used are IFRS 8 Operating segment and its predecessor IAS 14R Segment Reporting. IFRS 8 took effect from January 1 2009. The countries included in the study represent the four largest economies in Europe, namely the UK, Germany, France and Italy. The methodology used is quantitative and follows a positivistic research approach. This study investigates the impact that a regulatory change has on disclosure practices by observing data reported in the annual reports and asserts the eventual differences between the two standards and across the four countries. The study provides evidence of only a marginal change in segment disclosure practices after the introduction of IFRS 8. The change is mostly characterized by a loss of key information indicating that more flexible requirements negatively impact accounting practices. This implies that if the purpose of a regulatory change is to assure a certain level of information, more rigid requirements are to be preferred. Further, this study shows that, opposed to expectations; disclosure practices are more heterogeneous under more rules-based standards. However, there is indication that the reason for increased homogeneity is that companies listed in the UK and Germany, presenting a higher amount of segment information under IAS 14R, have decreased the information under IFRS 8. It seems thus that standard enforceability decreases under more flexible disclosure requirements.