This dissertation examines the adaptation of Christian refugees from Southern Sudan—primarily Dinkas and mostly educated—to living in Ottawa, Canada, not historically a gateway immigrant city. The discussion is based on sustained observation, documentation and analysis of South Sudanese refugees between 2005 and 2009, including 32 recorded interviews of adults, as well as a focus group held with young adults. It examines the findings through the lenses of social capital, with its focus on trust and reciprocity, and segmented assimilation to study the South Sudanese refugees’ integration through their most important groupings: ethnic, gendered, racial and religious. The study also focuses on the cultural, gender and language dynamics of a nascent South Sudanese-focused congregation and a related East African congregation. The experiences of Anglican and Catholic congregations with Christian Sudanese refugees were also examined. The research suggests that inter-culturally competent ethnic and religious leadership is central to the ability of migrant groups in the Global North to have enough bonding social capital to mediate the adaptation process and to bridge or link to other groups. First-wave, mostly male, educated refugees often have the inter-cultural skills and agency to set up effective organizations, but a continued focus on their region of origin, facilitated by the Internet and cell phones, makes a sustained emphasis on organizational-supported living in Canada difficult. While the values of many Sudanese-born women and their children converge with those of mainstream Canadian society, men living within patriarchal value systems, supported by literal interpretations of Holy Scriptures, face challenges, and the resulting conflicts threaten family cohesion. Both the denominational and the ethnic churches, in supporting new migrants spiritually and socially, are caught between denominational parameters and goals of ethnic identity, culture and values maintenance, made more difficult by the Sudanese not having a common language. The dissertation also begins to analyze the impact for recent African Christian immigrants of a culture that emphasizes individual rights, including the effects of the increasing presence of openly gay leaders in the Canadian but not in the African Church. / Cette dissertation se penche sur l’adaptation des réfugiés chrétiens originaires du Sud du Soudan, en majorité d’ethnie Dinka et scolarisés, vivant à Ottawa, Canada. Les résultats de la recherche sur 5 ans suggèrent qu’une gestion adéquate des dynamiques ethniques et religieuses au niveau interculturel est capitale dans la capacité des groupes de migrants dans les pays développés pour générer suffisamment de capital social et faciliter le processus d’adaptation pour se lier à d’autres groupes. Les églises confessionnelles et les églises ethniques, en aidant les immigrants spirituellement et socialement, sont coincées entre des paramètres confessionnels et des objectifs d’identification ethnique, de maintien de valeurs et de culture, compliqués par l’absence d’une langue commune parmi les Soudanais. Cette dissertation tente aussi d’analyser l’impact pour les immigrants africains de fraîche date, d’une culture qui valorise les droits individuels, y compris l’émergence de chefs de file ouvertement homosexuels dans les églises canadiennes mais non dans les églises africaines. / University of Ottawa

This thesis is devoted to the study and application of gas-liquid segmented flow microfluidic reactors. In the most common configuration, these devices facilitate mixing and reaction of liquid-phase constituents by the introduction of non-participating gas bubbles in a microchannel flow. In this work, segmented flow microreactors are modelled, designed, fabricated, tested and applied. Residence time distribution (RTD) within the reactors is employed as a measure to quantify reactor performance. In order to narrow the residence time distribution, a novel microreactor with hybrid surface properties is developed. The injector channel is made wetting to the liquid phase to assure stable segmentation while the reaction channel is rendered less wetting to eliminate the lubricating film surrounding the gas bubbles. It is demonstrated through RTD testing that the hybrid microreactor shows up to 63% gain in performance over the fully-wetting reactor. A numerical model is developed to study the feasibility of shear-induced breakup of nanoparticles within gas-liquid segmented flow reactors. The critical shear rate required for breakup is calculated from literature and is compared to the maximum shear rate value found through modeling to give a prediction for the possibility of particle breakup. Previous experimental data support the existence of shear-induced particle breakup. Here, the transition region where the liquid film meets the liquid plug is found to exhibit relatively high shear stresses. With these results, the potential role of shear-induced processing of nanoparticle systems is discussed. Lastly, fabricating devices with long microchannel lengths, as required in this work, necessitates the ability to densely pattern microfluidic channels on a substrate with minimal defects. The fabrication methods developed and employed here for densely patterned, high surface area microchips are presented in detail. These microchips were employed in this thesis work and also in other collaborative works.

Segmented mirrors are to be used in the next generation of the ground-based optical telescopes to increase the size of the primary mirrors. A larger primary mirror enables the collection of more light, which results in higher image resolutions. The main reason behind the choice of segmented mirrors over monolithic mirrors is to reduce manufacturing, transportation, and maintenance costs of the overall system. However, segmented mirrors bring new challenges to the telescope design and control problem. The large number of inputs and outputs make the computations for centralized control schemes intractable. Centralized controllers also result in systems that are vulnerable to a complete system failure due to a malfunction of the controller. Distributed control is a viable alternative that requires the use of a network of simple individual segment controllers that can address two levels of coupling among segments and achieve the same performance objectives. Since segments share a common support structure, there exists a coupling among segments at the dynamics level. Any control action in one segment may excite the natural modes of the support structure and disturb other segments through this common support. In addition, the objective of maintaining a smooth mirror surface requires minimization of the relative displacements among neighbouring segment edges. This creates another level of coupling generally referred to as the objective coupling. This dissertation investigates the distributed H∞ control of the segmented next generation telescope primary mirrors in the presence of wind disturbances. Three distributed H∞ control techniques are proposed and tested on three segmented primary mirror models: the dynamically uncoupled model, the dynamically coupled model and the finite element model of Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project. It is shown that the distributed H∞ controllers are able to satisfy the stringent imaging performance requirements. / Graduate / 0548

Jumping is one of the common methods that flight capable birds use to initiate the take-off phase. Flapping-wing robots that can achieve jumping take-off similar to birds will be significantly valuable since they can reduce the workload of the wing in producing the instantaneous power required for take-off and enables remote operations as well. This thesis progresses the state of the art in leg based jumping systems for flapping-wing robots through a contribution to the fundamental understanding of jumping dynamics and the development of experimentally validated simulation tools. Three reference leg postures are identified from video analysis of a rook take-off: stand, crouch and extended. Birds often use different kinematic patterns for the leg flexion (stand to crouch) and extension (crouch to extended) phases. This is made possible by their multi degree of freedom (Dof) leg structure and complex, multi actuated muscle systems. As an alternative strategy, a conceptual design of a singly actuated jumping leg is proposed where a multi Dof segmented leg is linked to a single actuator. The structure is based on the avian leg and foot anatomy. The study identifies that a dynamically unstable jumping take-off using a tilt and jump approach enables a singly actuated robotic leg to achieve jumping performance similar to birds. A combination of analytical, numerical and physical modelling approaches is used in this study. A generic analytical jumping model is used to establish fundamental understanding of jumping dynamics. The study shows that the take-off dynamics of a jumping system can be idealised as an inelastic collision between the dynamic and static rigid bodies of the system. This provides a simpler way to understand jumping dynamics in general. A physical prismatic jumping model is fabricated principally for validation purposes. A motion capture system is used to quantitatively analyse the jumping kinematics of the model. The take-off velocities predicted through analytical and numerical models agree closely with the experimental data. A multi-segmented numerical simulation model is then developed based on the proposed singly actuated jumping leg design. In the same way an analytical model is developed. It is found that the singly actuated design concept with the assumption of massless segments greatly reduced the complexity of the multi-segmented analytical model. The proposed analytical approach and simulation tool are demonstrated by designing a multi-segmented jumping leg for an example robotic bird. The transparency of the approach enables the designer to understand how design parameters such as take-off weight, actuation properties, leg postures and sizes of the segments affect the take-off velocity. Numerical simulation analysis confirms that jumping performance similar to birds is achieved in the proposed singly actuated jumping legs with the integration of tilt and jump method. For the presented case study, the use of the dynamic tilting method improves the minimum achievable take-off angle from 73° to 12° with respect to the horizontal axis.

Submitted by ERNESTO ABEL FERNANDO FRIEDMANN PALLAROLAS (ernofriedmann@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-06T13:46:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Mestrado Final - Ernesto Pallarolas.pdf: 4098089 bytes, checksum: 7d480ea24092fc0882502d298d6dbd61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T17:35:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pallarolas_eaff_me_guara.pdf: 4098089 bytes, checksum: 7d480ea24092fc0882502d298d6dbd61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T17:35:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pallarolas_eaff_me_guara.pdf: 4098089 bytes, checksum: 7d480ea24092fc0882502d298d6dbd61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Este trabalho teve a finalidade de estudar a resistência ao embutimento de ligações efetuadas por pinos metálicos (pregos) em peças estruturais de madeira. Para tanto foram consideradas três principais abordagens: analítica, numérica e experimental. Inicialmente foi efetuado um levantamento teórico sobre o tema, com base na literatura disponível, para avaliação da normalização nacional e internacional pertinente ao assunto. Na sequência foram realizados ensaios experimentais em corpos de prova compostos por madeiras de reflorestamento de pinus e eucalipto com ligações metálicas efetuadas por pinos metálicos com diâmetro de 6,5 mm. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com as recomendações das normas: brasileira ABNT NBR 7190:1997, europeia EUROCODE 5:2004 e americana ASTM D5764:2007 com posterior comparação entre os resultados obtidos para a resistência ao embutimento. Foi realizada uma análise estatística dos resultados obtidos, incluindo um estudo da resistência ao embutimento corrigida pela umidade e pela densidade. Foram calculados os valores analíticos teóricos de resistência ao embutimento mediante fórmulas propostos por cada norma e comparadas às médias dos valores experimentais obtidos pelas mesmas. Foi proposta também a análise do valor ideal de resistência por meio de métodos de análise de regressão segmentada sobre as curvas de comportamento de resposta do material. Por fim foram realizadas simulações numéricas no software ABAQUS, que tem como base o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) para avaliação das distribuições de tensões nas regiões da ligação. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem divergências significativas entre os valores experimentais de resistência ao embutimento obtidos através das normas estudadas quando comparados entre si. Também mostram que os valores analíticos calculados superestimam a resistência ao embutimento experimental para todas as normas. E ainda, que a resistência ao embutimento quando corrigida pela densidade apresenta melhor qualidade em termos de dispersão para o conjunto de dados estudado. Conclui-se que os métodos estatísticos de regressão segmentada estudados, podem ser uma boa alternativa para a modelagem do comportamento mecânico da madeira na obtenção de valores característicos mais invariantes e padronizados para os parâmetros de resistência. / This work had the purpose of studying the embedment resistance of connections made by metallic pins (nails) in structural pieces of wood. For that, three main approaches were considered: analytical, numerical and experimental. Initially, a theoretical survey was carried out on the subject, based on available literature, for the evaluation of national and international standardization related to the subject. Experimental tests were carried out on test specimens composed of pine and eucalyptus reforestation woods species with metal connections made by pins with a diameter of 6.5 mm. The tests were carried out according to the recommendations of Brazilian ABNT NBR 7190:1997, European EUROCODE 5:2004 and American ASTM D5764:2007 standards for further comparison between the obtained results for the embedment resistance. A statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out, including a study of the resistance corrected by the humidity and the density. The theoretical analytical values of resistance were calculated using formulas proposed by each standard and compared to the averages of the experimental values. It was also proposed the analysis of the ideal resistance value by segmented regression analysis methods on the curves of the embedment behavior data set generated by the standards. Finally, numerical simulations were performed in ABAQUS software, which is based on the Finite Element Method (MEF) to evaluate the stress distributions in the bond areas. The obtained results showed that there are significant divergences between the experimental values of resistance obtained through the studied standards when compared to each other. They also show that the analytical calculated values overestimate the experimental resistance for all studied standards. Also, that the strength corrected by the density presents better dispersion perform quality for the studied data set. It is concluded that the studied statistical methods of segmented regression can be a good alternative for modeling the mechanical behavior of the wood to obtain characteristic values more invariant and standardized for the resistance parameters.

A avaliação do estado nutricional das culturas requer o uso de padrões para comparação, tais como os níveis críticos e as faixas de suficiência. Esses padrões de interesse agrícola geralmente são estimados a partir da curva de calibração da produção vegetal, que relaciona os rendimentos de uma cultura com a dose do adubo aplicada no solo ou com o teor de algum elemento nos tecidos. A curva de produção vegetal é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas nas áreas de nutrição mineral de plantas e adubação, uma vez que o conhecimento a seu respeito possibilita o uso econômico de adubos e a elaboração de estratégias corretivas para o solo. No entanto, a curva de produção divide-se em diferentes regimes nutricionais, que lhe conferem uma forma peculiar e dificultam sua descrição matemática. O objetivo desse trabalho é a construção de modelos de regressão flexíveis, capazes de descrever adequadamente a curva de produção vegetal. Em uma primeira abordagem, modelos lineares segmentados com transições de fase suaves são usados para descrever a produção do trigo de inverno em função da adubação com nitrogênio. Por meio dos ajustes destes modelos, também são estimados os níveis críticos e as faixas de suficiência. Posteriormente, realiza-se a modelagem matemática da resposta vegetativa à adubação, desconsiderando doses tóxicas. Observa-se que cada tipo possível de resposta vegetativa é ligado de forma unívoca a uma função de produção agrícola. A técnica proposta, além de permitir a construção de novas funções de produção, fornece interpretações fisiológicas claras para parâmetros de alguns modelos de uso comum na agricultura. Com base na segunda abordagem, um novo enunciado para a lei de Mitscherlich é apresentado: quanto maior é o conteúdo total do nutriente limitante na planta, menor é o aproveitamento feito (a fim de lhe prover crescimento) de um incremento em sua disponibilidade - como consequência, os retornos da adubação são decrescentes. / The evaluation of the plant nutritional status requires standards for comparisons, such as the critical levels and sufficiency ranges. These standards are generally estimated by means of the yield curves in response to fertilizers, which relates production with doses applied or nutrient content in the plant tissues. The yield curve is essential for the development of researches on plant mineral nutrition and fertilization, since knowledge of this curve allows economic use of fertilizers and planning strategies for soil correction. However, the production curve is divided into different nutritional regimes, which give it a peculiar shape and hinders its mathematical description. In this work, the objective is to build flexible regression models, able to adequately describe the yield curves. In a first approach, linear piecewise models with smooth transitions between regimes are used to describe the winter-wheat yield in function of the nitrogen doses. By means of the fits of these models, the critical levels and sufficiency ranges are also estimated. In another approach, it is proposed a mathematical model for yield response (or returns) from fertilizers - toxic doses are neglected in this phase. It is verified that each possible yield response type is uniquely related with a production function. This approach allows to construct new production functions and, indeed, provides clear physiological interpretations for the parameters of some common models in agriculture. Based on the second approach, it is presented a new statement for the Mitscherlich law: the greater is the total content of the limiting nutrient in the plant, the lower is the exploited fraction (in order to provide growth) of an increment in its availability - as a consequence, the returns from fertilization are diminishing.

Cette thèse traite de l'évolution du processus migratoire turc en Allemagne et en France, par un intérêt porté aux jeunes générations à Hambourg et à Bordeaux. Cette étude s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative. Elle repose sur deux monographies (Hambourg et Bordeaux), sur des situations d’observations dans les quartiers et sur des entretiens approfondis et non-directifs de quarante jeunes à Bordeaux (quartiers Palmer à Cenon, trois zones de Génicart à Lormont) et quarante jeunes à Hambourg (quartiers Altona / Sankt Pauli, Sankt Georg, Billstedt et Wilhelmsburg). Ce travail souligne qu'il existe plusieurs évolutions des dynamiques migratoires et confirme ainsi l’existence d’une assimilation segmentée au sein de la dynamique migratoire turque dans deux pays différents, la France et l’Allemagne. L’immigration turque, décrite comme transnationale, s’adapte donc aux diverses sociétés d’implantation.Le premier processus s'appuie sur la communauté et ses ressources identitaires et économiques. Ce schéma se construit aussi sur des stratégies de distinction juvéniles urbaines. Le second processus se caractérise par une marginalisation juvénile et par une mobilité sociale et symbolique descendante.Le troisième processus est un modèle plus "classique" d'intégration. Il répond davantage aux prescriptions souvent normatives des sociétés allemande et française.Dans chaque pays, ces processus sont influencés par différents contextes (national, institutionnel etlocal) produisant des résultats paradoxaux. Le contexte bordelais préserve mieux les solidarités ethniques, rend plus difficiles les réussites individuelles, en dépit de la philosophie républicaine et il active bien plus les frustrations. / This Dissertation has as topic the evolution of Turkish migratory process in Germany and inFrance, by an interest carried to the young generations in Hamburg and in Bordeaux. This study isbased on a qualitative methodology. It refers to two precise investigations (in Hambourg and Bordeaux) using observations of different neighbourhoods and indirect indepth interviews withforty youths in Bordeaux (the neighbourhoods spanning from Palmer to Cenon, covering threezones from Génicart to Lormont) and with forty youths in Hambourg (Altona/Sankt Pauli, SanktGeorg, Billstedt and Wilhelmsburg).This survey underlines that there are several patterns of migratory dynamics and confirms the existence of a segmented assimilation within the turkish migratory dynamic. Turkish immigration,described as a transnational phenomenon, therefore adapts itself according to the society itencounters.First process leans on the community and on it's economic and identitary resources. This pattern is also based upon urban youth strategies aiming for differentiation. Second process is characterised by a downward assimilation, a juvenile marginalization/dicrimination and by a failing social and symbolic mobility.The third pattern is a more "classical " model of integration. It corresponds much more to frenchand german prescriptions, which are often normative. In each country, these processes are influenced by different contexts (national, institutional and local), which produce paradoxicalresults. The current context in Bordeaux preserves ethnic solidarities very well, but it also makesindividual success harder, in spite of the republicain philosophy, constituting a source of frustration for the local population.

L’étude traite la réalisation et la validation d’un microréacteur destiné à l’électrosynthèse organique. Le système électrochimique modèle est l’oxydation du 4-méthylanisole en 4-méthoxy-benzaldéhyde-diméthylacétal. La simulation du comportement théorique d’un réacteur électrochimique travaillant à haute conversion pour l’oxydation du 4-méthylanisole a permis de déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles le réacteur apporte un meilleur rendement. Les essais expérimentaux effectués sur un microréacteur travaillant en continu et à haute conversion ont montré l’influence de la concentration de l’électrolyte support KF sur le rendement de la réaction. Pour un débit optimal de 0,2 ml min-1, une concentration initiale en réactif de 0,1 M et en appliquant un courant égal à 85% du courant théorique nécessaire à convertir totalement le réactif en une seule passe dans la cellule, la sélectivité atteint 86% (pour une conversion de 95%), alors qu’elle n’est que de 68% dans le procédé BASF. / This work concerns the realization and the validation of a microstructured reactor for organic electrosynthesis. The electrochemical reaction is the oxidation of 4-methylanisole to 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde-dimethylacetal. Theoretical behaviour simulations of high conversion thin-gap flow cell of the 4-methylanisole show conditions for which the reactor has best productivity. The experimental tests carried out on high conversion thin-gap flow reactor showed the influence of the supporting electrolyte (KF) concentration on the reaction yield. For an optimal flow rate of 0.2 ml min-1, an initial reagent concentration of 0.1 M and a current equal to 85% of the theoretical current necessary to convert all reagent, it is possible to reach selectivity of 86% with single pass high conversion (95%) , whereas selectivity on BASF process doesn’t exceed 68%.

Presented thesis deals with the conceptual design of an integrated 11-bit, dual, bipolar, DA converter with current output. Converter is designed in I3T50E proprietary technology of ONSemiconductor. The converter is of a segmented architecture with 6 MSB bits unary and 4 LSB bits binary weighted. Work also describes basic general properties of DA converters, topology examples with regard to the project assignment. The design is assumed for automotive industrial field of application. The operating temperature range is from -40 Deg.C. up to 175 Deg.C. The qualities of produced integrated converter are measured and results are discussed.

Robust parameter estimation and pivotal inference is crucial for credible statistical conclusions. This thesis addresses these issues in three contexts: long-memory parameter estimation robust to low frequency nonstationary contamination, long-memory properties of financial time series, and inference on structural changes in a joint segmented trend with heterogeneous noise. Chapter 1 considers robust estimation of the long-memory parameter allowing for a wide collection of contamination processes, in particular low frequency nonstationary processes such as random level shifts. We propose a robust modified local-Whittle estimator and show it has the usual asymptotic distribution. We also provide modifications to further account for short-memory dynamics and additive noise. The proposed estimator provides substantial efficiency gains compared to existing methods in the presence of contaminations, without sacrificing efficiency when these are absent. Chapter 2 applies the modified local-Whittle estimator to various volatilities series for stock indices and exchange rates to robustly estimate the long-memory parameter. Our findings suggest that all series are a combination of long and short-memory processes and random level shifts, with the magnitude of each component varying across series. Our results contrast with the view that long-memory is the dominant feature. Chapter 3 is concerned with pivotal inference about structural changes in a joint segmented trend with heterogeneous noise. We provide tests for changes in the slope and the variance of the noise valid when both may be present, each allowed to occur at different dates. We suggest procedures for four testing problems.