This dissertation takes a cultural-constructivism socialization approach in analyzing the mutual construction of international human rights norms, theories of self-determination, and changes of Hong Kong¡¦s democratic rights. With survey data on Hong Kong¡¦s political rights before and after 1997, it also investigates the attitudes of the people of Hong Kong toward democratic rights and their impact on the development of Hong Hong¡¦s democratic rights. The results signal that the power of international human rights norms have positive effects on constructing a consciousness of human rights both in China and the world¡¦s community of democracies. Hong Kong¡¦s democratic opposition and international forces are two major agents driving the direction and strength of the socialization of democratic rights in Hong Kong. This dissertation further finds that the different sub-cultures within Hong Kong¡¦s democratic opposition weaken the ability of the democratic movement to reform the institutions of democratic rights in Hong Kong. The results reflect a clear trend that while norms and theories of self-determination are evolving towards adopting the right to internal self-determination as part of the right to democratic governance, the discourse of ¡§peaceful democracy¡¨ has been the mainstream for improving democratic rights through the recognition of the right to internal self-determination. This dissertation indicates that the respective discourses on rights to democratic participation within the international community, China, and Hong Kong are adaptive to one another, which contributes to the survival of the unique, autonomous regime of democratic rights in Hong Kong. It concludes that whether or not norms and theories of the right to internal self-determination are legitimized and internalized by the global human rights system will have effects on the further development of the right to democratic participation in Hong Kong and other regions.

Det finns mycket forskning som visar att motivation påverkar människan i organisationen. Motivation delas upp i inre och yttre motivation. Inre motivation är då individen har ett genuint intresse för något. Yttre motivation är då individen drivs av någon extern belöning. Såväl psykologiska som ekonomiska och sociala förklaringar har getts till varför det är viktigt med motiverade anställda och hur motivation kan skapas.  Forskningsresultat tyder på att de anställdas motivation är betydande för organisationens framgång. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilken typ av arbetsmotivation, inre eller yttre, som leder till att individen vill utföra ett bra arbete. En enkätstudie utfördes där 61 personer deltog. För att predicera arbetsmotivation genomfördes en multipel hierarkisk regressionsanalys. Resultatet i studien visade att den inre motivationen kan predicera individens vilja att arbeta. Författarna drar slutsatsen att arbetsgivares kunskap om motivation kan vara användbart för att stimulera de behov individen har.

Det finns mycket forskning som visar att motivation påverkar människan i organisationen. Motivation delas upp i inre och yttre motivation. Inre motivation är då individen har ett genuint intresse för något. Yttre motivation är då individen drivs av någon extern belöning. Såväl psykologiska som ekonomiska och sociala förklaringar har getts till varför det är viktigt med motiverade anställda och hur motivation kan skapas. Forskningsresultat tyder på att de anställdas motivation är betydande för organisationens framgång. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilken typ av arbetsmotivation, inre eller yttre, som leder till att individen vill utföra ett bra arbete. En enkätstudie utfördes där 61 personer deltog. För att predicera arbetsmotivation genomfördes en multipel hierarkisk regressionsanalys. Resultatet i studien visade att den inre motivationen kan predicera individens vilja att arbeta. Författarna drar slutsatsen att arbetsgivares kunskap om motivation kan vara användbart för att stimulera de behov individen har.

This essay is about personal assistance for persons with considerable intellectual disabilities. The purpose with the study is: to examine personal assistance for individuals, who can`t speak for themselves, to examine how the individuals can determine and get influence into their assistance and how they can get help with it, to examine the role of an representative in relation to the serviceuser´s assistance and examine if there are factors of gender in the interviews. The chosen method is qualitative interviews. The interviews has been analysed through earlier research about personal assistance and theoretical perspectives like: influence, integration and citizenship and discussed through perspectives of social psychology. The main conclusions are: the influence the serviceusers can have is through persons who know them very well, the role of the representatives are indistinct, the serviceusers can´t determine their assistance themselves and need help with it from relatives, representatives, personal assistants and managers, the persons who know the serviceuser intimately are best to transform the needs to assistance. The factors of gender, are that there are more men as personal assistants than in the care of elderly, and the representatives are mostly men. The personal assistants appreciates the time they have for the serviceuser, the work can be lonely and demanding.

En distinktion görs mellan inre och yttre motivation. Inre motivation framstår när individen agerar därför att det genuint intresserar henne. Yttre motivation framstår när individen agerar för extern belöning. Self-Determination teorin föreskriver att tillsammans ger de grundläggande psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och relaterande upphov till inre motivation. Teorin sammankopplar motivation med personlighetsorienteringar genom tre motivationsstilar: självbestämmande stil, kontrollerande stil och opersonlig stil. Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan en individs inre motivation och individens generella arbetsmotivation, samt hur psykologiska behov korrelerar med de olika motivationsstilarna. En enkätstudie genomfördes med 87 deltagare. Resultaten visade ett signifikant samband mellan arbetsmotivation och de psykologiska behoven. Vidare, även ett signifikant samband mellan de psykologiska behoven och typ av motivationsstil. Resultaten indikerar att det är av intresse att ta vara på personers behov av autonomi, kompetens och relaterande för arbetsmotivationen samt för vilken typ av motivationsstil individen besitter.

Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in Canada and other developed countries. Physical activity based cardiac rehabilitation programs have been shown to reduce the likelihood of subsequent cardiac events and even reverse the disease process. However, factors influencing physical activity in cardiac patients are still not clearly understood. The overall objective of this dissertation was therefore to better understand motivation and physical activity in a cardiac rehabilitation context. Specifically, theory-based motivational variables were studied as correlates of physical activity. To accomplish this objective, a two-purpose research approach was taken. First, two articles (Article-1 and Article-2) aimed to test and integrate concepts from two strong motivational theories: Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) into one comprehensive model using the novel and rigorous approach of Noar and Zimmerman (2005). The second purpose of this dissertation was to extend the findings from the first purpose by investigating physical activity and motivational patterns over a 24-month period in cardiac patients (Article 3). With regards to the first purpose, Article-1 revealed that the integration of SDT and SET was feasible as the integrated model had good model fit, explained more variance in self-determined motivation, confidence, and physical activity and supported similar number of hypothesised links in a cross-sectional cardiac sample as well two other samples: primary care adults and university students. Due to the cross-sectional nature of Article-1, Article-2 tested the integrated SDT-SET model from cardiac patients with longitudinal data of patients following a cardiac rehabilitation program. Although no motivational variables predicted residual change in physical activity at 4-months, this longitudinal model was found to have good model fit. Across both articles, the integration of SDT and SET was found to be possible. However, more research is needed to further test the integration of these theories. As for the second purpose of this dissertation, Article-3 investigated physical activity and motivational patterns of cardiac rehabilitation participants over the course of 24 months. Distinct patterns were found for physical activity, self-determined motivation, barrier self-efficacy and outcome expectations. In addition, individuals in the higher patterns of the motivational/expectancy variables had greater probability of being in the maintenance physical activity pattern compared to individuals in the other motivational/expectancy patterns. Therefore, this article extended findings from the first purpose by linking SDT and SET variables to long-term physical activity behaviour. SDT and SET should continue to be investigated together in order to increase our understanding of the mechanisms leading to greater motivation and subsequent increases in physical activity levels. Having a theoretically supported pathway to build motivation is ideal to inform future interventions and cardiac rehabilitation programs.

The first objective was to test the prospective relationship between need satisfaction and coping. A total of 113 undergraduate students completed a measure of need satisfaction at Time 1 (T1; i.e. a few weeks before the midterm exams) as well as a measure of coping at Time 2 (T2; i.e. a few weeks after the midterm exams). Results indicated that need satisfaction T1 explained unique variance in both dimensions of coping T2, namely task-oriented and disengagement-oriented coping, even after having statistically controlled for gender, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and social desirability at T1. The second objective was to examine a model in which need satisfaction and coping predict the amount of progress towards academic goals and, in turn, how coping and goal progress are associated to increases in need satisfaction over the course of a semester. A total of 166 undergraduate students completed a measure of need satisfaction at Time 1 (T1; i.e. a few weeks before the midterm exams) as well as measures of coping, goal progress, and need satisfaction at Time 2 (T2; i.e. a few weeks after the midterm exams). Results from structural equation modeling indicated that coping T2 fully mediated the relationship between need satisfaction T1 and goal progress T2. Results also indicated that goal progress T2 partially mediated the relation between task-oriented coping T2 and need satisfaction T2 as well as between disengagement-oriented coping T2 and need satisfaction T2.

Utgångspunkten för denna uppsats har varit sambandet mellan autonomi, självständig motivation och målkongruens. Sambandet har hämtats från Self-Determination Theory, där autonomi anses vara en förutsättning för att uppleva självständig motivation som i sin tur anses viktigt för att skapa målkongruens i en organisation. Då autonomi inte är en självklarhet inom alla yrken har syftet med studien varit att undersöka sambandet mellan motivation och målkongruens bland anställda med standardiserade arbetsuppgifter på ett produktionsföretag. Fallföretaget för studien har varit Sandvik AB som verkar inom tillverkningsindustrin. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats på en och samma avdelning genom intervjuer med en produktionschef samt nio anställda. De anställda har även besvarat en enkät om motivation gentemot arbetet. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån Self-Determination Theory och teori om målkongruens. Studien har visat att respondenterna med standardiserade arbetsuppgifter till övervägande del upplever kontrollerad motivation och trots detta lyckas organisationen skapa målkongruens genom yttre faktorer.

Objectives: Advancements in womens reproductive technology have resulted in women having to face the decision whether to undergo prenatal testing (PNT). This study explored the factors involved in womens decisions around PNT and assessed the extent to which the decision making process differed between women that chose not to have PNT and those that chose to have PNT. The Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) was used as the theoretical framework. <p>Study Methods: 30 pregnant or recently pregnant women over the age of 35 participated in semi-structured interviews and completed a brief survey. Content analyses were completed on the interview transcripts, and correlational analyses were performed on the survey data. Results: Womens personal values, feelings of social support, and perceived competence played major roles in the decision process. Some women in this study indicated the PNT choice gave them a feeling of control and offered feelings of reassurance, while some said having to make the choice was a burden that they found difficult to bear. Women in the testing group appeared to place a great importance on the need for information, while women in the no testing group placed greater importance on the need for social support. Each testing group also appeared to differ in facets of their personal values, such as religiosity (only women in the no testing group discussed this issue) and need for a sense of control (only women in the testing group discussed this issue). The women in the no testing group showed higher levels of uncertainty and decisional conflict, and lower levels of decisional self-efficacy than women in the testing group. <p>Conclusions: Each testing group appears to be individual in their needs during PNT decision making. The study findings suggest women should be counseled differently depending on their supports, values, and need for knowledge regarding testing. The findings suggest that women opting against PNT experience elevated decisional distress, and perceive themselves to be less competent and more conflicted over the decision than women choosing PNT. Special attention to these women during the PNT decision may improve their feelings of being socially supported during the decision.

This thesis examines the concept of self-determination, as defined by competent international agencies. Analyzing the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and the Estatuto de Ia Autonomia de las Regiones de Ia Costa Atlantica de Nicaragua (Autonomy Statute for the Regions of the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua), this work proposes that these two laws of legislation do provide a starting point for the Inuit and the Miskitu-nani to definitely begin to work towards achieving a degree of self-determination within the nation-states in which these peoples live. <p> After analyzing the historic development of the concept of self-determination and placing the Inuit and the Miskitu-nani in a theoretical framework of internal colonization, this work looks at the history and background of both peoples as well as at the final documents: the Law of Autonomy, the Nunavut Final Agreement and the Nunavut Law. Following a comparison and an analysis of these agreements, it is proposed that they represent an initial political step that, by providing some self- administration, potentially opens a road to self-determination for these Aboriginal nations âself-determination as defined by international agencies and accepted by most member states of the United Nations.