The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Skillstreaming the Adolescent social skills training program on sixth grade students' social skills as reported by themselves, their teachers, and their parents. The study was conducted in two phases. Participants in Phase I were 24 sixth grade boys and 25 sixth grade girls selected from a Midwestern, small suburban elementary school. Experimental Group 1 consisted of 24 students and Control Group I consisted of 25 students. The mean age of the students was 11.7 years. Participants in Phase II were 28 sixth grade boys and 21 sixth grade girls. Experimental Group 2 (n=16) and Experimental Group 3 (n=16) were combined for the training intervention. Control Group 2 consisted of 17 students. The mean age of these students was 11.6 years. Pretest and posttest assessments of students' social skills were measured using the Social Skills Rating System-Parent, Teacher, and Student forms (Gresham & Elliot, 1990). Data were analyzed for both phases using repeated Measures of Multivariate Analysis of Variance. In Phase I no significant interaction between time of testing, raters, and group were found. However, differences were found between the experimental and control groups regardless of time, and between time (pre and post tests) regardless of group, primarily due to teacher ratings. In Phase II there was a significant interaction between time of testing, raters, and group. The control group scored higher than the experimental group on students' social skills ratings. Based on univariate tests, the control group's significantly higher ratings were the result of teacher ratings. This study did not find support for the overall efficacy of the Skillstreamins, the Adolescent training program on improving students' social skills as measured by the SSRS-parent, teacher, and student forms. Results and implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to previous research and future directions for study. It is suggested a follow-up measure when students transition to junior high school may provide evidence of long-term effects of social skills programs. An investigation of teachers' expectations may also provide a greater understanding of the impact of training programs. / Department of Educational Psychology

When difficulties appear concerning the environment and the social relationships in teams, leading others become very interesting as well as challenging. I am sharing in this research an understanding of the concept of hardship in order to point out a main leadership issue, which is to lead others in extreme situations. It is a new and innovative approach of leadership within the business area based on the literature and completed by sailors’ experiences of hardship.Offshore sailors have the use to handle hardship situations alone as well as in crews, and they cannot avoid it when they are far away from the coasts. Thus when a problem occurs they must fix it themselves. During offshore races and expeditions, sailors have to deal with teams issues and cannot quit for going back home. Thereby, a boat, which is going to sail for few months without stop, is a real laboratory of leadership and social relationships.The starting point of this approach concerns the art of leading oneself, which represents a prerogative for a great leadership in extreme conditions. Indeed when a leader loses his or her self-control in extremes situations, he or she will probably not be able to lead others. Thus, in order to illustrate the literature approach to this concept, this thesis has been completed with an auto-ethnographical approach. I as a sailor have experimented hardship alone on my boat during some offshore sailing trips. I present an analysis of these experiences to explain the issues of leading oneself in such conditions. Thanks to the participation of some sailors experts in hardship, I illustrate the possibility to lead others in hardship context with the inspiration of their experiences. It is possible to lead others in very extremes conditions, and offshore sailors that I called hardship experts could represent a real inspiration to leaders, for a real and great leadership.

This multiple case study examined the self-regulation strategies used by 6 preschool-aged boys. The participants in this study were selected based on criterion of an undercontrolled behavior style. The researcher gained this description of the children via parental perceptions and naturalistic videotaped observations. Using these videotaped observations of natural play in the preschool environment, the researcher gained insights into the self-regulatory behaviors of these boys within their solitary play, and their peer and adult interactions. The across-case patterns revealed that the boys' behavior included a large proportion of prosocial and constructive coping responses. The data also suggested that the boys demonstrated deficits in their language strategies, especially within distressing or challenging peer situations where their negative emotion seemed to disrupt their use of skilled responses. Similarly, the boys were only observed using aggressive and negatively emotional responses subsequent to their failed attempts at peer interactions. The findings of this study can assist educators and parents in providing early education practices and play experiences that promote the development of socially competent language, emotional regulation, and peer initiation strategies.

Paper 1: Give More Tomorrow Many charities ask donors to commit to monthly contribution schemes. Monthly contributors give a fixed sum every month, which is automatically deducted from their bank account. These donors are the most profitable ones for a charity. On average, they give more than donors who contribute sporadically. They also facilitate the long-run financial planning of the charity, and they reduce the administrative and fundraising costs. What will influence a donor's decision to commit to a monthly contribution scheme? If the costs and benefits associated with contributing to a charity occur at different points in time, the answer will depend on the donor's inter-temporal preferences. More specifically, it will be of importance whether donors are time consistent or whether they exhibit present-biased preferences.  This paper designs and tests a fundraising strategy that allows for present-biased preferences among donors. The strategy, Give More Tomorrow, was implemented as a randomized field experiment in collaboration with a large charity. 1134 donors that make monthly contributions were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. In the first group, monthly donors were asked to increase their donation starting immediately. In the second group, monthly donors were asked to increase their donations starting two months later. Mean donations were 32 percent higher in the latter group, a highly significant difference. Donations conditional on giving were also significantly higher in the latter group. The effect of the GMT strategy is economically large and highly profitable to the charity. Paper 2: Crowding Out or Crowding In? The crowding-out hypothesis says that private givers, who are also taxpayers, will use their tax-financed donations as a substitute for their voluntary donations, thus reducing the net effectiveness of grants (Warr, 1982, 1983; Roberts, 1984; Bernheim, 1986; and Andreoni, 1988). While theory predicts a one-to-one relationship between government grants and private donations, econometric and experimental studies have found evidence of partial or no crowding out (see, e.g., Khanna et al., 1995; Payne, 1998; Khanna and Sandler, 2000; and Okten and Weisbrod, 2000). A recent contribution to this literature argues that government grants reduce the organizations' fundraising efforts, which may indirectly cause a decrease in private contributions (Andreoni and Payne, 2003). This paper employs a previously unexplored panel dataset to test whether government grants crowd out private donations to charitable organizations, controlling for changes in the organizations' fundraising behavior. The data covers all registered charitable organizations in Sweden between 1989 and 2003. We have a total of 361 organizations where the largest group is health related. The panel data allows us to control for unobserved organizational heterogeneity and time fixed effects. Furthermore, we use a 2SLS specification to control for possible endogeneity in government grants and fundraising expenditures. Complete crowding out can be strongly rejected. In the 2SLS regression, the estimated crowd-out is small and highly significant in the full sample, on average 5.0%. In the disaggregated sample, we cannot reject zero crowding out for any type of organization in the 2SLS regressions. Furthermore, we find strong evidence that organizations are net revenue maximizing, indicating that fundraising activities are efficient. Paper 3: Is Foreign Aid Paternalistic? (with Ola Granstrom and Felix Masiye) In this paper, we experimentally investigate whether donors are paternalistically altruistic when contributing to foreign aid. A paternalist may be defined as someone who advances other people's interests, such as life, health, or safety, at the expense of their liberty or autonomy. In economic theory, a donor is said to be paternalistically altruistic if he cares about a recipient's wellbeing, but does not fully respect the recipient's preferences (Pollak, 1988; Jones-Lee, 1991, 1992; Jacobsson et al., 2005). In a double-blind experiment, a subject chooses whether to make a monetary or a tied transfer (mosquito nets) to an anonymous household in Zambia. Recipients have revealed preferences for money, as their willingness to pay for mosquito nets is positive but below the market price. A monetary transfer will therefore preserve the household's preferences while a tied transfer is paternalistic. The mean donation of mosquito nets differs significantly from zero, thereby implying paternalistic preferences among donors. Paternalistic donors constitute 65 percent of the total sample, whereas purely altruistic donors constitute 15 percent. We conclude that health-focused paternalistic rather than purely altruistic preferences dominate the foreign-aid giving of individuals. Paper 4: Altruism without Borders? (with Ola Granstrom) Why do individuals contribute to foreign aid? Does the willingness to give increase the more we know about the recipients? Although there is some literature on the strategic interests of countries in providing foreign aid, (see, e.g., Alesina and Dollar, 2000) very little is yet known about which preferences guide the foreign-aid giving of individual donors. This paper experimentally tests altruism over borders. We design a cross-country dictator game where the degree of identification of the recipient is varied in four treatments: (1) anonymity, (2) photo, (3) information and (4) photo and information. In addition, questionnaire data on donor characteristics is gathered. The mean donation is 55%, which is considerably higher than in standard dictator games. In contrast to previous within-country experiments, we find no significant effect of identification on donations. Furthermore, we find that women donate significantly more than men (64 compared to 50 percent) and that those who state that aid is too large donate significantly less than those who state that aid is too small (24 compared to 67 percent). / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2006 S. 5-7: Summary of Papers, S. 13-125: 4 papers

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Recent research in economics and psychology has examined the childhood noncognitive skills which predict future economic success. However, there has been relatively little research on whether these skills predict future unemployment. This thesis uses data from four cohort studies (total N = 47,328) from Great Britain and the United States to examine how lifetime trajectories of unemployment are affected by childhood differences in self-control (chapter 3), conscientiousness (4), and mental health (5-6). These are some of the first studies to examine how pre-labor market measures of these psychological characteristics prospectively predict future unemployment. Chapters 3, 5 and 6 are the first studies to examine how early psychological characteristics interact with recessions to produce differential unemployment outcomes. After adjusting for cognitive ability and key sociodemographic indicators (e.g. gender, SES), all three of these psychological characteristics are found to predict future unemployment. The effects are statistically significant and economically meaningful, comparable in magnitude to the effects of intelligence. Chapter 3 shows that childhood with poor self-control were disproportionately more likely than their more self-controlled peers to become unemployed during the 1980s UK recession, and chapters 5 and 6 find a similar effect for children with high psychological distress compared to their less distressed peers during the 1980s UK recession and 2007 US recession. These studies demonstrate the value of using psychological research to examine economic outcomes. The chief policy implication is that interventions which improve childhood levels of self-control, conscientiousness and mental health may be an effective way to reduce future population unemployment levels. In the short term, remediation programs which take into account individual psychological differences may improve the efficacy of unemployment interventions, particularly during recessions when certain groups are more likely than others to become unemployed.

GOIANA, Francisco Daniel Iris. Instinto e civilização: a sociologia processual de Norbert Elias e seu encontro com a psicanálise freudiana. 2014. 97f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-22T11:50:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fdigoiana.pdf: 756160 bytes, checksum: 4a634f503ffbedfef01ac2908278d389 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-23T11:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fdigoiana.pdf: 756160 bytes, checksum: 4a634f503ffbedfef01ac2908278d389 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T11:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fdigoiana.pdf: 756160 bytes, checksum: 4a634f503ffbedfef01ac2908278d389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This work make a reflective analysis on the work of the sociologist Norbert Elias, especially in its interpretation of the civilizing process occurred in Europe from the formation of European absolutist states, present in The Civilizing Process (1939). In the constitution of his Sociology, Elias brings an interdisciplinary proposal to sociologically analyze a historical object. For this analysis, the author makes use of freudian psychoanalysis. I tried to make this work, first an analysis sociobiographical Freud and Elias, addressing his intellectual formation, looking for a 'meeting point' of these two authors. Specifically, this site was the Frankfurt School, which had a very strong relationship between social theory and psychoanalysis, which influenced authors such as Herbert Marcuse and Theodor Adorno. In his life, Elias comes into contact with Freud's work during the period he was in the city (1929- 1933), when he was assistant Karl Mannheim. The initial period of Elias in Frankfurt coincides with the release of Civilization and its Discontents, the great work in which Freud, even starting from a clinical assumption makes a great analysis of the social. Elias falls into a tradition of authors who used psychoanalytic theory as support for the construction of both theories in the field of Sociology and Anthropology. So we did a genealogy of this interaction and realize that it occurs almost simultaneously with the emergence of sociology, anthropology and psychoanalysis, with Freud himself one of the authors to make this interaction in works such as Totem and Taboo and Civilization and its Discontents, among others. Based on these works and concepts formulated by Freud to the ideas of 'superego', 'instinctual repression', Elias constructs his theory of the 'civilizing process'. This process, Elias tells us that is mostly based on a repression of affects and emotions process, which in Freud's language is the 'repression of instincts' which leads to the formation of the superego, our moral censor. For Elias this 'repression' occurs in two stages: first through an external coercion, with the emergence of feelings such as shame that path leads to internalization of these prohibitions causing individuals to self-control their emotions, such a rationalization process. When formulated his idea of 'civilizing process', Elias also postulated that this process is not unilinear and is not totally safe thus resulting in the idea of 'descivilizing process' that occur in situations such as wars and genocides and Elias analyzed in its The Germans work. / Este trabalho faz uma análise reflexiva sobre a obra do sociólogo Norbert Elias, especialmente na sua interpretação sobre o processo civilizatório, ocorrido na Europa a partir da formação dos estados absolutistas europeus, presente em O processo civilizador (1939). Na constituição de sua Sociologia, Elias traz uma proposta interdisciplinar de analisar sociologicamente um objeto histórico. Para tal análise, o autor faz uso da psicanálise freudiana. Nesse trabalho busquei fazer, primeiramente uma análise sociobiográfica de Freud e Elias, tratando de sua formação intelectual, procurando um ‘ponto de encontro’ desses dois autores. Concretamente, esse local foi a Escola de Frankfurt, onde havia uma relação muito forte entre a teoria social e a psicanálise, que influenciou autores como Hebert Marcuse e Theodor Adorno. Em sua vida, Elias entra em contato com a obra freudiana no período que ficou na cidade (1929-1933), quando era assistente de Karl Mannheim. O período inicial de Elias em Frankfurt coincide com o lançamento de O mal-estar na civilização, a grande obra em que Freud, mesmo que partindo de um pressuposto clínico faz uma grande análise do social. Elias se enquadra em uma tradição de autores que usaram a teoria psicanalítica como apoio para a construção de teorias tanto da área da Sociologia como da Antropologia. Portanto, fizemos uma genealogia dessa interação e percebemos que ela ocorre quase que simultaneamente com o surgimento da Sociologia, da Antropologia e da Psicanálise, sendo o próprio Freud um dos autores a fazer essa interação em obras como Totem e Tabu e O Mal-estar na civilização, dentre outras. Baseado nessas obras e por conceitos formulados por Freud com as ideias de ‘supereu’, ‘repressão instintual’, Elias constrói sua teoria do ‘processo civilizador’. Esse processo, Elias nos diz que está baseado majoritariamente num processo de repressão dos afetos e das emoções, que na linguagem freudiana é a ‘repressão dos instintos’ que leva a formação do supereu, nosso censor moral. Para Elias essa ‘repressão’ ocorre em dois momentos: primeiro por meio de uma coerção externa, com o surgimento de sentimentos como a vergonha esse caminho leva à internalização dessas proibições levando os indivíduos ao autocontrole de suas emoções, num processo de racionalização dessas. Quando formulou sua ideia de ‘processo civilizador’, Elias postulou também que esse processo não é unilinear e que não está totalmente a salvo surgindo assim a ideia de ‘processo descivilizador’ que ocorrem em situações como guerras e genocídios e que Elias analisou na sua obra Os alemães.

Managing discipline in schools is one of the fundamentals of effective teaching and learning. It is evident that ineffective discipline management in schools would eventually jeopardize the efficacy of teaching and learning. So, it is crucial that legitimate, democratic disciplinary measures and procedures should be employed. The aim of this study was to investigate ways of managing discipline in selected secondary schools within Sekhukhune District, Limpopo. A qualitative research approach was chosen, employing research methods which included individual interviews, focus group interviews and non-participant observation. The investigation focused on four secondary schools which were purposefully sampled to participate in the study. The research concentrated only on the views of the educators and the principals. This investigation revealed that principals and educators still find themselves in a predicament in applying contemporary disciplinary measures due to a lack of training or minimal training regarding alternatives to corporal punishment. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Submitted by MARCELO PEREIRA (marcelocampo0@gmail.com) on 2018-03-29T14:25:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação 26-03.pdf: 1520396 bytes, checksum: bbe7a3e5defb7f69b0c226db542f25c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-03-29T17:50:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_mc_me_mar.pdf: 1520396 bytes, checksum: bbe7a3e5defb7f69b0c226db542f25c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-29T17:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_mc_me_mar.pdf: 1520396 bytes, checksum: bbe7a3e5defb7f69b0c226db542f25c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Não recebi financiamento / O desenvolvimento infantil é impulsionado por meio de situações sociais nas quais a atividade da criança é privilegiada, mobilizando nela as ações de pensar, sentir e agir de modo cada vez mais elaborado. Por isso, o trabalho docente em escolas de Educação Infantil envolve a criação de condições objetivas para que ela brinque, se relacione, expresse suas ideias e exteriorize suas aprendizagens, tornando-se, assim, cada vez mais humana. Tais condições exigem a organização dos espaços, da utilização do tempo, dos materiais usados e dos relacionamentos em que a participação ativa da criança atua como elemento principal. Dessa forma, o problema norteador deste trabalho foi: como propor o tempo livre das crianças na Educação Infantil, tendo em vista seu pleno desenvolvimento? Buscando o objetivo geral da presente pesquisa de caracterizar os elementos que compõem o tempo livre na escola de Educação Infantil, foram abordadas questões relativas à gestão do tempo livre pelas crianças e a influência desse tempo para sua humanização sob a ótica da Teoria Histórico-Cultural. Além disso, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo específico discutir as contribuições do tempo livre para o desenvolvimento de capacidades humanas, em especial, a apropriação do autocontrole da conduta pela criança. A hipótese que norteou o estudo foi a de que o tempo livre na Educação Infantil possibilita à criança vivências que promovam o seu desenvolvimento humano. Com abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa de tipo exploratória envolveu revisão bibliográfica em diversas fontes digitais para conhecimento da produção na área, entrevistas semiestruturadas com professoras e coordenadoras, e a observação de vivências do tempo livre propostas às crianças de quatro e cinco anos, em duas escolas municipais. Da análise de fundamentos teóricos derivaram implicações pedagógicas, tais como a possibilidade do tempo livre promover o exercício de diferentes capacidades humanas nas crianças e o acesso à cultura mais elaborada a fim de motivar, nos docentes, reflexões sobre o valor do tempo livre intencionalmente organizado para a formação e o desenvolvimento integral das crianças. As análises apontaram a necessidade de o professor reconhecer, no processo de desenvolvimento infantil, a importância do tempo livre para o protagonismo das crianças, promovendo propostas capazes de desenvolver e exercitar habilidades humanas fundamentais, tais como: a capacidade de escolher, de tomar decisões, de planejar, de buscar soluções e de trabalhar de forma colaborativa, gradativamente exercitando e apropriando-se do autocontrole em sua conduta. / Child development is achieved by means of social situations in which the child's activity is privileged, mobilizing her actions to think, feel and act in an increasingly elaborate way. For this reason, the *teacher`s work in a early childhood Education involves creating of objective conditions for children to play, to relate, to express ideas, to externalize learning, thus becoming more and more human. Such conditions require the organization of spaces, the use of time, materials used and relationships in which active participation of the child acts as the main element. Thus, the guiding problem of this work was: how to propose children's free time in Early Childhood Education, with a view to their full development? Seeking the general objective of the present research to characterize the elements that make up the free time in the School of Infant Education, questions were approached regarding the management of free time by the children and the influence of this time for their humanization from the perspective of Historical-Cultural Theory. In addition, this research had the specific objective of discussing the contributions of free time to the development of human capacities, in particular, the appropriation of the child's self-control of behavior. The hypothesis that guided the study was that the free time in Early Childhood Education enables children to experience their human development. With a qualitative approach, the exploratory research involved a bibliographical review in several digital sources for knowledge of the production in the area, semi-structured interviews with teachers and coordinators, and the observation of free time experiences offered to children of 4 and 5 years of age in two municipal schools. From the analysis of theoretical foundations derived pedagogical implications, such as the possibility of free time promoting the exercise of different human capacities in children and access to the more elaborate culture in order to motivate, in the teachers, reflections on the value of free time intentionally organized for training and development of children. The analyzes pointed out the need for the teacher to recognize in the process of child development the importance of free time for children to play a role, promoting proposals capable of developing and exercising fundamental human skills such as: the ability to choose, to plan, to seek solutions and to work collaboratively, gradually exercising and appropriating self-control in their conduct.

Considerando a escassez de trabalhos científicos relacionados às medidas de biosseguridade na área de peixes ornamentais, o presente estudo utiliza o Sistema APPCC para delinear a criação e implementação de programas de autocontrole sanitário em estabelecimentos atacadistas de peixes ornamentais, estabelecendo os seguintes objetivos: 1) criar um guia de orientação para a adoção de medidas de biosseguridade relacionadas às boas práticas de manejo e higiene em comércio atacadista de peixes ornamentais; 2) listar os principais perigos biológicos de natureza bacteriana, viral, fúngica e parasitária aos quais os peixes ornamentais estão susceptíveis, bem como as medidas de prevenção e controle e 3) aplicar o Sistema APPCC em comércio atacadista de peixes ornamentais para um efetivo autocontrole sanitário dos animais comercializados. Como metodologia seguiram-se os passos para implementação do Sistema APPCC respectivamente: 1) identificação da empresa e definição do âmbito de aplicação, acompanhamento dos colaboradores e identificação das funções, das condições de infraestrutura e práticas higiênicossanitária, descrição do produto, elaboração de um fluxograma da área de processamento desde o recebimento até a expedição e validação in loco do Fluxograma; 2) identificação dos perigos biológicos e medidas preventivas para controle; 3) determinação dos pontos críticos de controle, estabelecimento de limites críticos de controle, monitoramento, ações corretivas; procedimentos de verificação e registro de dados e documentação. Conclui-se, que o Sistema APPCC é aplicável e útil para o autocontrole sanitário em comércio atacadista de peixes ornamentais e, como um programa de autocontrole serve de base para criação de outros programas relacionado às boas práticas, tais como controle higiênicossanitário e Bem Estar Animal, aumentando a qualidade técnico-produtiva do negócio e oferecendo animais saudáveis ao consumidor / Due to the scarcity of scientific studies related to biosecurity measures in the ornamental fish area, this current study works under the HACCP System to delineate the creation and implementation of sanitary control programs in wholesale ornamental fish, establishing the following objectives: 1) to create a guideline for the implementation of biosecurity measures related to good management and hygiene practices in wholesale trade for ornamental fish; 2) to list the main biological hazards of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic to which ornamental fish are susceptible, as well as the prevention and control measures; and 3) to apply the HACCP system in wholesale trade in ornamental fish for effective sanitary control of the sold animals. As a methodology, the following steps were taken in order to implement the HACCP System: 1) identification of the company and definition of the scope, monitoring of employees and identification of functions, infrastructure conditions and hygienic sanitary practices, product description, elaboration of a flow diagram from the processing area from receipt to expedition and on-site validation of the flow diagram; 2) identification of biological hazards and preventive measures for control; 3) determination of critical control points, establishment of critical limits of control, monitoring, corrective actions; procedures for verification and recording of data and documentation. It is concluded that the HACCP system is applicable and useful for sanitary self-control in wholesale trade in ornamental fish, and since a self-control program serves as a basis for the creation of other programs related to good practices such as hygienic sanitary control and Animal Welfare, increasing the technical-productive quality of the business and offering healthy animals to the costumer.