Situational Action Theory (SAT), a recently developed explanation of criminal conduct, is becoming increasingly studied. Hitherto, however, nearly all tests of the theory and its hypotheses have been based on samples of adolescents or young adults. Studies drawing on the older population have been missing so far. This work addresses the interplay of moral beliefs and the ability to exercise self-control in crime causation among respondents aged 50 years and over. In line with SAT and the results obtained previously for young people, our analyses show that self-control ability affects offending among older adults too, particularly when personal morality is weak.

Factors that confer predisposition and vulnerability for alcoholism and other substance abuse disorders may be described usefully within the gene-environment interplay framework. Thus, it is postulated that heritability provides a major contribution not only to alcohol but also to other substances of abuse. Studies of evoked potential amplitude reduction have provided a highly suitable and testable method for the assessment of both environmentally-determined and heritable characteristics pertaining to substance use and dependence. The different personal attributes that may co-exist with parental influence or exist in a shared, monozygotic relationship contribute to the final expression of addiction. In this connection, it appears that personality disorders are highly prevalent co-morbid conditions among addicted individuals, and, this co-morbidity is likely to be accounted for by multiple complex eti-ological relationships, not least in adolescent individuals. Co-morbidity associated with deficient executive functioning may be observed too in alcohol-related aggressiveness and crimes of violence. The successful intervention into alcohol dependence and craving brought about by baclofen in both human and animal studies elucidates glutamatergic mechanisms in alcoholism whereas the role of the dopamine transporter, in conjunction with both the noradrenergic and serotonergic transporters, are implicated in cocaine dependence and craving. The role of the cannabinoids in ontogeny through an influence upon the expression of key genes for the development of neurotransmitter systems must be considered. Finally, the particular form of behaviour/ characteristic outcome due to childhood circumstance may lie with biological, gene-based determinants, for example individual characteristics of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity levels, thereby rendering simple predictive measures both redundant and misguiding.

The ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity have detrimental effects on children's social functioning and increase their risk of being victimized by peers and engaging in bullying behaviors (Unnever & Cornell, 2003;Wiener & Mak, 2009). In particular, the specific social skills of peer competence and self-control were examined to determine if there was a mediating or indirect effect on peer victimization or engagement in bullying behaviors. Participants in this study included 707 children from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and variables were measured in the 3 rd , 5 th , and 6 th grades. Results indicated no direct effects between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and peer victimization or engagement in bullying. However, a significant indirect effect between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in the 3 rd grade and peer victimization in the 6 th grade via peer competence in the 5 th grade was found. Evidence of an indirect effect between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and peer victimization via self-control skills was also found. A significant relationship between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and engagement in bullying through peer competence was not found. Finally, results suggested a significant indirect effect between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and engagement in bullying behavior through self-control skills.

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Den aktuella studien undersöker stöld som begås av anställda utifrån en kriminologisk teori som integrerar individuella och kontextuella faktorer – Situationella handlingsteorin. Syftet med studien är att testa huruvida denna teori utgör en lämplig förklaringsmodell för stöld som begås av anställda inom den svenska café- och restaurangbranschen samt detalj- och partihandeln. Studien ämnar även undersöka om individers stöldbenägenhet skiljer sig åt på respektive utanför arbetsplatsen. Studien grundar sig på primärdata inhämtad med hjälp av en webbenkät, distribuerad på det sociala nätverket Facebook. Materialet analyserades statistiskt och de huvudsakliga resultaten visar att individens benägenhet, i form av moral och självkontroll, samt motivation i form av frestelser, kan bekräftas som viktiga prediktorer för stöld som begås av anställda. Med grund i de samlade resultaten dras slutsatsen att Situationella handlingsteorin kan anses vara en lämplig förklaringsmodell för stöld på arbetsplatsen. / The present study examines theft committed by employees from a criminological theory, which integrates individual and contextual factors – Situational Action Theory. The purpose of this study is to test whether this theory is an appropriate model of explanation for theft committed by employees of the Swedish café and restaurant industry as well as retail and wholesale trade. The study also intends to examine whether individuals differ in their propensity to steal in, compared to outside of, their workplace. The study is based on primary data acquired with an online questionnaire, distributed on the social network Facebook. The material was analyzed statistically and the main results showed that individual's propensity, in the form of morality and self-control, and motivation in the form of temptations, can be confirmed as important predictors of theft committed by employees. With the foundation of the overall results the conclusion is that the Situational Action Theory could be considered a suitable model of explanation for theft in the workplace.

According to Wikstörm’s (2012) Situational Action Theory (SAT), engaging incriminogenic behaviour is influenced by a person’s crime propensity, such as self-control and morality. Moral rules applied to a setting, and their degree ofenforcement, are stated as crucial since individuals are in constant interaction withtheir surroundings. Criminogenic exposure, such as having criminal friends and thetime spent with friends, is according to SAT (ibid.) influential on criminogenicbehaviour. The purpose of this study was, through hypothesis testing, to investigatethe applicability of SAT based on different environmental contexts. Aggressivecriminogenic behaviour was measured through bullying. Offline- andcyberbullying corresponded to aggressive criminogenic behaviour in differentenvironmental contexts. This study found that morality, self-control, andcriminogenic exposure, were significant in relation to offline bullying. Self-controland having criminal friends were significant in relation to cyberbullying. Genderwas used as a confounding variable and showed that girls are more prone tocyberbullying than boys, and that boys were more prone to offline bullying thangirls. Testing SAT applicability by comparing online and offline criminogenicbehaviour is understudied, further research on other online criminogenic behavioursis therefore encouraged, as well as the relationship between gender and anonymityas well as their influence in SAT.

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Background. Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) are often thought to show heightened selfcontrol and increased ability to inhibit desires. In addition to inhibitory self-control, antecedentfocused strategies (e.g., cognitive reconstrual—the re-evaluation of tempting situations) might contribute to disorder maintenance and enable disorder-typical, maladaptive behaviors. - Methods. Over a period of 14 days, 40 acutely underweight young female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 40 healthy control (HC) participants reported their affect and behavior in selfcontrol situations via ecological momentary assessment during inpatient treatment (AN) and everyday life (HC). Data were analyzed via hierarchical analyses (linear and logistic modeling). - Results. Conflict strength had a significantly lower impact on self-control success in AN compared to HC. While AN and HC did not generally differ in the number or strength of self-control conflicts or in the percentage of self-control success, AN reported self-controlled behavior to be less dependent on conflict strength. - Conclusions. While patients with AN were not generally more successful at self-control, they appeared to resolve self-control conflicts more effectively. These findings suggest that the magnitude of self-control conflicts has comparatively little impact on individuals with AN, possibly due to the use of antecedent-focused strategies. If confirmed, cognitive-behavioral therapy might focus on and help patients to exploit these alternative self-control strategies in the battle against their illness.