Syftet i vår undersökning är att undersöka skillnader mellan mäns och kvinnors upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. För att kunna uppnå vårt syfte har följande frågeställning utformats: Är det någon skillnad mellan män och kvinnors upplevelse av stress, mobbning, sexuella trakasserier, socialt stöd, chefsstöd och autonomi i deras arbetsmiljö? Studien har utförts via vår webbenkät på sociala medier, Facebook och LinkedIn. Vår metod har varit av kvantitativ art och genomförts med 112 respondenter. För att få så många svar som möjligt har vi delat enkäten offentligt och via Messenger med vänner som kunde ta del av den. Motiveringen till att detta material används i denna studie är att det kan bidra till en förståelse för respondenternas upplevelse av stress, mobbning, socialstöd, chef stöd, sexuella trakasserier, autonomi, inflytande och egenkontroll, samt för att kunna jämföra skillnader mellan män och kvinnor i dessa avseenden. Resultatet avslöjade inga skillnader mellan män och kvinnor som var statistiskt säkerställda Eftersom respondenterna i studien har deltagit på eget initiativ avviker de sannolikt från populationen i sin helhet avseende intresse för och erfarenheter av könsskillnader och frågor om arbetsmiljö. Resultatet kan därför inte generaliseras till andra grupper i samhället. Vidare forskning bör använda sig av randomiserade urval för att undersöka könsskillnader gällande stress, mobbning, sexuella trakasserier, socialt stöd, chefsstöd, autonomi, inflytande och egenkontroll. / The purpose of our study is to investigate men's and women's experiences of their psychosocial work environment. To fulfil our purpose and our questions the following research question were formulated “Is there any difference between men and women's experience of stress, bullying, sexual harassment, social support, management support and autonomy in their work environment?” The study has been conducted via our web survey on social media, Facebook and LinkedIn. Our method has been of a quantitative nature and implemented with 112 respondents. To get as many answers as possible, we have shared the questionnaire publicly and via messenger with friends who could take part of it. The reason why this material is used in this study is that it can contribute to an understanding of the respondents' experience of stress, bullying, social support, manager support, sexual harassment, autonomy, influence and self-control, and to be able to compare differences between men and women in these aspects. The result showed that in some cases there are differences between men and women. However, the result showed that there were no significant gender differences. This suggests that further research should continue to investigate gender differences regarding stress, bullying, sexual harassment, social support, managerial support, autonomy, influence and self-control, since the result can be interpreted as being that generalizing conclusions in this regard cannot be drawn at this time.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

Delay Discounting im Sinne eines Abwertens zukünftiger Belohnungen ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Es zeigt sich z. B. in persönlichen Angelegenheiten, wie der Entscheidung für den kurzfristigen Genuss von Süßigkeiten und gegen die langfristigen, durchaus größeren Vorteile einer schlanken Figur. Auch internationale wirtschaftliche und politische Diskussionen zum Klimaschutz oder der Finanzkrise werden von der Präferenz für sofortige, kleinere Belohnungen über verzögerte, größere Belohnungen getrieben. In der Psychologie wird Delay Discounting als Maß für Impulsivität bzw. Selbstkontrolle mit dem Auftreten von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndromen und von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. Bezüglich der neuronalen Grundlagen von Delay Discouting ist mithilfe von sogenannten Intertemporal Choice Tasks bereits herausgefunden worden, dass die Entscheidung für eine sofortige Belohnung stärkere neuronale Aktivierung in belohnungsspezifischen Gehirnregionen evoziert als die Entscheidung für eine verzögerte Belohnung. Außerdem wurden sowohl theoretisch wie auch empirisch ein impulsives und ein reflektives System als Grundlage des Delay Discounting beschrieben, deren Existenz jedoch von manchen Wissenschaftlern angezweifelt wird. Ebenso wird angezweifelt, ob Delay Discounting unabhängig vom Einsatz von Intertemporal Choice Tasks und der damit verbundenen Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen überhaupt besteht. Da die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting und des impulsiven und reflektiven Systems bisher nicht unabhängig von einer Entscheidungsaufgabe erfasst wurden, konnten diese Zweifel nicht ausgeräumt werden. Ebenso ist zurzeit unbekannt, ob sich die neuronalen Korrelate des Delay Discounting bei Personen mit unterschiedlichen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, bei Männern und Frauen, bei Rauchern und Nichtrauchern und in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Genvarianten unterscheiden. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein neuartiges Delay Discounting Paradigma zum Einsatz im Magnetresonanztomographen entwickelt worden. Dieses Paradigma ähnelt einem Monetary Incentive Delay Task und ermöglicht es, neuronale Aktivierung bei der Antizipation und bei dem Erhalt einer einzelnen Belohnung zu einem Zeitpunkt zu erfassen. Außerdem kann nach der Antizipation einer Belohnung, die sich durch eine bestimmte Höhe (0,05 €, 0,50 €, 1,00 €) und eine bestimmte Auszahlungsverzögerung (0 Tage, 10 Tage, 100 Tage) auszeichnet, in einer einfachen visuellen Diskriminationsaufgabe eine Reaktionszeit erfasst werden, die als behaviorales Maß für die inzentive Motivation fungiert. Zusammen mit einer Erfassung verschiedener Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und einer Genotypisierung für den COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus, den DRD2 Taq 1 A Polymorphismus und den DAT 1 Polymorphismus ist das Delay Discounting Paradigma an insgesamt 90 Probanden im Magnetresonanztomographen eingesetzt worden, so dass 84 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen werden konnten. Diese 84 Datensätze stammten insgesamt von 42 Frauen und 42 Männern bzw. von 43 strikten Nichtrauchern, 38 starken Rauchern und drei Gelegenheitsrauchern. Anhand der Auswertung der Gesamtstichprobe konnte bestätigt werden, dass das Delay Discounting Paradigma belohnungs- und verzögerungsspezifisch unterschiedliche Reaktionszeiten und unterschiedliche neuronale Aktivierung hervorruft. In belohnungsverarbeitenden Gehirnregionen wie dem ventralen Striatum zeigte sich sowohl stärkere Aktivierung für größere Belohnungen als auch für Belohnungen, die früher ausgezahlt wurden. Damit steht fest, dass Delay Discounting unabhängig von der Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen auftritt. Außerdem konnte erstmalig ein Interaktionseffekt zwischen Belohnungshöhe und Belohnungsverzögerung aufgedeckt werden: Es zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Differenzen in der neuronalen Aktivierung zwischen größter und kleinster Belohnung über die Zeit, was auf eine Indifferenz gegenüber der Höhe verzögerter Belohnung hindeutet. Ein Einfluss der Belohnungsverzögerung wurde allerdings nur beim Erhalt von Belohnungen messbar, bei der Antizipation von Belohnungen zeigte sich kein Delay Discounting Effekt. Bezüglich der Kontroverse zur Existenz eines impulsiven und reflektiven Systems konnten Ergebnisse gewonnen werden, die beide Positionen integrieren. So wurde zwar die Beteiligung von zwei distinkten neuronalen Systemen beim Abwerten zukünftiger Belohnungen bestätigt, allerdings zeigte sich auch, dass beide Systeme – in einem unterschiedlichen Ausmaß – verzögerte Belohnungen abwerten. Trotzdem wird von den vorliegenden Ergebnissen die Annahme, dass sich aus der Interaktion von impulsivem und reflektivem System impulsives und selbstkontrolliertes Verhalten ergeben kann, gestützt. Im Hinblick auf die interindividuellen Unterschiede, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgedeckt werden sollten, haben sich vor allem Zusammenhänge zwischen dem subjektiv berichteten allgemeinen Stress der Versuchspersonen (operationalisiert über das Selbststeuerungsinventar) und der neuronalen Aktivität von Gehirnregionen, die dem impulsiven und reflektiven System zugeordnet werden, gezeigt. So ist bei niedrigem Stress das impulsive System signifikant weniger aktiviert als das reflektive System, während sich bei hohem Stress dieser Zusammenhang umkehrt. Die relative Hyperaktivierung des impulsiven Systems bei Stress könnte erklären, warum unter Stress vermehrt Rückfälle bei abhängigkeitserkrankten Probanden beobachtet werden. Außerdem ging starkes neuronales Delay Discounting in medial präfrontalen Gehirnregionen mit hohem Stress, ebenso wie mit hoher nichtplanender Impulsivität (gemessen anhand der Barratt Impulsivitätsskala) und mit geringer Selbstkontrolle (gemäß des Selbststeuerungsinventars) einher. Dieses Ergebnis belegt unter anderem, dass das neu entwickelte Delay Discounting Paradigma neuronale Prozesse abbildet, die mit Impulsivität und Selbstkontrolle in Verbindung stehen. Darüber hinaus konnte kongruent mit entsprechenden Vorbefunden ein Einfluss des COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus auf das neuronale Delay Discounting im ventralen Striatum und erstmalig ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem DRD2 Taq 1 A A1-Allel und neuronalem Delay Discounting im posterioren Cingulum aufgedeckt werden. Damit ist die Bedeutung des Neurotransmitters Dopamin, der durch die untersuchten Polymorphismen beeinflusst wird, für die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting bestätigt worden. Zusammengenommen deuten sowohl die beschriebenen Befunde als auch die sonstigen Ergebnisse der Arbeit darauf hin, dass sich neuronales Delay Discounting interindividuell unterscheidet. Im Hinblick auf Pathologien, die mit diesem Phänomen in Verbindung stehen, sollte daher weitere Forschung zu interindividuellen Unterschieden und zu spezifischen Behandlungsmethoden erfolgen.

Il y a de plus en plus de preuves que les animaux diffèrent de façon constante dans leur tendance à se servir de l’information sociale et de l’information personnelle, et ces différences interindividuelles sont corrélées avec des traits de personnalité tels que l’hardiesse et l’exploration. Le lien entre la personnalité et l’utilisation d’information sociale serait attribué au fait que les performances cognitives des individus affectent non seulement leur personnalité, mais aussi leur habileté à acquérir de l’information personnelle fiable. La présente étude cherchait à déterminer si les femelles diamant mandarin qui ont tendance à se fier à l’information sociale dans des contextes de choix de partenaire et d’alimentation démontrent également un niveau de contrôle de soi plus faible, une mesure que nous avons utilisée pour évaluer leur capacité à discriminer entre deux alternatives. Nous avons observé que les femelles plus impulsives ont une plus grande tendance à se servir de l’information sociale que celles qui démontrent un degré de contrôle de soi plus élevé. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent fortement que les différences individuelles dans les capacités cognitives auraient contribué à l'émergence et au maintien des personnalités animales. / There is increasing evidence that animals differ consistently in their tendency to weight social and personal information and these inter-individual differences have been found to correlate with personality traits, such as boldness or exploratory tendency. One reason that could explain the relationship between personality and social information use is that cognitive capacities of individuals affect both their personality and their ability to acquire reliable personal information. Our study aimed to determine if female zebra finches that relied on social information in a mating and a foraging context also demonstrated a low level of self-control, used as a measure of their ability to discriminate accurately among alternatives. Supporting our expectations, we found that the most impulsive females consistently relied on social information to a greater extent than those that demonstrated higher levels of self control. Thus, our findings strongly suggest that individual differences in cognitive abilities have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of animal personalities.

Care of the elderly is frequently debated in the Swedish media. Pensioners, who are often ill and lonely, need help with social care, such as cleaning and cooking, and health care, such as taking medicine and treatment of injuries and wounds. They are aided by home helpers from the home helper unit and assistant nurses and nurses from the health centre. How does control operate in this intimate and private situation, and what influences the home helpers? What is the relation between control and the delivery of care to the pensioners? These are the questions explored in this dissertation, based on an empirical study of domestic elderly care in a large city in Sweden. The thesis explores the conflict between the productification of care, manifested in administrative controls, and the needs and desires of the pensioners in specific care giving situations, manifested in self controls. It is seen that even during periods of high financial pressure, the home helpers are influenced by the pensioners. The home helpers are flexible and do extra things not included in the pre-specified social care contract for some pensioners. Flexibility is shown to be important for the pensioners, but the increased financial pressure makes it harder and harder for the home helpers to be flexible. It is therefore suggested in the thesis for social care service purchasers to put in some unspecified time in the social care decisions and not just pre-specified operational activities. In this way some flexibility will be built into the administrative system. The importance of cooperation between the health centre and the home helper unit is also stressed in the thesis. There is a need to issue administrative controls for cooperation. A joint task group, with members from the health centres and the home helper units, meetings between the home helpers and the nurses and specified guidelines for cooperation tasks can act as controls which would sustain significant and positive effects on the cooperation. Finally, a problematic underlying financial process for the home helper units is identified. The home helper units are not often compensated for yearly salary increases. The problems of the moment receive significantly more attention, but this thesis points to the need for discussing the ongoing, underlying and problematic financial process in the elderly care. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007</p>

Following the writings of philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt, Gary Watson, and Alfred Mele, in this thesis I defend some central claims of the self-control view of human agency. However, I not only defend, but also supplement this view in the following two ways. First, drawing on work by Mary Midgley and Sigmund Freud I advance the claim that self-control requires the experience of internal conflict between an agent’s motivations and intentions. Second, drawing on insights from Simone de Beauvoir and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as recent research in social psychology and cognitive science, I will argue in this thesis that self-control and vulnerability are inextricably intertwined with one another, and that as a result both are to be seen as constitutive of human agency. While it is the capacity for self-control that marks us out as human agents, I argue that it is also our uniquely human vulnerability which distinguishes our agency from the kind of agency which we might attribute to other potential or actual forms of sentience. Further, while the concepts of human agency and personhood are typically conflated in the analytic tradition of philosophy, in this thesis I will show that there are good reasons for understanding these two concepts as subtly distinct from one another. The term personhood, I will argue, can fruitfully be understood in substantive rather than purely formal terms. A person, in the superlative sense, is to be understood as someone who exercises their agency well; and, as such, persons are answerable to a number of normative prescriptions. Following Midgley, Nietzsche and Martha Nussbaum, I argue against Frankfurt’s normative prescription for personhood in the form of what he calls ‘wholeheartedness’, and offer four normative prescriptions for personhood of my own.

BAKGRUND: Samtidigt som befolkningen blir äldre läggs ett större ansvar på individen att upprätta ett eget pensionssparande. Det blir således viktigare att påbörja sitt pensionssparande vid en yngre ålder. Det bör därför undersökas hur kognitiva motivationsfaktorer förändras över individens livscykel samt hur det interagerar med viljan och möjligheten att pensionsspara. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett retroaktivt perspektiv låta individer reflektera över vad som påverkat deras beslut gällande det egna pensionssparandet. Detta med fokus på (a) självkontroll, (b) mental accounting samt (c) undvikande av information och beslut. Studien avser att analysera och värdera dessa kognitiva motivationsfaktorer i en livscykelkontext samt hur de interagerar med möjligheten och viljan för att pensionsspara. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har genomförts med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer i åldrarna 40-65 år. Respondenterna har ställts inför frågor med fokus på studiens tre huvudfaktorer. Genom frågorna har respondenterna fått reflektera över hur dessa faktorer förändrats över tid och hur de varit kopplat till pensionssparandet. SLUTSATS: Individer tenderar att påverkas av specifika händelser i livet och låter dessa påverka deras pensionssparande. Pensionssparandet är lågt i början av det vuxna livet, när individen studerar och bildar familj, för att sedan öka och nå sin högsta nivå då barnen flyttar hemifrån. Dock finns det en personlighetstyp som har en hög grad av självkontroll genom hela livet och upprättar därmed ett pensionssparande vid ung ålder. / BACKGROUND: As people are getting older, the importance of establishing personal retirement savings increases. Therefore, it is more important to begin retirement savings at a younger age. Because of this it needs studying how cognitive motivational factors changes during the life cycle and how they interact with the ability and willingness to save for retirement. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to let individuals reflect on what has affected their decisions regarding retirement savings, in a retroactive perspective. This with a focus on (a) self-control, (b) mental accounting, and (c) information and decision avoidance. The aim of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate these cognitive motivational factors in a life cycle-context, and how they integrate with the ability and willingness to save for the retirement. COMPLETION: The thesis has been conducted using a qualitative approach, through semi-structured interviews with individuals aging from 40-65. The respondents have responded to questions focusing on the thesis’s three main factors. Through these questions, the respondents have reflected on how these factors have changed over time and how they have been connected to retirement savings. CONCLUSION: Individuals tend to be affected by different events in their life and let them affect their retirement savings. Retirement savings are lower in early adult life, when the individual studies and starts a family, and is at its peak when kids move from home. There is also a personality type that has a high level of self-control throughout life and therefore saves for retirement at an early age.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / A proposta desse estudo é provocar um estranhamento a respeito de uma condição naturalizada e disseminada, principalmente pelos campos da saúde, política e economia, contudo apenas percebida, inicialmente, nos espaços de atuação da educação física. O fato em questão refere-se à transformação dos hábitos e comportamentos dos indivíduos, alvo de controle por parte de especialistas interessados em promover, a qualquer preço, a saúde, a beleza e o vigor dessas pessoas. No entanto, como o significado da saúde para esse conjunto de profissionais e leigos ficou reduzido aos seus aspectos biológicos, o corpo no século XXI se transformou em terreno favorável às ações obsessivas na ordem da prevenção. Outro ponto abordado no estudo é a rede estabelecida entre este fato e os empreendimentos criados por parte de empresas atuantes no mercado de bens destinados a otimizar a vida e a beleza; tudo isso com o endosso da ciência e da mídia de massa. O estudo, então, parte da visão foucaultiana de biopoder, acompanhando, ainda, as reformulações propostas para o nosso século, por Nikolas Rose, no que se refere a este poder sobre a vida dos indivíduos. É nesse sentido que traduzo a participação dos governos liberais avançados, na engrenagem de responsabilização do sujeito pela vida em si, como também interpreto o ambiente social estabelecido em decorrência desse processo de desqualificação do espaço público, incrementando projetos voltados à ampliação de estilos de vida individualizantes, ou seja, focados no próprio corpo. Dessa maneira, quando explano o interesse dos poderes oficiais e privados em incutir nos indivíduos a responsabilidade pela vida em si e todas as nuances embutidas nesse universo, emergem assuntos alinhados com as frequentes crises de insegurança, medo generalizado da morte e o lamentável perfil egoísta das relações modernas. Portanto, a atuação das autoridades engajadas com a biopolítica do indivíduo, não mais das populações, forja uma situação de sofrimento pouco considerada pela área da saúde. Foi por meio da articulação de conceitos como globalização, história da beleza, longevidade, hedonismo e o pensamento nietzscheano, que criei a base para construir a discussão teórica necessária que apontasse para o que denomino epidemia de fitness. O caminho realizado para atingir as fontes e o método empregado, dos saberes indiciários, partiu de um estudo de caso da Expo Wellness Rio 2009. E ainda, fazendo contraponto a este ambiente ascético, repleto de moralismo, em que as pessoas são impelidas ao autocontrole incessante, adoto a filosofia de Nietzsche para relativizar as certezas e ameaças sentidas pelo homem doente , expressão incessantemente empregada pelo filósofo em seu livro Genealogia da Moral. / The proposal of this study is to create a sensation of weirdness about a condition naturalized and widespread mainly in the fields of health, politics and economics, however, initially only perceived in the activities of physical education. The fact in question relates to the transformation of the habits and behaviors of individuals, subject to control by experts interested in promoting health, beauty and vigor of those people, no matter what it takes. However, as the meaning of health for this group of professionals and lay persons was reduced to its biological aspects, the body in the XXI century became a favorable terrain to obsessed actions in the field of prevention. Another topic is the network established between this fact and the enterprises created by companies whose field of action lies in the production of goods destinated to optimize life and beauty, all of this with the endorsement of science and mass media. Therefore, the study takes support on Foucault’s vision of biopower and follows the reformulations proposed for our century, by Nikolas Rose, with regard to such power on the lives of individuals. That is why I translate the participation of advanced liberal governments in the gear of the subject’s responsibility for life itself, but also I interpret the established social environment as a result of this process of disqualification of the public space, improving projects aimed at the increase of individualizing life styles, which means focused on the body. Thus, when speaking of the interest of official and private powers to instill in individuals the responsibility for life itself and all the nuances embedded in that universe, some issues emerge, in line with the frequent bouts of insecurity, widespread fear of death and the unfortunate selfish profile of modern relations. Therefore, the actions of the authorities concerned with the biopolitics of the individual, and no more of the populations, forge a situation of suffering poorly regarded by the health field. It was through the articulation of concepts such as globalization, history, beauty, longevity, hedonism and the nietzschean thought, that I created the foundation for building the necessary theoretical discussion that would point to what I call a “fitness epidemic”. The way I chose to achieving sources and the methods applied, indiciary knowledge, came from a case study of Expo Wellness Rio 2009. And yet, as a counterpart to this ascetic atmosphere, filled with moralism, in which people are driven to unceasing self-control ; I adopt the philosophy of Nietzsche to the relativize the certainties and threats experienced by the "sick man", a term constantly used by the philosopher in his book Genealogy of Morals.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shadia Mussa Yussef.pdf: 1169456 bytes, checksum: 6d61b045046eb663e9959d6a88f3447e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-26 / Recent studies on motor learning have shown the effectiveness of the practice that incorporates some form of self-learning and performance of a motor task (JANELLE, 1997; CHIVIACOWSKY & WULF, 2002). In the present study aims to investigate whether the benefits generated by the typical practice self-control subjects are also found in individuals with motor impairment after stroke.The subjects, 26 adults of both sexes, with injury after stroke for at least 6 months, will be divided into two groups. A group of often self-controlled feedback (self) and a yoked group, which will receive feedback in a controlled externally, similar to a group subject to a self-controlled. The task of balance with demand, is to ride a pedal for some distance in the shortest possible time. All attempts to start with the foot contralateral to hemiparesis. A timer will be used to measure the movement time (MT), ie, the time needed to walk with the pedal to the starting line finish line. The research will consist of an acquisition phase, where participants will conduct 20 trials of practice, and a retention phase, 24 hours after the acquisition phase, in which four attempts to hold practice.The subjects of the group self, will be told they can use to support the upper limb support in attempts in which they find necessary.Yoked to subjects in the group, will be informed that in some trials should use the support and not others. The retention phase is performed without support in both groups. Before testing, subjects should be informed that the task at top speed / Estudos recentes sobre aprendizagem motora têm indicado a efetividade da prática que incorpora alguma forma de autocontrole na aprendizagem e na performance de uma tarefa motora (JANELLE, 1997; CHIVIACOWSKY & WULF, 2002). No presente estudo objetiva-se investigar se os benefícios gerados pela prática autocontrolada em sujeitos típicos também serão encontrados em sujeitos com comprometimento motor após acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Os sujeitos, 26 adultos de ambos os sexos, com lesão pós AVE há pelo menos 6 meses, serão distribuídos em dois grupos. Um grupo com frequência de feedback autocontrolado (self) e um grupo que receberá feedback de forma externamente controlada (yoked), equiparados um a um aos sujeitos do grupo autocontrolado. A tarefa, com demanda de equilíbrio, consistirá em andar de pedalo por certa distância no menor espaço de tempo possível. Todas as tentativas iniciarão com o pé contralateral à hemiparesia. Um cronômetro será utilizado para medir o tempo de movimento (TM), ou seja, o tempo necessário para andar com o pedalo da linha de partida até a linha de chegada. A pesquisa constará de uma fase de aquisição, onde os participantes realizarão 20 tentativas de prática, e uma fase de retenção, 24 horas após a fase de aquisição, em que realizarão quatro tentativas de prática. Aos sujeitos do grupo self, será informado que poderão utilizar o suporte para apoio dos membros superiores nas tentativas em que acharem necessário. Aos sujeitos do grupo yoked, será informado que em algumas tentativas deverão utilizar o suporte e em outras não. A fase de retenção será realizada sem auxílio do suporte em ambos os grupos. Antes da realização do teste, os sujeitos serão informados que deverão realizar a tarefa na maior velocidade possível