Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det sker en social desirability effekt vid självskatting av egenskaper som beskriver manliga och kvinnliga stereotyper när dessa egenskaper framhävs positivt. Studien ämnade ytterligare undersöka om män och kvinnor skiljer sig åt i social desirability. Ett experiment utfördes där försökspersonerna slumpvis fördelades över en kontrollbetingelse och två experimentbetingelser. Den ena experimentbetingelsen tilldelades en kvinnlig manipulation där kvinnliga stereotyper framhävdes positivt medan den andra experimentbetingelsen tilldelades en manlig manipulation där manliga stereotyper framhävdes positivt. Kontrollbetingelsen tilldelades ingen manipulation. Därefter fick försökspersonerna skatta sig själva på påståenden i en enkät som beskrev de könstereotyperna som angivits i de båda manipulationerna. Ingen social desirability effekt uppvisades i resultatet.

Traditionally, Macbeth has been read as a morality tale about the perils of ambition. The question that has implicitly animated most treatments of the play is, "Why does Macbeth kill Duncan?" By shifting the emphasis away from Macbeth's motives for killing Duncan onto his inability to refrain from killing him, I draw attention to the striking fact that, in killing King Duncan, Macbeth acts against a fully considered better judgment not to. This suggests the possibility that Macbeth's much-discussed ambition can be understood as a subset of the broader theme of akrasia , the condition in which an agent is unable to perform an action he knows to be right. After identifying and exploring the theme of akrasia in several of Shakespeare's plays, I go on to situate Macbeth's murder of Duncan in the context of the long literary and philosophical debate on incontinence. I then suggest four interrelated explanations of Macbeth's akrasia. First, Macbeth's connection to the motivational conditions of his knowledge is shallow; he does not feel what he knows. Second, Macbeth's lack of self-control is habitual because his weak connection to the conative dimension of his knowledge prohibits him from appealing to techniques of skilled resistance. Third, his habitual lack of self-control renders him vulnerable to Lady Macbeth's taunts, which not only deplete the motivation supporting his better judgment but also prevent him from giving full deliberative weight to his better judgment. Finally, Macbeth also engages in a consistent pattern of self-deception that not only facilitates his akratic slaughter of King Duncan but also enables him to murder Banquo and MacDuff's family. My explanation of how Macbeth is able to act self-deceptively against his better evidence echoes my account of how he is able to act akratically against his better judgment: he does not feel what he knows.

The construct of repression has received a resurgence of experimental attention in the past 20 years, due in large part to the development of the typology method of classification (Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson, 1979). According to the typology method, individuals are classified as repressors if they self-report low anxiety and high social desirability. Since the typology method of classification does not differentiate between the two factors comprising social desirability (impression management and self-deception), it is important to determine which component is actually characterizing repressors, or whether it is a combination of the two. The present study examined two questions; (1) are repressors engaging in self-deception, impression management, or both and (2) does the construct of repression change as a function of age? Results suggest that in a college age population self-deception characterized the repressor memory; in an elderly population present negative mood state was the only variable predicting repressive memory. / Department of Psychological Science

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

No description available.

In my thesis I explain why the common, pre-theoretical understanding of morality is an important part of Kant's ethics, and I critically evaluate what the strengths and weaknesses are of doing ethics with the common perspective as a point of reference. In chapter 1, I discuss the significance of common rational capacities for the deduction in Groundwork III as well as for the Fact of Reason. Attention to the fundamental role of common rational capacities in the Second Critique reveals that Kant intends to provide further warrant for the Fact than its introspective self-evidence. In chapter 2, I discuss what it means for a rational agent to be endowed with common rational capacities. The agent has everything she needs to reason on her own about what she ought to do and act from rational judgements. Furthermore, I critically evaluate Kant's claim that his ethics spells out fundamental, pre-theoretical convictions. In chapter 3, I discuss Kant's conception of rationalizing (“Vernünfteln”). I analyse rationalizing as a process of self-deception in which an agent tries to justify or excuse violations of the moral law. This can lead to loss of the reliable use of common rational capacities. I discuss what help critical practical philosophy and moral education can afford against rationalizing. In chapter 4, I argue that Kant saw dialogical engagement with ordinary agents as an important way of obtaining data concerning the correct starting point of practical philosophy. Kant demands that whatever we get from dialog and observation has to be isolated from its contingent elements. I conclude that the main problem for Kant's method is how we can, on the one hand, exclude non-rational content, and, on the other hand, be open to what other agents actually have to say about morality.

I denna undersökning med (N=255) deltagare undersöktes sambanden mellan strategier för socialt självbedrägeri, narcissistiska personlighetsdrag, uppmärksamhetssökande samt personers subjektiva uppfattning av generell självkänsla på plattformen Facebook. Vidare undersöktes dessa aspekters samband med mängd tid spenderad på Facebook samt antal vänner på Facebook. Ett mätinstrument konstruerades för att fånga två huvuddimensioner för socialt självbedrägeri, situating och persuasive enligt Roy Dings (2017) teori. En exploratorisk faktoranalys resulterade i endast en dimension och tre multipla regressionsanalyser visade att de tre aspekterna predicerade användandet av strategier för socialt självbedrägeri där narcissistiska personlighetsdrag var starkast kopplat. Låg självkänsla var kopplat till att personer spenderade mer tid på Facebook och narcissism till att ha ett större antal vänner på Facebook. Det visade sig även att personer oavsett ålder använde sig av strategier för socialt självbedrägeri på Facebook i ungefär samma utsträckning. Avslutningsvis diskuteras begränsningar och uppslag för framtida forskning. / This study with (N=255) test subjects, examined the relations between strategies for social self-deception, narcissistic personality traits, attention-seeking and the test subjects' perceived self-esteem on Facebook. Furthermore, it examined how these three aspects related to time spent on Facebook and number of friends on Facebook. A measuring tool was constructed to capture two main dimensions - 'situating' and 'persuasive', as per Roy Dings (2017) theory. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in only one dimension, and three multiple regression analyses showed that the three aspects did predict the usage of strategies for social self-deception, with narcissistic personality traits being the strongest predictor. Low self-esteem correlated to spending more time on Facebook, and narcissism correlated to having a higher number of friends on Facebook. Another discovery was that people, regardless of age, were nearly equally likely to use strategies for social self-deception on Facebook. Finally, limitations and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

No description available.

Background: Multi-level marketing (MLM) is a specific type of direct selling where distribution and sales are facilitated through various levels of independent distributors. The MLM industry has changed through social media and it has become a channel for the distributors to communicate with customers and potential distributors. The downside to this development is that Internet and social media has made lies and exaggerations, digital deception, more common. Purpose and research questions: The purpose of this research is to investigate deceptive social media practices done by distributors of MLM firms operating in Sweden and discuss them from an ethical perspective. 1. What characteristics drive distributors in MLM firms to participate in practices that can be perceived as deceptive? 2. What deceptive practices on social media by distributors can be identified? 3. How do former distributors view the ethics of their own practices versus the practices of other distributors? Is self deception an aspect to consider? Method: The study applies a qualitative method to an explorative, cross-sectional research design. The collection of empirical data was done by conducting 9 semi-structured interviews with former MLM distributors. Result: Characteristics that drive deceptive practices are training, authority, transferal of norms and validating behaviour. Six deceptive practices were identified: pretending to be consumers on other distributors’ posts, manipulating before and after pictures, lying and exaggerating about the benefits of the products, pretending to be potential recruits, falsely describing the benefits of the business opportunity and charging extra for shipping. Former distributors were more willing to blame other distributors for unethical behaviour than themselves, which may be due to self deception. Contribution of the study: This study contributes with a modern perspective of MLM distributors. It extends existing research of ethical issues within MLM and contributes with the addition of self deception to provide deeper understanding.

本篇研究主要探討自我欺騙如何受到自尊與焦慮的影響，因此以自尊量表區分出高低自尊組，再隨機將之分入高低的焦慮情境，從而觀察其自我欺騙之變化。本研究有兩個假設，即﹝假設一﹞自尊可以緩衝焦慮--即在焦慮程度上，高低自尊與高低情境這兩個因子將呈現交互作用。﹝假設二﹞焦慮對自我欺騙的主要效果達顯著--即高焦慮組比起低焦慮組將會有較高的自我欺騙分數。研究結果發現兩個假設並沒有得到支持。研究者只發現不同自尊的人其情境焦慮程度有差異，即低自尊者比高自尊者有較高的情境焦慮。