L’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés est attribuable en partie, aux effets délétères du vieillissement normal sur le fonctionnement cognitif. Les méthodes d’évaluation neuropsychologique par les tests ayant montré une certaine efficacité dans le cas du dépistage des habiletés de conduite chez les conducteurs âgés atteints d’affections neurologiques pathologiques, la présente thèse vise à évaluer la pertinence de cette approche chez les conducteurs vieillissants de la population générale. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est ainsi d’obtenir une vue d’ensemble sur le rôle et la sensibilité des mesures neuropsychologiques dans la prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés. Dans la même perspective, la thèse explore d’autre part le rôle de variables sociodémographiques et psychologiques. L’article 1 évalue la validité prédictive de sept tests des fonctions visuo-attentionnelles et de la mémoire de travail en regard des habiletés de détection périphérique chez 50 conducteurs âgés de 62 à 83 ans. L’étude sur simulateur de conduite comprend une condition de conduite simple et une condition plus soutenue incluant une distraction téléphonique de type « mains-libres ». Selon les résultats, certains tests cognitifs prédisent bien les temps de détection. En outre, la validité prédictive des tests est plus importante dans la situation de conduite plus exigeante. Cela dit, les résultats de l’article 2 révèlent que le recours aux stratégies d’évitement des situations exigeantes est plus prononcé chez les individus qui présentent des faiblesses à certains des tests neuropsychologiques proposés. Les résultats indiquent en outre que l’utilisation des stratégies d’évitement routier est plus fréquente chez les conducteurs ayant tendance à déprécier leurs habiletés de conduite générales, à exprimer une moindre perception de contrôle ainsi qu’une attitude défavorable à l’endroit des situations de conduite complexes ou risquées. Les stratégies d’évitement se révèlent donc comme des réponses autorégulatrices proportionnelles aux limitations cognitives et aux perceptions individuelles. Dans les deux études, l’âge ne permet pas d’expliquer les différences individuelles, ceci ni en termes d’habiletés de détection périphérique ni de tendances autorégulatrices. Le rôle du genre est cependant plus nuancé. Ainsi, le principal apport de la présente thèse réside dans la constatation que si d’une part, certaines limitations neuropsychologiques sont associées à une réduction des habiletés de détection périphérique, ces mêmes limitations s’accompagnent aussi de mesures autorégulatrices qui peuvent contribuer à réduire le risque routier. Il appert conséquemment que les méthodes de dépistage de l’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés se basant sur l’évaluation des limitations cognitives et attentionnelles doivent également rechercher et évaluer la teneur de leurs comportements routiers autorégulateurs. Dans le contexte de vieillissement de la population, des interventions pourront également miser sur le renforcement de ces comportements. / The increase of crash rates in elderly population can be attributed in some part to the effects of normal aging on cognitive functioning. In the other hand, older drivers are likely to adopt self-regulated driving behaviours, such as driving habits to restrict their exposure to less complex situations. Neuropsychological assessments have shown some efficacy in the field of fitness-to-drive screening of older drivers suffering from neurological disorders. This thesis aims to assess the relevance of clinical neuropsychology in screening methods considering older drivers population. The main goal is thus to study the contribution and the sensitivity of neuropsychological testing in the prediction of skills and habits of safe driving among older drivers. In the same vein, the thesis investigates the role of other socio-demographic and psychological variables. To this end, article 1 evaluates the predictive validity of seven tests of visuo-attentional functions and working memory efficiency in relation to peripheral detection task performances in 50 drivers aged from 62 to 83 years in a simulated car driving environment. The driving simulation consisted of a simple driving condition and a condition including a "hands-free" cell phone distraction task. The results indicate that some neuropsychological tests, as opposed to age, are good predictors of detection performances. In addition, the predictive validity of the tests is more important in the most challenging driving condition. The Corsi Block Tapping test, assessing visuospatial working memory, is revealed as on of the best predictor of detection skills. Article 2 was carried from previous neuropsychological testing and self-administered questionnaires related to avoidance driving behaviours, drivers perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that individuals who show higher difficulties in tests assessing visuospatial working memory, processing speed, and divided and selective attention capacities are significantly more likely to adopt avoidance driving strategies. The results also demonstrate that driving avoidance is higher among drivers who tend to depreciate their general driving skills, to express a lower perception of control and an unfavourable attitude towards risky driving. Avoidance strategies are thus proven to be self-regulatory responses which are proportionate to cognitive limitations and individual perceptions. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that peripheral detection performances of older drivers in a simulated car study, are well reflected in neuropsychological testing assessing working memory and other attentional abilities. Since detection skills are crucial for driving safety, an indirect link can be established between neuropsychological measures and road safety among older drivers. It also seems that those drivers, who have greater cognitive limitations, are more likely to avoid challenging driving situations, thereby balancing their crash risk. It is concluded that fitness-to-drive assessments based on neuropsychological screening need to be complemented with the assessment of self-regulatory behaviors. In the context of an aging population, new interventions should focus on strengthening self-regulatory behaviors of older drivers.

A tese a ser defendida é a de que a autorregulação institucionalmente estruturada e legitimada pela regulação é um eficiente arranjo para tratar as falhas e riscos inerentes ao mercado de bolsa. O trabalho se inicia com a descrição da atual estrutura da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa, destacando seu novo formato institucional decorrente do processo de desmutualização e abertura de capital das entidades administradoras do mercado de bolsa e concluindo pela necessidade de adoção de novas perspectivas sobre o tema que transcendam o aparente antagonismo entre concepções liberais e intervencionistas. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho apresenta uma visão panorâmica da evolução histórica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa e considerações sobre os conceitos de autorregulação em outras áreas do conhecimento, a fim de identificar suas variações e seus elementos mais marcantes que constituirão a base a partir da qual serão apresentadas as novas perspectivas de análise do tema. As perspectivas propostas enfocam a natureza jurídica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como atividade paraestatal destinada a concretizar o modelo teórico neoclássico de justa formação dos preços segundo a livre atuação das forças de oferta e demanda e, também, melhorar os padrões de conduta praticados no mercado. Para tanto, o trabalho propõe que as decisões tomadas no âmbito da autorregulação se pautem por critérios materiais baseados nas premissas teóricas da concorrência perfeita e na exigência de cumprimento dos deveres derivados da boa-fé objetiva (informação, lealdade e proteção). Por fim, é apresentada uma especulação teórica, preliminar e não definitiva, denominada teoria palco-platéia, que visa situar o desenvolvimento da estrutura de autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como parte de uma questão essencial de interação entre indivíduo e sociedade representada nas diversas situações comunicativas envolvidas nos processos decisórios individuais e coletivos que modelam os padrões de conduta e as instituições públicas e privadas. / The thesis to be defended is that the institutionally structured self-regulation and legitimized by the regulation, is an efficient array to treat flaws and risks inherent of the exchange market. The paper begins with a description of the current self-regulation structure of the exchange market, highlighting its new institutional format, due to the demutualization process and IPO of the entities that manage the exchange market, and concluding with the need of the adoption of new perspectives regarding the subject-matter that transcend the apparent antagonism between liberal and interventionist conception. From this premise, the paper presents an overview of the history of self-regulation of the exchange market and considerations on the concepts of self-regulation in other areas of knowledge, for the purpose of identifying its variations and its most striking elements that will form the basis from which the new perspectives of analysis of the matter will be presented. The proposed views focus on the legal nature of the exchange markets self-regulation as a parastatal activity that seeks to achieve the neoclassic theoretical model of fair pricing, according to the free action of forces of supply and demand, and also improve the conduct standards in the market. Therefore, the paper proposes that decisions made within the self-regulation should be guided by material criteria based on theoretical postulations of perfect competition and in the requirement of the obligations derived from the objective good faith (information, loyalty and protection). Lastly, a preliminary and not final, theoretical speculation is presented, denominated stage-audience theory, which aims to situate the development of the self-regulation structure of the exchange market, as part of an essential matter of interaction between individual and society represented in various communication situations involved in individual and collective decision-making, which shape the standards of conduct, and public and private institutions.

This dissertation questions whether the current system of journalistic self-regulation in Australia can give effect to ethical journalism given the conceptual paradigms that have informed its understanding of journalism and journalism ethics. It argues the ideological focus of journalistic self-regulation has constrained the current system's ability to encourage ethical journalism. By taking a grounded theory approach to developing an alternative theory of journalism, this study attempts to fill a void in the reform of journalistic self-regulation in Australia by first highlighting the shortfall in recent reviews. It then argues reform must address the ideological focus of the journalism industry. This means looking at the ideologies espoused in the industry codes. It also means looking at the ideologies that frame how values reflected in the codes are interpreted. In summary, my aim in this dissertation is to articulate a praxis-driven theory of journalism by which to examine the suitability of the Australian self-regulatory environment to give effect to ethical journalism. This will be done by: mapping the current system of journalistic self-regulation; distilling the ideological foci of contemporary interpretations of journalism and journalism ethics; postulating an alternative theory of journalism as practice; evaluating the current system of self-regulation in light of the theory of journalism as practice; and recommending an alternative model of self-regulation that takes account of the theory of journalism as practice. The grounded theory approach to this study involves a textual analysis of a representative sample of self-regulatory codes to identify deficiencies in the way philosophical understandings of identity and ethics have been applied to journalism. By highlighting the gaps in the conceptual paradigm that frames the current theories of journalism and journalism ethics, I offer insights into key problems facing industry self-regulation. Given its grounding in substantive data analysis, the theory developed in this study is able to offer significant insights into ways of improving journalistic self-regulation to encourage ethical journalism. By categorising the self-regulatory codes according to ideology, I aim to explain how core journalistic values can be marginalized. Thus, this study aims to reveal problems with the way in which journalism self-regulation has been conceptualised and operationalised. In this way, it uses the tools of meta-ethics and normative ethics to analyse an ethical problem. Thus the grounded theory emerging from this study falls into the conceptual category of applied ethics. This approach offers a flexible methodology that allows the development of an emergent theory based on raw data derived from the various codes that operate within the journalistic self-regulatory environment. The research problem starts broadly, looking at the ability of the current system of journalistic self-regulation to encourage ethical journalism. The focus of the study is on organizational ideology and conceptions of journalism, rather than individual values of journalists. Through a process of constant comparison I will focus the research problem, constructing a theoretical framework to evaluate whether the current system of journalistic self-regulation can encourage ethical journalism. To achieve these objectives, the study will canvass both process (the ability of self-regulation to give effect to ethical journalism) and action (building a theoretical framework for conceptualising reform). A grounded theory approach offers a way of categorising conceptions of journalism and self-regulation allowing me to develop an alternative theory of journalism that promotes a holistic approach to journalism ethics. This study does not purport to offer final solutions to the ethical problems within Australian journalism. It does, however, aim to present an alternative pathway towards reform of journalistic self-regulation in Australia that focuses on encouraging ethical journalism and expanding the theoretical paradigms that shape current approaches to ethics.

In Anlehnung an das Self-Regulated-Strategy-Development-Modell von Harris und Graham (1996) wurde das Selbstregulatorische Aufsatztraining (SAT) zur Förderung der Schreibkompetenz bei Grundschülern der 4. und 5. Klasse entwickelt. SAT integriert die Vermittlung von Schreibstrategien (hier: „Erzählendes Schreiben“) mit Merkmalen selbstgesteuerten Lernens (Zielsetzung, strategisches Planen, Selbstbewertung und Selbstkorrektur). <br><br> Die Wirksamkeit des Trainings wurde in drei Studien untersucht: 1. Eine Pilotstudie diente der Überprüfung der prinzipiellen Eignung von SAT zur Förderung von Schreibleistungen bei Grundschülern der 5. Klassen (N = 42) und der Optimierung seiner Teilkomponenten und Vorgehensweisen. 2. In der Hauptuntersuchung wurden die Effektivität und Nachhaltigkeit des SAT-Programms bei Schülern der 4. Klasse (N = 154) im Vergleich zu zwei Bedingungen getestet: (a) der isolierten Einübung von Schreibstrategien (Aufsatztraining) und (b) konventionellem Aufsatzunterricht (Unterrichtskontrollgruppe). 3. In einer weiteren Studie wurde die Wirksamkeit des Trainings speziell bei Schülern mit ungünstigen Lernvoraussetzungen überprüft; die Studie diente zudem der Illustration des dabei gewählten Vorgehens am Einzelfall (N = 6). <br><br> Die ermittelten Befunde sprechen übereinstimmend dafür, dass die Kombination aus strategischem plus selbstregulatorischem Training (SAT) die stärksten und nachhaltigsten Effekte auf die Schreibleistung erzielt. Der Trainingseffekt generalisiert zudem auf die Erinnerungsleistung bei der freien Wiedergabe einer Kurzgeschichte. Schüler mit schwachen Aufsatzleistungen und ungünstigen Lernvoraussetzungen profitieren von dem SAT-Programm in besonderem Maße. <br><br> In der Diskussion werden Aufgaben für die zukünftige Forschung erörtert. Forschungsbedarf besteht u.a. hinsichtlich (a) einer stärkeren Verknüpfung von Schreibtrainings mit der kognitionspsychologischen Forschung; (b) der Dekomposition und gezielten Überprüfung der einzelnen Trainingskomponenten; (c) der Ausweitung des SAT-Programms auf andere Textgenre; (d) der Integration verfeinerter Revisionsstrategien in das Förderprogramm; und (e) dessen Implementierung in den Regelunterricht. / Extending on Harris and Graham′s (1996) Self-Regulated-Strategy-Development-Model, I designed an curriculum-integrated intervention program (SAT) to promote the composition skills of elementary school-age students. SAT combines the instruction of task strategies required to write good narratives with the explicit instruction of self-regulation procedures (goal setting, strategic planning, self-evaluation, self-correction). <br><br> Three studies examined the effectiveness of the training: 1. A pilot study investigated the viability of the SAT-program among 5th graders (N = 42) and served to refine its components and procedures. 2. In a sample of 4th graders (N = 154), the main study tested the strength and stability of the SAT effects in relation to two comparison groups: (a) Students who were taught the same set of task strategies but received no instruction in self-regulation procedures (strategy-only condition); (b) students who received conventional classroom teaching in composing (control condition). (3.) A third study served to examine the effectiveness of the SAT-program in a group of low achieving 5th graders and to illustrate its instructional steps in a number of single cases (N = 6). <br><br> Results obtained from these studies converge in showing that a writing program that conjointly addresses both task strategies and self-regulation procedures (SAT) is most effective in producing strong and lasting effects on elementary school students′ composing skills and generalization performance. Among all students, low achievers were most likely to benefit from the SAT-program. <br><br> The discussion highlights a number of issues for future research on writing. Specifically, it is argued that there is a need to (a) further explore the cognitive and meta-cognitive processes underlying good writing, (b) examine the effectiveness of specific training components incorporated in the present version of SAT, (c) crossvalidate the reported SAT effects with respect to various writing genre, (d) incorporate more elaborated revision strategies into the training program, and (e) implement components and procedures specified in SAT into conventional classroom teaching.

L’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés est attribuable en partie, aux effets délétères du vieillissement normal sur le fonctionnement cognitif. Les méthodes d’évaluation neuropsychologique par les tests ayant montré une certaine efficacité dans le cas du dépistage des habiletés de conduite chez les conducteurs âgés atteints d’affections neurologiques pathologiques, la présente thèse vise à évaluer la pertinence de cette approche chez les conducteurs vieillissants de la population générale. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est ainsi d’obtenir une vue d’ensemble sur le rôle et la sensibilité des mesures neuropsychologiques dans la prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés. Dans la même perspective, la thèse explore d’autre part le rôle de variables sociodémographiques et psychologiques. L’article 1 évalue la validité prédictive de sept tests des fonctions visuo-attentionnelles et de la mémoire de travail en regard des habiletés de détection périphérique chez 50 conducteurs âgés de 62 à 83 ans. L’étude sur simulateur de conduite comprend une condition de conduite simple et une condition plus soutenue incluant une distraction téléphonique de type « mains-libres ». Selon les résultats, certains tests cognitifs prédisent bien les temps de détection. En outre, la validité prédictive des tests est plus importante dans la situation de conduite plus exigeante. Cela dit, les résultats de l’article 2 révèlent que le recours aux stratégies d’évitement des situations exigeantes est plus prononcé chez les individus qui présentent des faiblesses à certains des tests neuropsychologiques proposés. Les résultats indiquent en outre que l’utilisation des stratégies d’évitement routier est plus fréquente chez les conducteurs ayant tendance à déprécier leurs habiletés de conduite générales, à exprimer une moindre perception de contrôle ainsi qu’une attitude défavorable à l’endroit des situations de conduite complexes ou risquées. Les stratégies d’évitement se révèlent donc comme des réponses autorégulatrices proportionnelles aux limitations cognitives et aux perceptions individuelles. Dans les deux études, l’âge ne permet pas d’expliquer les différences individuelles, ceci ni en termes d’habiletés de détection périphérique ni de tendances autorégulatrices. Le rôle du genre est cependant plus nuancé. Ainsi, le principal apport de la présente thèse réside dans la constatation que si d’une part, certaines limitations neuropsychologiques sont associées à une réduction des habiletés de détection périphérique, ces mêmes limitations s’accompagnent aussi de mesures autorégulatrices qui peuvent contribuer à réduire le risque routier. Il appert conséquemment que les méthodes de dépistage de l’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés se basant sur l’évaluation des limitations cognitives et attentionnelles doivent également rechercher et évaluer la teneur de leurs comportements routiers autorégulateurs. Dans le contexte de vieillissement de la population, des interventions pourront également miser sur le renforcement de ces comportements. / The increase of crash rates in elderly population can be attributed in some part to the effects of normal aging on cognitive functioning. In the other hand, older drivers are likely to adopt self-regulated driving behaviours, such as driving habits to restrict their exposure to less complex situations. Neuropsychological assessments have shown some efficacy in the field of fitness-to-drive screening of older drivers suffering from neurological disorders. This thesis aims to assess the relevance of clinical neuropsychology in screening methods considering older drivers population. The main goal is thus to study the contribution and the sensitivity of neuropsychological testing in the prediction of skills and habits of safe driving among older drivers. In the same vein, the thesis investigates the role of other socio-demographic and psychological variables. To this end, article 1 evaluates the predictive validity of seven tests of visuo-attentional functions and working memory efficiency in relation to peripheral detection task performances in 50 drivers aged from 62 to 83 years in a simulated car driving environment. The driving simulation consisted of a simple driving condition and a condition including a "hands-free" cell phone distraction task. The results indicate that some neuropsychological tests, as opposed to age, are good predictors of detection performances. In addition, the predictive validity of the tests is more important in the most challenging driving condition. The Corsi Block Tapping test, assessing visuospatial working memory, is revealed as on of the best predictor of detection skills. Article 2 was carried from previous neuropsychological testing and self-administered questionnaires related to avoidance driving behaviours, drivers perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that individuals who show higher difficulties in tests assessing visuospatial working memory, processing speed, and divided and selective attention capacities are significantly more likely to adopt avoidance driving strategies. The results also demonstrate that driving avoidance is higher among drivers who tend to depreciate their general driving skills, to express a lower perception of control and an unfavourable attitude towards risky driving. Avoidance strategies are thus proven to be self-regulatory responses which are proportionate to cognitive limitations and individual perceptions. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that peripheral detection performances of older drivers in a simulated car study, are well reflected in neuropsychological testing assessing working memory and other attentional abilities. Since detection skills are crucial for driving safety, an indirect link can be established between neuropsychological measures and road safety among older drivers. It also seems that those drivers, who have greater cognitive limitations, are more likely to avoid challenging driving situations, thereby balancing their crash risk. It is concluded that fitness-to-drive assessments based on neuropsychological screening need to be complemented with the assessment of self-regulatory behaviors. In the context of an aging population, new interventions should focus on strengthening self-regulatory behaviors of older drivers.

A tese a ser defendida é a de que a autorregulação institucionalmente estruturada e legitimada pela regulação é um eficiente arranjo para tratar as falhas e riscos inerentes ao mercado de bolsa. O trabalho se inicia com a descrição da atual estrutura da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa, destacando seu novo formato institucional decorrente do processo de desmutualização e abertura de capital das entidades administradoras do mercado de bolsa e concluindo pela necessidade de adoção de novas perspectivas sobre o tema que transcendam o aparente antagonismo entre concepções liberais e intervencionistas. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho apresenta uma visão panorâmica da evolução histórica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa e considerações sobre os conceitos de autorregulação em outras áreas do conhecimento, a fim de identificar suas variações e seus elementos mais marcantes que constituirão a base a partir da qual serão apresentadas as novas perspectivas de análise do tema. As perspectivas propostas enfocam a natureza jurídica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como atividade paraestatal destinada a concretizar o modelo teórico neoclássico de justa formação dos preços segundo a livre atuação das forças de oferta e demanda e, também, melhorar os padrões de conduta praticados no mercado. Para tanto, o trabalho propõe que as decisões tomadas no âmbito da autorregulação se pautem por critérios materiais baseados nas premissas teóricas da concorrência perfeita e na exigência de cumprimento dos deveres derivados da boa-fé objetiva (informação, lealdade e proteção). Por fim, é apresentada uma especulação teórica, preliminar e não definitiva, denominada teoria palco-platéia, que visa situar o desenvolvimento da estrutura de autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como parte de uma questão essencial de interação entre indivíduo e sociedade representada nas diversas situações comunicativas envolvidas nos processos decisórios individuais e coletivos que modelam os padrões de conduta e as instituições públicas e privadas. / The thesis to be defended is that the institutionally structured self-regulation and legitimized by the regulation, is an efficient array to treat flaws and risks inherent of the exchange market. The paper begins with a description of the current self-regulation structure of the exchange market, highlighting its new institutional format, due to the demutualization process and IPO of the entities that manage the exchange market, and concluding with the need of the adoption of new perspectives regarding the subject-matter that transcend the apparent antagonism between liberal and interventionist conception. From this premise, the paper presents an overview of the history of self-regulation of the exchange market and considerations on the concepts of self-regulation in other areas of knowledge, for the purpose of identifying its variations and its most striking elements that will form the basis from which the new perspectives of analysis of the matter will be presented. The proposed views focus on the legal nature of the exchange markets self-regulation as a parastatal activity that seeks to achieve the neoclassic theoretical model of fair pricing, according to the free action of forces of supply and demand, and also improve the conduct standards in the market. Therefore, the paper proposes that decisions made within the self-regulation should be guided by material criteria based on theoretical postulations of perfect competition and in the requirement of the obligations derived from the objective good faith (information, loyalty and protection). Lastly, a preliminary and not final, theoretical speculation is presented, denominated stage-audience theory, which aims to situate the development of the self-regulation structure of the exchange market, as part of an essential matter of interaction between individual and society represented in various communication situations involved in individual and collective decision-making, which shape the standards of conduct, and public and private institutions.

In the present study the overarching aim was to investigate the relationship between commitment, self-differentiation and pride in undergraduate university students with the view to achieve a better understanding of the extent to which identity-related factors such as self-differentiation and pride as a self-relevant emotion may shape the strength of commitments in a higher education setting. Findings of the study may contribute to the literature on the psychology of academic commitment by distinguishing it from academic engagement (Baldwin & Koh, 2012) and by broadening the study of commitment to include identity-related constructs in the development of academic commitment (Lord, Diefendorff, Schmidt & Hall, 2010). I argue that a well-differentiated self is relevant to academic commitment because it may provide coherency and consistency in commitments. Academic commitment was operationalised as the extent to which students experience their studies as a source of satisfaction and meaning, the extent to which they have invested resources in their studies, and the quality of alternatives available (Rusbult, Martz & Agnew, 1998). I examined self-differentiation in terms of the ability to take an I-position in the absence of Emotional Reactivity, Emotional Cutoff and Fusion with Others (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Authentic pride was described as a self-relevant emotion consisting of two dimensions, namely Authentic and Hubristic pride (Tracy & Robins, 2007d). The Meaning Maintenance Model (MMM) as discussed by Heine, Proulx & Vohs (2006) was the conceptual framework that guided the study. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was asked for the implementation of a questionnaire that consisted of demographic factors, the Academic Commitment Scale (ACS), the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-R) and the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales (AHP). A pilot study was conducted to test the new Academic Commitment Scale’s reliability and construct validity. A one-stage random cluster sampling method was used to complete a sample of undergraduate students from two faculties at the same university. Results of the main study were reported in Chapter 4 and a discussion of findings and conclusions, as well as the contribution, limitations and recommendations for future research were addressed in Chapter 5. Findings of the study indicate that commitment as an identity-level construct, related to identity-related constructs such as differentiation of self and pride, can be utilised in a higher education setting to differentiate between high performance students and students at risk of failure. The results can thus assist policy makers, lecturers, educationists and psychologists to achieve a better understanding of the factors underpinning academic success on the one hand and student dropout on the other hand, in order to develop appropriate support programs. A main feature of the study was the development of a new scale to measure commitment in an academic context. The Academic Commitment Scale was created based on an adapted version of the Rusbult et al. (1998) Investment Model. Meaningfulness was added as a fifth subscale which turned out to be a strong predictor of academic commitment. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Die Nutzung von Mobiltelefonen während des Fahrens, vor allem das Lesen und Verfassen von Textnachrichten („Texting“), hat in den letzten Jahren drastisch zugenommen und stellt ein wachsendes Risiko für die Verkehrssicherheit dar. Es ist bekannt, dass visuell-manuelle Zweitaufgaben wie Texting die Fahrleistung negativ beeinträchtigen und das Unfallrisiko erheblich erhöhen. Gleichzeitig gibt es jedoch auch Hinweise darauf, dass Fahrer eine Reihe von selbstregulatorischen Verhaltensweisen nutzen, um die erhöhten Anforderungen durch die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren auszugleichen. Die meisten Befunde zur selbstregulatorischen Verhaltensanpassung während der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren beruhen allerdings auf experimentellen Studien, in denen die Versuchspersonen in künstlichen Verkehrsumgebungen fahren und oftmals nicht frei entscheiden können, ob und wann sie eine Zweitaufgabe aufnehmen. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, selbstregulatorisches Verhalten basierend auf Daten aus sogenannten Naturalistic Driving Studies zu untersuchen und damit das Verständnis über ein Themengebiet zu verbessern, welches lange Zeit vernachlässigt wurde. Der Fokus lag dabei auf mobiltelefonbezogenen Aufgaben. Die Dissertation besteht aus fünf empirischen Artikeln sowie einer kurzen Synopse, in der theoretische Grundlagen zum Thema betrachtet sowie die Ergebnisse übergreifend zusammengefasst und diskutiert werden. Für die Studien, die den empirischen Artikeln zugrunde liegen, wurden Daten aus zwei großangelegten Naturalistic Driving Studies kodiert und analysiert – der US-amerikanischen SHRP 2 (Second Strategic Highway Research Program) Naturalistic Driving Study sowie der europäischen UDRIVE (European naturalistic Driving and Riding for Infrastructure & Vehicle safety and Environment) Naturalistic Driving Study. Das erste Forschungsziel der Dissertation bestand darin, selbstregulatorisches Verhalten in Form von Geschwindigkeitsanpassung zu untersuchen. Der Fokus lag dabei auf Fahrten, bei denen die Fahrer auf der Autobahn und im freien Verkehrsfluss fuhren. Für das Telefonieren mit dem Mobiltelefon ergab die Analyse der SHRP 2 Daten, dass Fahrer ihre Geschwindigkeit während des Telefonierens nicht reduzieren. Für Texting zeigten sich kleine Hinweise für eine Geschwindigkeitsanpassung, vor allem während des Fahrens mit höheren Geschwindigkeiten. Bei der Analyse der UDRIVE Daten konnten hingegen deutlichere Ergebnisse gefunden werden. Fahrer reduzierten ihre Geschwindigkeit nach dem Initiieren von Texting und erhöhten ihre Geschwindigkeit nach dem Beenden von Texting – in beiden Fällen um mehr als 2 km/h. Europäische Fahrer scheinen also „mehr“ selbstregulatorisches Verhalten zu zeigen als US-amerikanische Fahrer. Gründe für diese unterschiedlichen Befunde könnten in der Verkehrsinfrastruktur, der Fahrzeugausstattung sowie in den Stichprobencharakteristiken liegen. Das zweite Forschungsziel bezog sich auf die Identifikation der Orte, an denen das Mobiltelefon vor Beginn der mobiltelefonbezogenen Aufgabe verstaut wird, sowie deren Einfluss auf das Blickverhalten der Fahrer. Die Analyse der UDRIVE Daten zeigte, dass vor Beginn des Textings das Mobiltelefon zumeist offen und in Reichweite lag. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden bei der Analyse der SHRP 2 Daten für das Telefonieren gefunden. Die meisten Fahrer verstauten das Mobiltelefon in unmittelbarer Reichweite (z.B. auf dem Schoß). Bei einem Großteil dieser Fälle wurde darüber hinaus der Anruf vom Fahrer selbst initiiert. Dies lässt vermuten, dass sich Fahrer auf selbstinitiierte Anrufe vorbereiten und ihr Mobiltelefon in der Nähe verstauen, um den Aufwand des Suchens bzw. Greifens nach dem Mobiltelefon so gering wie möglich zu halten. Wenn sich das Mobiltelefon auf dem Beifahrersitz oder in der Tasche befand, war der Anruf zumeist eingehend. Die Analysen des Blickverhaltens in der Initiierungsphase eines Telefonats (d.h. wenn nach dem Mobiltelefon gesucht und gegriffen wird) zeigten, dass die Dauer der auf die Straße gerichteten Blicke tendenziell (allerdings nicht signifikant) zunimmt je weiter weg das Mobiltelefon verstaut wird, während kein Unterschied zwischen den Ablageorten hinsichtlich der Dauer der Blickabwendungen von der Straße erkennbar war. Dieser Befund legt nahe, dass Fahrer die Aufmerksamkeit, welche sie auf die primäre Fahraufgabe richten, in Abhängigkeit der Zweitaufgabenanforderung anpassen. Im Rahmen des dritten Forschungsziels der Dissertation wurden die Verkehrskontexte identifiziert, in denen Fahrer mobiltelefonbezogene Aufgaben vermehrt aufnehmen. Mit Ausnahme des Telefonierens initiierten die Fahrer mobiltelefonbezogene Aufgaben signifikant häufiger, wenn das Fahrzeug stand (z.B. an einer roten Ampel). Darüber hinaus wurde signifikant weniger getextet, wenn die Fahrer in einem konstanten Verkehrsfluss fuhren oder abbogen. Folglich scheinen Verkehrskontexte mit geringen Anforderungen an die primäre Fahraufgabe für die Aufnahme mobiltelefonbezogener Aufgaben präferiert zu werden. Dieser Befund konnte ebenfalls in einer weiteren Untersuchung bestätigt werden, bei welcher der Fokus auf Ampelsituationen lag. Texting wurde im Vergleich zum Telefonieren signifikant häufiger während des Stehens an der Ampel begonnen als auch beendet. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass Fahrer versuchen, die Dauer des Textings auf die Rotlichtphase zu beschränken. Aus den Blickanalysen ging hervor, dass Fahrer, die an der Ampel texteten, mehr als die Hälfte der Zeit auf das Mobiltelefon und somit nicht auf die Straße schauten. Es gab zudem einen beachtenswerten Teil an Fahrern, die Texting erst nach dem Wiederlosfahren beendeten, was das Situationsbewusstsein erheblich beeinträchtigen und sich damit negativ auf die Verkehrssicherheit auswirken kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass Daten aus Naturalistic Driving Studies nicht nur verwendet werden können, um bereits bestehende Befunde aus experimentellen Studien zu validieren, sondern auch um neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich selbstregulatorischen Verhaltens während der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung beim Fahren unter natürlichen Verkehrsbedingungen zu gewinnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet damit einen Forschungsbeitrag im Bereich der Fahrerablenkung. In zukünftigen Untersuchungen sollte das Zusammenspiel zwischen strategischen und operationalen Verhaltensweisen sowie der Einfluss von individuellen Faktoren auf die selbstregulatorische Verhaltensanpassung thematisiert werden. Darüber hinaus stellen die Befunde einen Ausgangspunkt für die Ableitung praktischer Maßnahmen dar. Zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit könnten beispielsweise sogenannte Workload-Management-Systeme den Fahrer während einer Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung in kritischen (z.B. während des Fahrens mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten) oder in vermeintlich einfachen Verkehrsumgebungen (z.B. während des Stehens an einer roten Ampel) unterstützen, sodass die Aufmerksamkeit (rechtzeitig) auf die primäre Fahraufgabe gelenkt wird.:Danksagung i Zusammenfassung iii Table of Contents vii Synopsis 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Cell phone related driver distraction 2 2.1 Prevalence of cell phone usage while driving 3 2.2 Effects of cell phone usage while driving on driving performance 4 3 Self-regulatory behavior adaptation 5 3.1 Trying to find a definition of self-regulatory behavior adaptation 6 3.2 Theoretical frameworks to explain drivers’ self-regulatory behavior adaptation 6 3.2.1 Task Difficulty Homeostasis (Fuller, 2005, 2008, 2011) 7 3.2.2 Behavioural Adaptation Model (Young, Regan, & Lee, 2009) 8 3.3 Types of self-regulatory behavior adaptation 9 3.3.1 Operational self-regulatory behavior adaptation 10 3.3.2 Strategic self-regulatory behavior adaptation 12 4 Naturalistic driving study – A useful method to investigate driving behavior? 13 4.1 SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study 17 4.2 UDRIVE naturalistic driving study 17 5 Research objectives 17 5.1 Assessing drivers’ speed behavior 18 5.2 Identifying cell phone storage location before initiating a cell phone task and assessing its impact on drivers’ glance behavior 18 5.3 Assessing the driving contexts that encourage drivers to initiate a cell phone task and getting some indications about potential safety implications associated with this behavior strategy 19 5.4 Integration of the research objectives into the theoretical frameworks 19 6 Summary and conclusion 20 6.1 Main findings of the dissertation 20 6.1.1 Drivers’ speed behavior when engaged in cell phone tasks 20 6.1.2 Drivers’ cell phone storage location before initiating a cell phone task and its impact on drivers’ glance behavior 21 6.1.3 Driving contexts that encourage drivers to initiate a cell phone task and potential safety implications associated with this behavior strategy 22 6.2 Overall discussion 23 6.2.1 Methodological considerations 23 6.2.2 Theoretical implications 25 6.2.3 Practical implications 28 6.3 Conclusion 30 7 References 31 Paper I 43 Paper II 55 Paper III 73 Paper IV 83 Paper V 93 Curriculum Vitae 105 Publications 109

This study aimed at identifying the models that best explain the student-related factors that contribute to the academic performance of students in the university. Students' final high school grade, English Language proficiency, self-regulatory learning strategies and extrinsic goal orientation are observed to generally have direct effects on the academic performance of the students in the university, while attitudes, intrinsic goal orientations, personality traits and age have indirect effects. Student mentors need to understand the factors that contribute to the academic performance of undergraduate students. Further research is also deemed necessary in other universities in Kenya in order to establish whether similar results would be obtained. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the training given to Foundation Phase (FP) teachers in the implementation of Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), with the intention to develop an alternative professional development (PD) approach for this Phase. Literature indicates that the academic success of learners can be significantly affected by Foundation Phase teachers’ access and participation in quality PD activities. It also indicates that PD is much more than training. It includes on-going workshops, follow-up, study, reflections, observations and assessment which accommodates FP teachers as learners, recognises the long-term nature of learning, and utilises methods that are likely to lead teachers to improve their practice as professionals. In this study, mixed methods research approach was employed to collect empirical data. It includes questionnaires responded to by 84 FP teachers, three sets of interview questions, that is, one for 9 primary school principals, one for 3 subject advisors, and the last one for the Focus group made up of 10 FP teachers who were not included in questionnaires. Observation at training centre was also conducted. The study revealed that the responses from the five sets of data collection instruments seemed to agree on the following: - FP teachers were not involved in the design of their PD activities; - An appropriate time for FP teachers to engage in PD activities is during school holidays; - The length of the training was too short; - Training was not based on the teachers identified needs; and - It was not designed by teachers in cooperation with experts in the field. This study therefore recommends the use of mixed-models approach because the Cascade model that was used, is not addressing the needs of all FP teachers. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)