This dissertation explores why undergraduate music theory students may not be motivated in their classes and how we can begin to improve music theory pedagogy by addressing the negative preconceptions surrounding the subject and changing student motivation. I will investigate student motivation in the core curriculum of music theory by studying students’ self-theories (that is, the mindsets that they bring to the study of the subject, which dictate whether they view a construct like intelligence or ability as being either malleable or fixed) and detailing how an instructional design specific to music theory may influence that self-theory. By drawing upon research in fields outside of music theory, such as psychology, mathematics, and video game design, I will show how our classrooms can be more motivating and engaging through the adoption of an instructional design that ultimately helps our students develop a stronger ability in music theory. I theorize that a model for improving student motivation begins with the Instructional Design for Incremental Self-Theory Adoption (IDISTA). This model introduces a new way of designing a course through different levels of focus based on a student-centered approach to teaching. By using IDISTA, teachers can design their courses in a way that encourages students to adopt a more malleable mindset as they pursue their studies in music theory. Based on my theoretical model of motivation, I propose that students will adopt a more malleable mindset that will lead to a change in motivation, and also to an increase in their music theory ability. These robust models provide an important and significant contribution to the field of music theory pedagogy by transforming the way instructors design and conceptualize their curricula. Most importantly, these models and their application in music theory pedagogy will improve the learning environment for our students and help them gain a new fluency in understanding music.

Psychosocial interventions to cultivate functional motivational beliefs in students are becoming increasingly popular. However, in education it is easy to prematurely place hope in promising, emerging techniques and ideas before they are fully explored through research. This study seeks to add to the body of knowledge examining psychosocial interventions by investigating one of the constructs popularly targeted in these interventions: self-theories of intelligence (STIs). Within this study, STIs are explored within a previously tested model of motivational variables (goal orientations, effort beliefs, interest, causal attributions, and failure response). The addition of metacognition to this model of achievement motivation is also investigated. Because research has suggested that STIs may be domain-specific, this study focused on STIs in the domain of science. Within this study, I used a self-report instrument comprised of seven subscales (each representing one motivational variable) to collect information on the achievement motivation of rural middle school students in the domain of science. Students from three schools in two counties in rural southwest Virginia participated in the study (n = 367). Independent and paired-samples t-tests, confirmatory factor analysis, mediational analyses, and structural equation modeling were used to answer the following four research questions. 1. To what extent are rural middle school students' self-theories of intelligence fixed or malleable in the domain of science? 2. To what extent do rural middle schools students have metacognitive knowledge and skills in the domain of science? 3. Does metacognition mediate the relationship between a malleable belief of intelligence and positive effort beliefs? 4. To what extent does the Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck (2007) model fit data obtained from rural middle school students in the domain of science? The results showed that the participants expressed a significant malleable view of intelligence, and demonstrated moderate amounts of metacognitive knowledge and skills. Metacognition was shown to be a significant mediator of STIs and effort beliefs. Standardized path coefficients for the achievement motivation model were significant; however, model fit indices revealed that this model may not be an adequate fit for these students' beliefs in the domain of science. / Ph. D.

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Det är skolans ansvar att motivera sina elever till lärande. Efter ett initierande samtal med en avgångsklass på ekonomiprogrammet på en kommunal gymnasieskola framkom det att eleverna inte såg någon nytta i själva inlärningsprocessen. Motivation för att kunna något fanns, men motivation till att lära sig något saknades.Carol Dweck ger genom sina teorier om mindsets en beskrivning av just detta fenomen. Hon delar in elever i två grupper efter hur de ser på sin egen intelligens och vilka mål eleverna ser med sitt eget lärande. I följande arbete görs en studie av Dwecks arbete genom att, i första delen, beskriva teorin för att se om man kan dra paralleller mellan en elevs mindset och dennes benägenhet att engagera sig i sitt eget lärande. Studien visar genom Dwecks definition av statiska respektive dynamiska mindsets att så är fallet, teoretiskt. Studien går vidare med att beskriva Dwecks tankar om hur man kan göra för att påverka eleverna till att öka sitt engagemang. Teorin exemplifieras genom en sammanfattning av en av Dwecks forskningsstudier.I den andra delen av studien appliceras Dwecks teorier på elever vid en kommunal gymnasieskola. Genom att testa elevernas mindset med två av Dwecks egna instrument undersöks om Dwecks teorier är applicerbara för att förklara intrycket att eleverna i det ursprungliga samtalet inte ser en nytta i själva lärandet som process. Elevernas mindset testades genom en enkät med 22 frågor. 38 elever svarade på enkäten. Enkäten följdes upp med semistrukturerade intervjuer där 11 elever studerades mer ingående.Genom Dwecks teorier och definitioner av mindsets kan man tänka sig att det uppfattade fenomenet i det initierande samtalet beror på att eleverna främst besitter statiska mindsets. Genom enkät och intervjuer visade det sig att så inte var fallet. Då enkät och intervjuer utgick från elevernas allmänna uppfattning om intelligens, talang och arbete kan man inte dra slutsatser om teorierna har bevisats eller ej. Vid fortsatta studier skulle det vara intressant att göra om samma studier med specifikt skolan och inlärningsmål som domän.

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In today’s sport careers there is no room for error. This is why athletes should be “on top of their game” every time they compete. It is very important for athletes to keep their emotions under control, because emotions can sometimes determine success or failure. But more important is how the athlete reacts to success and failure. Therefore, in this study the aim was to establish an athlete’s reaction to success and failure. An athlete should have the ability or strategy to handle success and failure. According to this statement, it underlines the importance of the current study. The fact that there are limited resources in this field accentuates the need for this study. Each athlete experiences and reacts to success or failure differently. An athlete can use success or failure as a facilitator or as a debilitator. If an athlete sees success or failure as a facilitator, he or she will use success or failure as a method to enhance his or her performance. But if an athlete sees success and failure as a debilitator, it means that the athlete does not have the ability or skills to use success or failure to his or her advantage. It seems that elite athletes may have the skills or ability to use success and failure as a facilitator and not as a debilitator owing to the fact that in the elite arena there is no place for errors. In this study, the researcher examines how elite and beginner athlete’s handle success and failure and what their reaction is towards success and failure. Each athlete has a unique way to develop his or her talents. Athletes who believe that they are born with limited talent or ability and cannot improve this talent by more practice or more effort can be classified as having a static mindset. When athletes believe that they can improve their talent or ability, they could be seen as athletes with a growth mindset. This study made use of a combination of convenient and random sampling. Each athlete had to comply with the criterium to be part of the study. The criterium stipulated that each athlete should be an active participant in sport either at school-, provincial-, national- or international level. To determine what goal orientation each athlete had, they were asked to fill out the task- and ego orientation in sport questionnaire. To determine what their reactions to success and failure were, athletes completed an assessment of success and failure questionnaire that was self-developed by the present researcher Roelie Potgieter and his study leader professor Ben Steyn. The self-theory questionnaire that was completed by the athletes determined whether an athlete was in the fixed or growth mindset. Using the results determined through the questionnaires that were completed by the athletes, correlations could be made to motivate the study. Task orientation and the growth mindset is more predominant than ego orientation and the fixed mindset. Athletes in general react more constructively towards success and failure. A strong correlation was found between task orientation and positive reaction to success and failure. Partial correlation between ego orientation and positive reaction to success was found. Positive relations were discovered between task orientation and the growth mindset, as well as ego orientation and the fixed mindset. AFRIKAANS : In vandag se sportloopbane is daar geen ruimte vir foute nie. Vir hierdie rede moet ‘n atleet ten alle tye op sy of haar beste wees. Dit is baie belangrik vir ‘n atleet om sy emosies in toom te hou, want somtyds kan die atleet se emosies bepaal of hy of sy sukses of mislukking gaan ervaar. Daarom is die doel van die studie om die reaksie van atlete op sukses en mislukking te bepaal. Die feit dat daar ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid navorsing oor die tema van die studie is beklemtoon weereens die belangrikheid van die studie. Elke atleet ervaar en reageer verskillend op sukses en mislukking. ‘n Atleet kan sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n fasiliteerder of as ‘n debiliteerder. As ‘n atleet sukses of mislukking sien as ‘n fasiliteerder, sal die atleet sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n metode om sy of haar prestasie/s te verbeter. Indien ‘n atleet sukses en mislukking sien as ‘n debiliteerder, beteken dit dat die atleet nie die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses of mislukking te gebruik tot sy of haar voordeel nie. Dit wil voorkom dat elite atlete die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses en mislukking te gebruik tot hulle voordeel, as gevolg van die feit dat daar geen plek vir foute tydens die kompetisie is nie. In die studie probeer die navorser bepaal hoe elite- en beginner atlete sukses en mislukking hanteer en wat hulle reaksie op sukses en mislukking is. Elke atleet het ‘n unieke manier om sy of haar talente te ontwikkel. Atlete wat glo dat hulle gebore is met ‘n talent of vermoë en kan nie die talent verbeter met oefening of ‘n groter poging kan geklassifiseer word as statiese instelling. Indien die atleet glo dat hulle, hulle talent kan verbeter, kan dit gesien word as ‘n groeiende instelling. Hierdie studie maak van die gemaklike sowel as die ewekamsige steekproefmetode gebruik. Elke deelnemer moes voldoen aan sekere kriterium om deel te wees van die studie. Die studie se kriteria het beklemtoon dat elke atleet aktief betrokke in ‘n sekere sportsoort moet wees, mag dit wees op skool-, provinsiale-, nasionale- of internasionale vlak. Om te bepaal watter tipe doeloriëntering elke atleet is was hulle gevra om die taak en ego oriëntasie vraelys in te vul. Deur die verwysing kan bepaal word wat hulle reaksie is tot sukses en mislukking, was daar van die atlete verwag om die vrae oor sukses en mislukking te voltooi. Die selfteorie vraelys wat deur die atlete voltooi is, het bepaal of die atlleet ‘n statiese of groeinde instelling het. Deur gebruik te maak van die resultate van die vraelyste wat voltooi is deur die atlete kon daar korrelasies gemaak word. Taakoriëntasie en die groeiende instelling is meer dominant as die ego oriëntasie en die statiese instelling. Atlete in die algemeen reageer meer konstruktief teenoor sukses en mislukking. ‘n Sterk korrelasie was gevind deur taakoriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses en mislukking. Gedeeltelike korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen ego oriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses. ‘n Positiewe korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen taakoriëntasie en groeiende instelling, asook ego oriëntasie en statiese instelling. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted