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CONSTITUINTES VOLÁTEIS E ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA DE Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC. var. crassiflorus / VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC. var. crassiflorusMurari, Anelise Levay 24 August 2007 (has links)
Several Senecio species (Asteraceae) have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of infections. This genus is rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids with recognized antimicrobial activity. Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC. var. crassiflorus, commonly known as margarida-das-dunas , is native from the South coast of Brazil and is known for containing pyrrolizidines alkaloids. This work describes the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the CH2Cl2 and EtOH extracts and essential oils of S. crassiflorus var. crassiflorus. Extracts were obtained by sequential maceration in CH2Cl2 and EtOH. The CH2Cl2 extract was firstly fractioned by CC over silica gel for the isolation of the sesquiterpene germacrene D, which was identified by GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR. This compound no presents antimicrobial activity and it is considered a precursor of several other sesquiterpene derivatives. To essential oils analysis, two collections were carried out in the city of Capão da Canoa, one at the end of spring and the other one at the beginning of autumn. The essential oil of leaves, aerial and underground stems of Senecio crassiflorus var. crassiflorus was extracted by hydrodistillation and their analyses were performed by GC-MS. Their constituents were identified by the comparison of their retention indexes and their fragmentation patterns with literature data. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the extracts and essential oils of S. crassiflorus var. crassiflorus was accomplished through the broth microdilution method based on M7-A6/CLSI/NCCLS document for anaerobic bacteria and M27-A2/NCCLS document for yeasts. Qualitative and quantitative differences have been found between the analyzed parts. The essential oil of the leaves was the most active against Gram-positive bacteria. None of the essential oils shown activity against Gram-negative bacteria, that allows to assign them bacterial activity of narrow specter. The CH2Cl2 extract of aerial steams showed good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC of 64 μg/mL and MBC of 512 μg/mL). The antibacterial activity from the oils collected at the beginning of autumn presented better action spectra. Only essential oil of the leaves showed activity antifungal. / Várias espécies de Senecio (Asteraceae) são utilizadas na medicina popular no combate as infecções. Este gênero é rico em metabólitos secundários como alcalóides, flavonóides e terpenóides com atividade antimicrobiana reconhecida. Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC. var. crassiflorus, popularmente conhecida como margarida-das-dunas, é uma espécie nativa do litoral sul do Brasil, para a qual foi descrita a presença de alcalóides pirrolizidínicos. Neste estudo é relatada a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos CH2Cl2 e EtOH e dos óleos essenciais de diferentes órgãos de S. crassiflorus var. crassiflorus. Os extratos foram obtidos pela maceração seqüencial das partes vegetais frescas em CH2Cl2 e EtOH. O extrato CH2Cl2 das partes aéreas foi fracionado por CC sobre gel de sílica até o isolamento do germacreno D, identificado por CG-EM, RMN 13C e 1H. Este composto não apresenta atividade antimicrobiana e é considerado um precursor de vários outros derivados de esqueleto sesquiterpênico. Para a obtenção dos óleos essenciais foram realizadas duas coletas no município de Capão da Canoa, uma no final da primavera e outra no início do outono. O vegetal fresco foi dividido em folhas, caules aéreos, caules subterrâneos, e partes aéreas (caules aéreos + folhas). A extração dos óleos essenciais foi realizada pela técnica de hidrodestilação. Os óleos essenciais foram analisados por CG-EM e seus constituintes foram identificados por comparação de seus índices de retenção e dos modelos de fragmentação com dados da literatura. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana dos extratos e óleos de S. crassiflorus var. crassiflorus foi realizada através do método de microdiluição em caldo, baseado no documento M7-A6/CLSI/NCCLS para bactérias. Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais das folhas e caules aéreos, o método foi baseado no documento M27-A2/ CLSI/NCCLS para fungos leveduriformes. A constituição do óleo essencial de S. crassiflorus var. crassiflorus variou conforme a parte do vegetal do qual este foi obtido. A variação qualitativa e quantitativa foi pequena entre os óleos obtidos dos caules aéreos e rizomatosos, sendo mais significativa quando comparada com o óleo obtido das folhas. O óleo das folhas foi o que apresentou maior inibição frente as cepas Gram-positivas testadas. Não foi evidenciada atividade de nenhum óleo frente as cepas Gram-negativas nas concentrações testadas, o que permite aferir-lhes atividade bacteriana de estreito espectro. O extrato CH2Cl2 dos caules aéreos foi o que apresentou melhor atividade bacteriostática e bactericida, com destaque para Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (CIM de 64 μg/mL e CBM de 512 μg/mL). Os óleos coletados no início do outono apresentaram melhores espectros de ação. Apenas o óleo essencial das folhas apresentou atividade antifúngica.
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CONSTITUINTES DE Senecio platensis Arech. ISOLAMENTO, ELUCIDAÇÃO ESTRUTURAL E AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIBACTERIANA. / CONSTITUENTS OF Senecio platensis Arech. ISOLATION, STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITYBolzan, Aline Abati 09 November 2007 (has links)
The genus Senecio (Asteraceae) constitutes a group of cosmopolitan plants formed by more than 2000 species. Although most of these plants are considered to be toxic due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, several of them are used in folk medicine. Their medicinal use can be attributed to other secondary metabolites, amongst them the terpenoids, with known antimicrobial activity. This work describes the isolation and identification of three compounds present in the CH2Cl2 extract of fresh aerial parts of Senecio platensis Arech., a species that showed the presence of peroxides in a phytochemical screening. Additionally, the the antibacterial activity of the isolated secondary metabolites has been evaluated. The aerial parts of Senecio platensis were collected in Capão Novo RS, Brasil and identified by Prof.
Dr. Nelson Ivo Matzenbacher. Voucher specimen SMDB 9522 is preserved in the Herbarium of the Departamento de Botânica, UFSM. The fresh aerial parts of S. platensis (350.0 g) were
extracted by maceration with CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 extract was evaporated to obtain an viscous residue (6.0 g), which approximates a yield of 1.71%. The crude extract was fractionated by flash chromatography over silica gel, using CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2:EtOH mixtures of increasing polarity to yield 29 fractions. After two cycles of column chromatography (column: silica gel impregnated with AgNO3 (10%), eluents: hexane:acetone (95:5) and hexane:ethyl ether (99:1)
13.3 mg of PP1 were isolated from fraction 1 and later identified as germacrene D. After successive column chromatography over silica gel impregnated with AgNO3 (10%), eluting with hexane:acetone (9:1), hexane:ethyl acetate (95:5) and hexane:acetone (93:7), fraction 5
yielded 17.0 mg of AB1 (dehydrofukinone) and 30.6 mg of AB2 (spathulenol). The compounds were analyzed by GC-EI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR and were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with the literature. The fraction containing germacrene D, which is considered to be a precursor of several other sesquiterpene derivatives, was
submitted to photooxidation process using Bengal Rose as sensitizer agent. By this reaction it was possible to confirm the formation of germacrene-D-1-hydroperoxide by its precursor. The antibacterial evaluation of the isolated compounds was accomplished by the broth microdilution method based on M7-A6/CLSI. In relation to Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, dehydrofukinone showed MIC of 256 μg/mL and MBC of 4096 μg/mL. The spathulenol presented MIC and MBC of 64 μg/mL. Against the clinical isolate of B. cereus,
dehydrofukinone showed MIC of 256 μg/mL and MBC > 8192 μg/mL while spathulenol showed MIC 32 μg/mL and MBC > 8192 μg/mL. Dehydrofukinone and spathulenol are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the tested concentrations (until 8192 μg/mL). / O gênero Senecio (Asteraceae) constitui um grupo de plantas cosmopolitas, formado por mais de 2000 espécies. Embora grande número tenha toxicidade reconhecida devido à presença de alcalóides pirrolizidínicos, várias delas são empregadas na medicina popular. Seu uso medicinal pode ser atribuído à presença dos demais metabólitos secundários, entre eles os terpenóides, com atividade antibacteriana reconhecida. Este trabalho descreve o isolamento e a identificação de três constituintes presentes no extrato CH2Cl2 das partes aéreas de Senecio platensis Arech., espécie na qual foi detectada a presença de peróxidos em um screening fitoquímico. Adicionalmente, os metabólitos secundários isolados tiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana avaliada. As partes aéreas de S. platensis foram coletadas em abril de 2004, no município de Capão Novo RS, Brasil. A espécie foi localizada e identificada pelo Prof. Dr. Nelson Ivo Matzenbacher, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica
da UFRGS. Material testemunha encontra-se depositado no Herbário do Departamento de Biologia da UFSM sob o registro SMDB 9522. As partes aéreas frescas de S. platensis (350,0 g) foram extraídas por maceração em CH2Cl2., seguido de evaporação do solvente, resultando num resíduo pastoso (6,0 g), com rendimento de 1,71%. O extrato bruto foi fracionado por cromatografia em coluna flash sobre gel de sílica, usando CH2Cl2 e misturas de CH2Cl2: EtOH, em gradiente, sendo obtidas 29 frações. A partir da fração 1, após duas cromatografias em coluna com gel de sílica impregnado com AgNO3 (10%), eluídas com hexano:acetona (95:5) e hexano:éter etílico (99:1), foram obtidos 13,3 mg da substância codificada como PP1 e posteriormente identificada como germacreno D. A fração 5 da coluna flash também foi fracionada e, após sucessivas cromatografias em coluna
sobre gel de sílica impregnado com AgNO3 (10%), eluídas com hexano:acetona (9:1), hexano:acetato de etila (95:5) e hexano:acetona (93:7), foram isolados 17,0 mg de AB1 (deidrofuquinona) e 30,6 mg de AB2 (espatulenol). Os compostos foram analisados por CG-EM, RMN 1H e RMN 13C e foram identificados pela comparação de seus dados espectroscópicos com os obtidos da literatura. A fração contendo o germacreno D, considerado precursor de vários outros derivados de esqueleto sesquiterpênico, foi submetida a uma reação de foto-oxidação utilizando o corante Rosa de Bengala como agente sensibilizante. Através desta reação foi
possível confirmar a formação do germacreno-D-1-hidroperóxido a partir de seu precursor. A avaliação da
atividade antibacteriana das substâncias isoladas foi realizada através do método de microdiluição em caldo, baseado nos documentos M7-A6/CLSI, antigo NCCLS. Em relação ao Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, a deidrofuquinona exibiu uma CIM de 256 μg/mL e CBM de 4096 μg/mL, sendo que o espatulenol apresentou CIM e CBM de 64 μg/mL. Frente à cepa hospitalar de B. cereus, a deidrofuquinona exibiu uma CIM de 256
μg/mL e CBM > 8192 μg/mL, enquanto que o espatulenol apresentou uma CIM 32 μg/mL e CBM > 8192 μg/mL. Tanto a deidrofuquinona quanto o espatulenol não apresentaram atividade contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa até a concentração de 8192 μg/mL.
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Estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos de bovinos intoxicados por Senecio sp. / Oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of cattle intoxicated with Senecio sp.Bondan, Carlos 10 February 2006 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Intoxication caused by Senecio sp is characterized by irreversible damage to liver cells and may be associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effects of intoxication by Senecio sp on lipoperoxidation, antioxidant defenses, and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in cattle. Blood samples from
30 intoxicated animals (group 1) and 30 samples from healthy animals (group 2) were analyzed. The diagnosis of poisoning by Senecio sp was based on histopathologic lesions verified through hepatic biopsy. The following biochemical
parameters of oxidative stress in the erythrocytes were determined: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD)
activity, and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) groups. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility also was evaluated. TBARS concentration and CuZnSOD activity were significantly (P <
.001) higher in group 1 when compared with group 2. The concentration of erythrocyte NPSH groups was significantly (P < .03) lower in group 1 when compared with group 2. Osmotic fragility was more pronounced in the erythrocytes
of group 1 when compared with group 2 (P < .001). The results of this study indicate that poisoning by Senecio sp causes a increase in lipoperoxidation, oxidation of NPSH groups, and consequently, oxidative stress in bovine
erythrocytes that may contribute to hemolysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell damage in animals intoxicated by Senecio sp. / Intoxicação causada por Senecio sp é caracterizada por danos irreversíveis às células hepáticas e pode estar associada com estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste
estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da intoxicação por Senecio sp sobre a peroxidação lipídica, defesa antioxidante e resistência osmótica dos eritrócitos em bovinos. Amostras sanguíneas de 30 animais intoxicados (grupo 1) e 30 animais sadios
(grupo 2) foram analisadas. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Senecio sp foi baseado nas lesões histopatológicas verificadas através de biópsia hepática. Os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo nos eritrócitos foram
determinados: substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), atividade da cobre-zinco superóxido dismutase (CuZnSOD) e grupamentos sulfidris nãoproteicos (NPSH).Fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos também foi avaliada. A concentração de TBARS e atividade da CuZnSOD foi significativamente maior (p<.001) no grupo 1 quando comparado com o grupo 2. A concentração dos grupamentos NPSH nos eritrócitos foi significativamente menor (p<.03) no grupo 1 quando comparado o grupo 2. A fragilidade osmótica foi maior nos eritrócitos do grupo 1 quando comparada com o grupo 2 (p<.001). O resultado deste estudo indica que a intoxicação por Senecio sp causa um aumento na peroxidação
lipídica, oxidação dos grupamentos NPSH, e consequentemente, estresse oxidativo nos eritrócitos de bovinos que pode contribuir para a hemólise. Estes
achados podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos no dano celular em animais intoxicados por Senecio sp.
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Senecio serratuloides var. in wound healing: efficacy and mechanistic investigations in a porcine wound modelGould, Alan Nicolas 16 September 2015 (has links)
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of
Philosophy. / Senecio serratuloides is widely used for wound healing in South Africa but minimal
information regarding its efficacy is available. Furthermore toxic pyrrolizidine
alkaloids may be present. The following investigation sought firstly to evaluate the
efficacy and safety of Senecio serratuloides in a porcine wound model; secondly to
assess for a potential mechanism and finally isolate and identify fractions in in-vitro
assays.
Assessment of Efficacy and Safety
Materials and Methods: Deep partial thickness and full thickness wounds were
created on 9 pigs. Treatment included an occlusive dressing (negative control),
activated carbon, or the Senecio preparation. Wounds were monitored using
photographic documentation, pH measurement and histological analysis (skin
thickness and collagen content). Toxicity was monitored on blood and liver samples.
Results and Discussion: Efficacy of Senecio serratuloides was established with a
significantly thicker epidermis, maximal at day 7 post-operative, 2 days before the
controls. Effects on collagen content was negligible with no toxicity detected.
Mechanistic investigation
Materials and Methods: Wound fluid was analysed for IL-10, IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8,
TNF-α using flow cytometry based assays. Tyrosine phosphorylation and cellular
proliferation was assessed using dual immunofluorescence staining.
Results and Discussion: IL-1β levels were significantly greater in the Senecio
treatment. Tyrosine phosphorylation increased to day 9 post-operative where it
stabilised in all groups. In the same period, cellular proliferation was sustained in the
Senecio treated wounds but not in the controls. Keratinocyte proliferation was
identified as the target for in-vitro assays.
Extraction, Isolation and Partial Identification using In-vitro Proliferation
Assays.
Materials and Methods: The plant was fractionated using solid phase extraction
cartridges. Keratinocytes were grown under standard conditions in 96-well plates.
Cellular proliferation was assessed spectrophotometrically using a resazurin dye
technique. Active fractions were analysed using gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry.
Results and Discussion: Identified fractions increased the rate of proliferation by 300-
400%. Potential lead compounds were identified. Importantly, pyrrolizidine alkaloids
could not be detected.
Conclusion
Senecio serratuloides is efficacious in treating deep partial thickness wounds without
inducing liver toxicity. Sustained keratinocyte proliferation linked to tyrosine
phosphorylation may be an underlying mechanism. Although successful, in-vitro
detection of active fractions requires further characterisation.
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Paratuberculose em bovinos de corte na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul: ocorrência e diagnóstico diferencial / Paratuberculosis in beef cattle in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul: occurrence and differential diagnosisFiss, Letícia 30 September 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Esta tese relata um surto de paratuberculose diagnosticado em bovinos de corte em uma propriedade na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos da doença. Os animais eram criados extensivamente e apresentaram quadro de emagrecimento progressivo e diarreia crônica. O diagnóstico foi realizado pelas lesões macroscópicas e pela histopatologia. Fragmentos dos órgãos foram fixados em formalina 10%, incluídos em parafina, cortados com 5 μm de espessura e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Fezes foram encaminhadas ao Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Área de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco para o cultivo de Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis em meio Löwenstein Jensen com micobactina e para realização da PCR. Histologicamente havia enterite granulomatosa principalmente no dudeno, jejuno, íleo, ceco, colon e reto. Havia, ainda, linfangite e linfaadenite granulomatosa. Pela coloração de ZN foram observados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) no interior de macrófagos, células gigantes de Langhans e nos linfonodos mesentéricos no duodeno, jejuno, íleo ceco e reto. Não houve crescimento bacteriano nas amostras de fezes e cinco amostras amplificaram a sequência genética IS900 específica do Mycobacterium avium subesp. paratuberculosis. Concluiu-se que a paratuberculose ocorre, também, em bovinos de corte criados extensivamente no sul do Rio Grande do Sul e pode ter uma prevalência maior do que se supõe na região, sendo necessárias medidas efetivas de controle desta doença que, por vezes, ainda é considerada exótica no Brasil. Por ser uma doença ainda pouco diagnosticada e pouco conhecida na região e que apresenta sinais clínicos inespecíficos, um segundo trabalho foi realizado visando determinar as principais doenças que ocorrem na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, que cursam com diarreia e afetam bovinos de corte maiores de dois anos de idade. Para isso realizou-se um levantamento nos arquivos do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico identificando-se os protocolos de necropsia nos quais era mencionada a diarreia como um sinal clínico relevante. Observou-se que as causas de diarreia em bovinos com dois anos ou mais de idade são poucas e bem conhecidas na região, sendo de fácil diagnóstico. Destaca-se a intoxicação por Senecio spp., em bovinos maiores de três anos, que causa prejuízos econômicos relevantes devido a sua ampla distribuição na região do estudo e ao seu difícil controle. Com relação aos bovinos entre dois e três anos as parasitoses de modo geral foram as mais importantes causas de diarreia representando 70% dos casos. / This thesis reports an outbreak of paratuberculosis diagnosed in beef cattle at a farm in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul.
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Aspectos Epidemiológicos e Clinicopatológicos da Seneciose Crônica em Bovinos na Mesorregião Sudoeste Rio-grandense / Aspects Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Findings of the Seneciosis in the Southwest Mesoregion of Rio Grande do SulKrabbe, Adriano Alexandre 26 September 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Este estudo objetivou descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e clinicopatológicos da seneciose na mesorregião Sudoeste Rio-Grandense, enfatizando a importância da doença para a pecuária da região e da biópsia hepática para o diagnóstico conclusivo. Foram realizados questionários em 16 propriedades rurais visitadas em municípios da região que apresentaram casos suspeitos da intoxicação entre agosto de 2011 e março de 2014, através dos quais foi possível observar que a doença é possivelmente a que mais causa prejuízos econômicos à bovinocultura. De um total de 88 bovinos que apresentaram baixo desenvolvimento corporal, de nove propriedades distintas, 69 animais (aproximadamente 80%) foram positivos para seneciose crônica, e apresentaram lesões características da intoxicação como fibrose periportal (83% dos casos), hepatomegalocitose (81% dos casos) e proliferação de ductos biliares (73% dos casos), e essas alterações foram classificadas como discreta, leve, moderada ou acentuada. Foram estudados ainda 21 casos positivos de seneciose crônica, dos quais quatro vacas apresentaram alterações ovarianas caracterizadas microscopicamente por acentuada megalocitose e pseudoinclusão em células luteínicas grandes (CLG). Esse estudo confirmou a existência de bovinos intoxicados nos rebanhos, além de outros com potencial para desenvolver a forma clínica mais grave da doença. Os resultados dessas avaliações foram fundamentais para orientar os proprietários e técnicos quanto às principais características da doença e às formas de controle a serem adotadas. O presente trabalho permitiu concluir que a seneciose é a principal causa de morte de bovinos adultos na região, bem como estabelecer a real situação da doença nos rebanhos, além de descrever pela primeira vez as lesões gonadais em vacas com seneciose crônica. / This work aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinicopathological findings of the seneciosis in the Southwest Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Sul, state of Brazil, emphazing the importance of disease to livestock in the region and the importance of the liver biopsy for definitive diagnosis Assessments were made through questionnaires in 16 rural properties in the region who had suspected cases of poisoning from August 2011 to March 2014. These assessments revealed that the disease is an important cause of mortality in adult cattle in the region and possibly the one that most causes economic losses to the raising cattle. From a total of 88 cattle that lower in the body development, from nine distinct properties, 69 animals (about 80%) were positive for chronic seneciosis after showing characteristic signs of the intoxication, as periportal fibrosis in 83% of cases, megalocytosis in 81% of cases and bile duct proliferation in 73% of cases, and these changes were classified as mild these changes were classified from mild to accentuated. Twenty-one positive cases of chronic seneciosis were also studied. These, four cows showed ovarian changes characterized microscopically by with marked megalocytosis and nuclear pseudo-inclusions in large luteal cells (LLC). This study confirmed the existence of cattle poisoned in herds, and others with potential to develop the most serious form of the disease. The results of these assessments were fundamental to guide owners and technicians about the main characteristics of the disease and forms of control to be adopted. The study showed that chronic seneciosis is the major cause of death in adult cattle in the region, as well as establish the real situation of the disease in herds, and describe the first time the gonadal lesions in cows with chronic seneciosis.
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Valorisation d'espèces envahissantes des genres Xanthium et Senecio : caractérisation, variabilité chimique et activités des huiles essentielles / Valuation of invasive species and genera Xanthium Senecio : characterization, chemical variability and activities essential oilsAndreani, Stéphane 09 December 2014 (has links)
La prolifération d’espèces invasives est un problème mondial. Après la pollution et la destruction des habitats, l’introduction d’espèces exogènes est une des principales causes de la disparition de la biodiversité animale et végétale dans le monde. La Corse n’est pas épargnée par le phénomène ; en effet, chaque année nous dénombrons de plus en plus d’espèces végétales introduites, potentiellement envahissantes et dangereuses pour l’écosystème insulaire. Si elles ne sont pas contrôlées, ces plantes peuvent rapidement gagner du terrain et s’installer durablement en raison de leurs facultés d’adaptation à divers écosystèmes.C’est dans ce contexte que nous sommes intéressés à quatre plantes de la famille des Astéracées considérées comme envahissantes : deux espèces du genre Xanthium (Xanthium italicum et X. spinosum) et deux espèces du genre Senecio (Senecio angulatus et S. inaequidens). L’objectif principal était d’initier une possible voie de valorisation de ces espèces par la production d’huile essentielle ; cela permettrait d’une part de limiter la dissémination et d’autre part, de générer un débouché économique.Par ailleurs, nous avons étendu ce travail à Limbarda crithmoides et à six espèces du genre Senecio poussant à l’état spontané en Corse. Une approche chimiotaxonomique réalisée à partir de 180 échantillons d’huiles essentielles du genre Senecio a conduit à différencier les espèces dites halotolérantes (S. aquaticus, S. transiens et S. cineraria) des espèces plus « terrestres » (S. vulgaris, S. angulatus, S. inaequidens, S. serpentinicola et S. lividus). L’étude de la variabilité chimique intraspécifique a permis de mettre en évidence des corrélations entre la composition chimique des huiles essentielles et le polymorphisme des taxons et/ou des facteurs édaphiques. L’étude du genre Senecio a également conduit à la caractérisation de deux nouvelles molécules, l’oxyde d’acétoxybisabolène et le 8-acétoxybisabolène 1,9-diol, isolées de l’huile essentielle de S. transiens (espèce endémique de Corse).D’un point de vue plus appliqué, les mesures des activités anti-radicalaires et anticorrosives des huiles essentielles ont démontré le potentiel de certaines espèces comme sources d’anti-oxydants naturels (notamment, Xanthium italicum et X. spinosum) mais aussi le pouvoir anticorrosif de la cacalohastine, isolée de l’huile essentielle de S. inaequidens (espèce invasive). / The proliferation of invasive species is a global problem. The introduction of exogenous species is after pollution and habitat destruction a major cause of the disappearance of the worldwide plant and animal biodiversity. Corsica is not spare to the phenomenon and every year there are numerous dangerous species which are introduced to the island ecosystem.In this study, we have studied four invasive species of Asteraceae (X. italicum, X. spinosum, S. angulatus and S. inaequidens) from Corsica. The aim of this study is to initiate a possible valuation pathway of these species by production of their essential oils. For this purpose, we investigated the chemical variability of each essential oil and their antioxidant and anticorrosive activities. Then we have extended our investigations to the others species of Senecio genus and to Limbarda crithmoides, anciently parented taxa.GC and GC/MS analysis allowed the identification of 107 and 74 components which accounted for 98.7 and 93.5% of the X. italicum and X. spinosum essential oils, respectively. Essential oils of X. italicum and X. spinosum were dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes (66.2%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (41.5%), respectively. The same metabolomic pathways seem occur for both species during the vegetative cycle of the plant: oxygenated sesquiterpene-production was higher during the flowering stage. Moreover the study of 25 sample oils of X. italicum and X. spinosum showed that the chemical variability of both essential oils could be linked to morphological characters.A comprehensive work on the chemical variability of 180 sample oils of Senecio was carried out and 251 components were identified. Among them, using mono and bi-dimensional NMR the structures of 8-acetoxybisabolene-1,9-diol and 8-acetoxy-1,9-oxobisabolene, two new components of S. transiens essential oil were described for the first time. Corsican Senecio species exhibited interspecies chemical variability: the halotolerant Senecio species (S. transiens, S. cineraria and S. aquaticus erraticus) were characterized by essential oils dominated by non-terpenic compounds while the so-called “terrestrial” Senecio species (S. angulatus, S. ineaquidens, S. lividus, S. vulgaris and S. serpentinicola) exhibited terpenic component-rich oils. The study of intra-species chemical variability highlighted direct correlations between the plant-production of secondary metabolites and the nature of soils on which S. lividus, S. vulgaris and S. transiens grows. Hence essential oil compositions and morphological polymorphism are indirectly related. In the same way, the chemical variability of S. cineraria essential oils seems to be linked to the geology of the soils while the oil diversity of the invasive S. angulatus, could be linked to the both spots of introduction on Corsica Island. In addition, an original chiral-gas chromatographic method was improved and applied to the main components of the essential oils in order to complement the chemical composition of the Senecio sample oils.Furthermore the originality of Corsican Limbarda crithmoides essential was highlighted by the occurrence of two p-cymenene derivatives, never reported in the related studies from literature. The investigation of 25 Corsican L. crithmoides focuses on a direct correlation between the water salinities of the plant locations and the chemical compositions of the essential oils.Finally the antioxidant activities, anti-free radical and reducing power, were measured on some essential oils of the studied species. Essential oils of the Xanthium genus appeared to be most effectives. In addition, anticorrosion properties of the essential oils were investigated and the best corrosion inhibiting activity was exhibited by those of S. inaequidens . Anticorrosion activity could be attributed to the cacalohastine, a naphtalofuranic component, isolated form the whole essential oil after column chromatography.
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Insect herbivores associated with Senecio pterophorus and Senecio inaequidens at Butterworth, South AfricaMuwanga-Zake, Johnnie Wycliffe Frank January 1995 (has links)
This study lists and compares insect herbivores of Senecio inaequidens and of Senecio pterophorus around Butterworth by 18 Tables and 38 Figures. The two plant species are widely distributed around Southern Africa. Samples were taken during a month of each of the four main seasons of the year, which in Butterworth did not show much difference in temperature. The two plant species shared generalist insect herbivores most of which were also on other surrounding plant species. The population of most of the herbivores was affected by the seasons while the two plant species were not seasonal, thus the correlation between insect herbivores and the two plant species was not significant. The heavier, and apparently chemically protected species, Senecio pterophorus, accommodated borers and supported a wider variety of but fewer individual insects. Senecio pterophorus could be having more defences but had more serious herbivores. There were no serious insect herbivores that could control the abundance of the two plant species around Butterworth. Anatomical differences between S. pterophorus and S. inaequidens could be highlighted by the kind and number of insect herbivores found upon them. Similarities were more difficult to identify through studying their insect herbivores. The biology of one serious weed, Lixus sp., on Senecio pterophorus was studied in more detail. The life cycle of the weevil was found to be synchronised with that of the host. This weevil shared the stems with other species of weevils with no indication of competition.
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