Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-130). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O aumento da demanda por madeira e a exploração das florestas nativas coloca em risco a extinção de várias espécies vegetais de grande valor. Neste sentido tem crescido a utilização de espécies exóticas, especialmente no hemisfério sul, em países de clima tropical e subtropical e em especial na região Amazônica com o uso do mogno africano. Com isso, existe elevada demanda por métodos de propagação dessas espécies que garantam as características superiores da planta matriz. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbultírico (AIB), tipo de estaca e substrato no enraizamento de estacas de Khaya ivorensis A. Chev e Khaya senegalensis A. Juss, em câmara de subirrigação e casa de vegetação e testar diferentes métodos de enxertia para propagação vegetativa de mogno africano. Na propagação vegetativa via estaquia foram testados o uso de diversas concentrações de AIB, diferentes tempos de imersão, procedência e tipos de estacas. Via enxertia foram testados quatro tipos de enxertia de mogno africano sob mogno africano. Foram realizadas as enxertias do tipo Fenda Cheia (FC), Fenda Lateral (FL), Inglês Complicado (IC) e Borbulhia de placa (BP). Foi possível observar nos experimentos de estaquia uma tendência a melhores percentuais de enraizamento e maior percentual de sobrevivência das estacas utilizando concentração de 800 mg.L-1 de AIB, principalmente em estacas foliares apicais. As estacas enraizadas apresentaram sistema radicular vigoroso com comprimentos de até 53 cm. A técnica de enxertia que apresentou os melhores resultados foi a do tipo FC com 16,67% de pegamento e os enxertos desenvolvendo-se de forma vigorosa alcançando até 27 cm em 30 dias. / The increasing demand for wood and the exploitation of native forests endangers the extinction of high value plant specimens. Therefore, exotic species are being used, on the south hemisphere, in tropical and sub-tropical countries and especially in the Amazon Region with the African mahoganies. Along with this, there has been an increasing demand on methods of vegetative propagation of these species that guarantee the superior attributes of the stock plant. Thereby, the aim of this study was to test the efficiency of different indole-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations, cut of kind and substrate on cuttings of Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis in non-mist propagators and greenhouses and test different methods of grafting for vegetative propagation of African mahogany. In the cuttings experiments different auxin concentrations were tested as well as different immersion times, proveniences of the cuttings and types of cuttings. For the grafting, four methods were tested using African mahogany below the same species. The methods used were Saddle graft (SG), Side-veener graft (SV), Whip and tongue grafts (WT) and Patch budding (PB). It was possible to observe that there was a tendency to reach better results in rooting percentage and survival percentage using the concentration of 800 mg.L-1 of IBA in cuttings especially the apical leaf cuttings. The rooted cuttings grew with vigor and achieved 53 cm length. The grafting method with bests results was SV with 16,67% success and grafts developed vigorously reaching 27 cm in 30 days.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivou-se com este estudo, determinar o padrão de qualidade das mudas através dos parâmetros morfológicos da relação altura/diâmetro (ALT/DC), produção de matéria seca das folhas, caule e raízes, índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD), bem como, determinar os teores de macronutrientes e micronutrientes do mogno africano Khaya ivorensis e Khaya senegalensis. Trinta dias após a emergência, as plantas com média de 7 cm de altura, foram transplantadas para vasos plásticos de 14 L (duas mudas/vaso), os vasos receberam uma fina camada de seixo, para melhor drenagem e, completados com o substrato ORG: Organoamazon. As plantas receberam uma rega de solução nutritiva ((0,8 g de Maxsol/L), (0,5 g de Nitrato de Cálcio/L) e (0,1 g de Ferro/L)) semanal e durante as duas últimas semanas do terceiro mês cada vaso passou a receber duas regas semanalmente de solução nutritiva. No período entre o quarto e o quinto mês a concentração dos nutrientes da solução foi aumentada para 1,2 g/L (Maxsol), 0,9 g/L (Nitrato de Cálcio) e 0,1 g/L (Ferro). E, no sexto mês a solução foi concentrada em 1,3 g de Maxsol/L, 1,0 g de Nitrato de Cálcio/L e 0,1 g de Ferro/L. Para análise das variáveis altura e diâmetro utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (DIC) com três repetições em parcela subdividida. O experimento foi arranjado no esquema fatorial 2x2 composto por duas espécies (K. ivorensis e K. senegalensis), dois tratamentos (sem solução e com solução nutritiva) e na sub-parcela onze períodos de avaliações. Para qualidade das mudas analisou-se através dos índices morfológicos: a razão altura (cm)/diâmetro (mm), produção de matéria seca das folhas, caule e raízes e, índice de qualidade de Dickson e ainda, avaliou-se os teores de macronutrientes e micronutrientes. As plantas de mogno africano (K. ivorensis e K. senegalensis) apresentam rápido e vigoroso crescimento vegetativo, K. senegalensis atinge 24 cm de altura e 7 mm de diâmetro de coleto 60 dias após o transplantio e, K. ivorensis altura de 28 cm e diâmetro de 5,5 mm após 90 dias do transplantio. A espécie K. senegalensis com adição de solução nutritiva apresenta maior crescimento e maior produção de matéria seca. Para ambas espécies com e sem adição de solução nutritiva não houve diferença nos teores de macro e micronutrientes absorvidos. / The objective of this study was to determinate the quality pattern of seedlings by morphologic parametres of height/diameter ratio, production of dry content of leaves, stem and roots, Dickson Quality Index (DQI), as well, determinate macronutrients and micronutrients content in African Mahogany Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis. Thirty days after the emergence, the seedlings with 7 cm height, were transplanted to plastic vases of 14 L (two seedlings/vase). In each vase were put a small layer of pebble, to facilitate the drainage, and completed with organic substratum (Organoamazon). Every week, plants were irrigated once with nutrient solution ((0,8 g/L (Maxsol), 0,5 g/L (Calcium nitrate) e 0,1 g/L (iron)) and, on the last two weeks of the third month, the irrigation were twice per week. From fourth to fifth month the concentration of nutrient solution was increased to 1,2 g/L (Maxsol), 0,9 g/L (Calcium nitrate) e 0,1g/L (iron). And in the sixth month the solution concentration was 1,3 g/L (Maxsol), 1,0 g/L (Calcium nitrate) e 0,1 g/L (iron). Height and diameter were analyzed in completely randomized design in split plots, with two species (K. ivorensis e K. senegalensis) and two treatments (with and without the nutrient solution) in the plots and eleven periods in the sub-plots. The seedling quality was analyzed by morphologic index: height/diameter ratio, dry material production of leaves, stalk and roots, Dickson quality index (DQI). African Mahogany plants (K. ivorensis e K. senegalensis) show fast and vigorous vegetative growth, K. senegalensis grow 24 cm height and 7 mm of diameter in 60 days after the transplant and K. ivorensis 28 cm and 5,5 mm of height and diameter respectively, 90 days after de transplant. K. senegalensis with nutrient solution addition show superior growth and dry material production. To both species, with and without nutrient solution there is no difference in the contents of micro and macro nutrients absorbed.

Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 1997. / Bibliogr.: f. 87-92. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, . / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

African mahogany is a forest species that was introduced in Brazil in an attempt to replace the Amazonian mahogany, and because of its great acceptance in the market, is attracting more and more the interest of the Brazilian producers, but due to the recent introduction there are not many studies on the behavior of the mahogany. In response to the use of herbicides for this reason the main objective of this research was to analyse the selectivity of five herbicides in African mahogany seedlings, through visual, morphological and physiological evaluations. The herbicides used were saflufenacil, amicarbazone, clomazone, isoxaflutole and sulfentrazone at the maximum dosages recommended by AGROFIT. Visual, physiological (maximum ETR, SPAD, Yield and FV / FM protocol) and morphological (height, volume, number of leaves, leaf area and dry weight of shoot) measurements were performed up to 60 days after application (DAA). The experiment was assembled in Causalized Block Design and the averages were tested by the Tukey test at 5% with the aid of Assistat 7.7. After 24 hours of application the visuals symptoms began to occur; the herbicides saflufenacil and clomazone were the ones that presented more plants with symptoms, but all with light phytotoxicity and there was no difference between the treatments, the physiological evaluations didn't present significant difference and the herbicides didn’t inhibit the growth or issuing new sheets. All herbicides were tested and considered selective to African mahogany. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O mogno africano é uma espécie florestal que foi introduzida no Brasil na tentativa de substituir o mogno amazônico e pela sua grande aceitação no mercado vem atraindo cada vez mais o interesse dos produtores brasileiros, porém devido a recente introdução não há muitos estudos sobre o comportamento da espécie em resposta ao uso de herbicidas por esse motivo o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a seletividade de cinco herbicidas em mudas de mogno africano proveniente de sementes, através de avaliações visuais, morfológicas e fisiológicas. Os herbicidas utilizados foram: saflufenacil, amicarbazone, clomazone, isoxaflutole e sulfentrazone nas dosagens máximas recomendadas pelo AGROFIT. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais, fisiológicas (ETR máxima; SPAD; protocolo Yield e o FV/FM) e biométricas (altura, volume, número de folhas, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea) que ocorreram até os 60 dias após aplicação (DAA). O experimento foi em Delineamento de Blocos Causalizados e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% através do programa Assistat 7.7. Os sintomas visuais começaram a ocorrer após 24 horas da aplicação, os herbicidas saflufenacil e clomazone foram os que apresentaram maior número de plantas com sintomas, porém todas com fitotoxicidade leve e não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, as avaliações fisiológicas não apresentaram diferença significativa e nenhum dos herbicidas inibiu a emissão de folhas novas ou crescimento. Todos os herbicidas testados foram considerados seletivos ao mogno africano.

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Submitted by Priscila Oliveira (priscila.b.oliveira@ufes.br) on 2016-07-12T14:57:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissert João Gabriel M Silva (versao final).pdf: 2801701 bytes, checksum: 21e33695f6b8ed99e66a7beaa76c8188 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-07-18T12:31:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissert João Gabriel M Silva (versao final).pdf: 2801701 bytes, checksum: 21e33695f6b8ed99e66a7beaa76c8188 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T12:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissert João Gabriel M Silva (versao final).pdf: 2801701 bytes, checksum: 21e33695f6b8ed99e66a7beaa76c8188 (MD5) / Teve-se por objetivo determinar a transição do lenho juvenil e adulto e avaliar a qualidade da madeira para a produção de serrados de duas espécies de mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis e Khaya senegalensis). O material pesquisado (19 anos de idade) foi proveniente de plantios experimentais da Reserva Natural Vale, Linhares, ES, Brasil. Foram mensuradas a altura comercial, o diâmetro à altura do peito – DAP e a deformação residual longitudinal (método CIRAD – FORÊT). Após o corte das árvores, foram retirados discos na altura do DAP e toras ao longo do fuste, sendo o topo inferior das toras da base fotografado. A morfologia das fibras e vasos foi analisada por meio de estudo microscópico do lenho; o ângulo das microfibrilas mensurado empregando a microscopia de luz polarizada; a densidade aparente, determinada pela técnica de densitometria de raios X; e a densidade básica e a contração volumétrica, determinadas em acordo com normas técnicas vigentes. As rachaduras de topo das toras foram mensuradas utilizando um software analisador de imagens e os defeitos das tábuas secas também foram examinados. Por intermédio da variação radial do comprimento das fibras e da frequência de vasos foi possível demarcar o ponto de transição entre o lenho juvenil e adulto para as duas espécies de mogno africano. O lenho juvenil correspondeu a maior porção do diâmetro do fuste (altura do DAP) e suas propriedades foram mais variáveis e inferiores ao lenho adulto, para ambas espécies de mogno africano. Não houve diferenças da deformação residual longitudinal, índice de rachaduras de topo de toras e tábuas e deslocamento da medula entre as espécies. Todavia, foram verificadas nas toras e tábuas da espécie de K. ivorensis as maiores dimensões de rachaduras, enquanto o maior índice de empenamentos foi observado nas tábuas de K. senegalensis. / The aim of this work was determine the transition from juvenile and mature wood and evaluate the wood quality for the lumber production of two species of African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis). The material researched (19 years old) was from experimental plantation of Vale Natural Reserve, Linhares, ES, Brazil. Were measured at commercial height, diameter at breast height - DBH and the longitudinal residual strain (method CIRAD- FORÊT). After cut the trees, discs at the height of DBH and logs were removed along the stem, being the top bottom of the logs photographed. The morphology of fibers and vessels was analyzed by microscopic study of wood; the microfibril angle measured using by polarized light microscopy; apparent density, determined by the technique of X-ray densitometry; and basic density and volumetric shrinkage, determined in accordance with current technical standards. The end splits of the logs were measured using an images analyzer software and defects of dried boards also were examined. Through the radial variation of fiber length and frequency of vessels was possible to demarcate the point of transition between the juvenile and mature woods for the two species of African mahogany. The juvenile wood corresponded the highest portion of diameter of the stem (height DBH) and its properties were more variable and inferior than the mature wood, for both species of African mahogany. There were not differences of longitudinal residual strain, index end splits of logs and boards and displacement of the pith between species. However, were observed in the logs and boards of the species K. ivorensis the larger splits, while the highest index warping was observed in the boards of the species K. senegalensis.

Adipositas ist eine polymorphe chronische Erkrankung mit epidemischer Prävalenz. Im katabolen Leptin-Melanocortin-Signalweg ist das Proopiomelanocortin Gen (POMC) ein zentrales Element, das bei Dysfunktion massive Adipositas bewirken kann. Auch eine kürzlich identifizierte intragenische Methylierungsvariante des POMC wurde mit Adipositas assoziiert und deutet somit auf eine mögliche epigenetische Modulation des Gewichtsphänotyps hin. Zur Aufklärung der Relevanz, Stabilität und Entwicklung dieser epigenetischen Modifikation wurden die Funktionalität, Ontogenese und Phylogenese der POMC DNA-Methylierung untersucht. In vitro Analysen zeigten DNA-Methylierungsabhängige Promoteraktivität beider CpG-Inseln (CGIs) des POMC. Diese hier erstmals beschriebene Transkriptionsaktivität der intragenischen CGI weist auf einen alternativen Promoter des POMC hin. Hinsichtlich der Ontogenese konnten in Mensch und Maus postnatal stabile DNA-Methylierungsmuster mit interindividueller Konservierung für beide CGIs des POMC identifiziert werden. Zusätzlich erwiesen sich Gewebeunabhängigkeit der DNA-Methylierungsmuster und ihre pränatale Ausbildung zwischen dem Blastocystenstadium und der frühen Organogenese in der Maus. Die POMC DNA-Methylierungsmuster upstream des Exon3 unterscheiden sich in Mensch und Maus. Der mögliche Einfluss von primatenspezifischen Alu-Elementen im Intron2 des POMC hierauf wurde in verschiedenen Primatenfamilien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine bedingte Assoziation der Alu-Elemente mit der DNA-Methylierung in der entsprechenden Region, lassen jedoch auch weitere Einflussfaktoren vermuten. Insgesamt zeigt diese Arbeit, dass die POMC DNA-Methylierung artspezifisch konserviert ist und in der frühen Embryogenese, vermutlich Alu-abhängig, ausgebildet wird. Dabei könnten stochastische Variationen der DNA-Methylierung die POMC-Aktivität beeinflussen und somit das Risiko für Adipositas erhöhen. / Obesity is a polymorphic chronic disease with epidemic prevalence. Within the catabolic leptin-melanocortin signaling pathway pre-proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a pivotal element. Dysfunction of POMC, e.g. due to mutations, can cause severe obesity. Moreover, a recently identified intragenic methylation variant of POMC was found to be associated with obesity. Therefore, this indicates potential epigenetic modulation of the weight phenotype. To gain further insight into the relevance, stability, and origin of this epigenetic modification, the functionality, ontogenesis, and phylogenesis of the POMC DNA methylation patterns were analyzed. In vitro analyses revealed DNA methylation-dependent promoter activity of both CpG islands (CGIs) of POMC. Thereby, the intragenic CGI was identified as a potential alternative promoter of POMC, which has not been described before. Regarding the ontogenesis, postnatally stable POMC DNA methylation patterns with interindividual conservation were detected for both CGIs in humans and mice. In addition, it was observed that the POMC DNA methylation patterns are non-tissue-specific, stable upon long time administration of a high fat diet, and develop prenatally between the blastocystal stage and the early organogenesis. The POMC DNA methylation pattern upstream of exon3 differs in humans and mice. A possible influence of primate-specific Alu elements within the intron2 region of POMC was analyzed in various primate families. Results evince a partial association of the Alu elements with the DNA methylation pattern in this particular region, but also suggest an influence of additional factors. Overall, this work demonstrates that DNA methylation of the POMC locus is species-specific highly conserved, and that it is established during early embryogenesis, possibly Alu-triggered. In the course of this, stochastic variances of the POMC DNA methylation might influence the POMC activity and consequently alter the risk to develop obesity.