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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Etude des flux d'évapotranspiration en climat soudanien : comportement comparé de deux couverts végétaux au Bénin / Evapotranspiration fluxes in sudanian climate : behavior of two contrasted vegetation covers in Benin

Mamadou, Ossénatou 08 May 2014 (has links)
L'impact des modifications climatiques et de l'augmentation de la démographie sur le cycle de l'eau et de l'énergie dans la région ouest africaine passe par la quantification des échanges entre les différents couverts de la surface continentale et l'atmosphère. Toutefois, la compréhension du rôle des interactions entre la surface et l'atmosphère dans la dynamique de la mousson ouest africaine est limitée par le manque d'observations dans cette région. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des flux turbulents, en particulier l'évapotranspiration réelle, en climat soudanien. Les deux couverts étudiés sont une forêt claire (site de Bellefoungou) et une mosaïque de culture/jachère (site de Nalohou), situés dans la région du Nord – Bénin. On dispose de quatre années de mesures (2007 à 2010). Les sites d'étude font partie de l'observatoire hydro – météorologique AMMA – CATCH.Les données de flux turbulents de l'atmosphère ont été mesurées avec la technique d'eddy covariance. La partition énergétique des flux a été examinée à travers la fraction évaporative (EF) et le rapport de Bowen (β) aux échelles diurne, saisonnière et inter-annuelle. Des caractéristiques de surface (conductance de surface et aérodynamique) et le coefficient de découplage ont été calculés pour interpréter la dynamique de l'évapotranspiration réelle.L'analyse des résultats est basée sur un découpage du cycle saisonnier suivant quatre phases du cycle de la mousson : la saison sèche, la saison humide, les phases d'humidification et d'assèchement de l'atmosphère. Aux échelles diurne et saisonnière, on montre que le taux d'évapotranspiration réelle de la forêt est toujours supérieur à celui de la mosaïque de culture/jachère quelle que soit la saison. L'évapotranspiration réelle demeure non nulle en saison sèche sur le site de Nalohou malgré les conditions de surface peu favorables à ce processus. En saison humide, après le saut de mousson, la partition énergétique des flux atteint un régime stationnaire avec une moyenne égale à 0,75 à Bellefoungou et 0,70 à Nalohou pour les 4 années étudiées. Le rapport de Bowen pris dans le même ordre est environ de 0,4 et 0,6 traduisant ainsi, en dépit des conditions humides, la part non négligeable du flux de chaleur sensible sur les deux couverts végétaux. La différence de rugosité entre les deux couverts végétaux entraîne une conductance aérodynamique nettement supérieure à Bellefoungou par rapport à Nalohou. On montre également que la végétation du site de Nalohou est plus efficace en transpiration pendant la saison humide que celle du site de Bellefoungou. A l'échelle inter-annuelle, on n'a pas pu mettre en évidence une relation entre flux de chaleur latente et pluviométrie pour les quatre années étudiées qui sont toutes des années excédentaires. Cependant nous avons observé que le rayonnement net explique la majeure partie de la variabilité inter-annuelle des flux turbulents.Enfin, nous avons également montré avec le coefficient de découplage que la surface soudanienne et l'atmosphère restent couplées toute l'année. Ce fonctionnement de l'interface surface – atmosphère reflète le rôle majeur que jouent les conditions de surface dans la variabilité saisonnière de l'évapotranspiration réelle. Les résultats issus de cette étude donnent une première estimation des flux de chaleur latente et de chaleur sensible sur une forêt claire et une mosaïque de culture/jachère en climat soudanien. Ils sont d'une importance capitale pour la paramétrisation et la validation des modèles de surface ainsi que pour la quantification robuste de la ressource en eau disponible en surface pour l'agriculture, principale activité génératrice de revenus des populations locales. / Assessing the impact of climate and anthropic changes on the water and energy cycles, mainly rely on the quantification of the transfer between the various land covers and the atmosphere. Nevertheless the land – atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon dynamic is not yet well understood because of the lack of observations in this region. This thesis focuses on the analysis of the sensible and latent heat fluxes under Sudanian climate. The two studied land covers are a clear forest (Bellefoungou) and a cultivated area (Nalohou), located in northern Benin, during four years (2007-2010). The study sites are a part of the hydro – meteorological AMMA – CATCH observatory.Turbulent fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance technique.The flux partitioning was investigated through the evaporative fraction (EF) and the Bowen ratio (β) at diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual scales. Surface characteristics (surface and aerodynamical conductance) and the decoupling factor were calculated to interpret the dynamic of the actual evapotranspiration.The analysis was performed according to four different stages of the monsoon cycle: dry and wet seasons drying and moistening intermediate stages. At diurnal and seasonal scales, actual evapotranspiration was always higher on the forest than on the cultivated area. It remained non zero during the dry season at Nalohou despite surface conditions which were not favorable to this process. During the wet season, after the monsoon onset, EF remained steady with a mean seasonal value of 0.75 at Bellefoungou and 0.70 at Nalohou for the four studied years. The Bowen ratio was 0.4 and 0.6 respectively, thus the sensible heat flux was significant on the two contrasted vegetation covers during the wet season. The contrasted roughness length of the two vegetation covers led to a highest aerodynamic conductance at the clear forest site. The mixed of crop/fallow was shown to be more efficient than the clear forest regarding wet season transpiration. At the inter-annual scale, no relationship can be evidenced between evapotranspiration and annual rainfall for the studied period (2007-2010), which was rather rainy. Nevertheless, the net radiation explains the main part of turbulent fluxes inter-annual variation.Finally, complete surface atmosphere decoupling was never observed. This property of the surface – atmosphere interface underlines the key role of the surface conditions in the actual evapotranspiration. Our results provide a first estimate of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over a clear forest and a mixed crop/fallow under sudanian climate. They are relevant to land surface models parametrisation or evaluation and to a robust quantification of the water resources for agriculture, the main economic activity in this region.
12

Land surface heat exchange over snow and frozen soil

Gustafsson, David January 2001 (has links)
The energy exchange in the soil-snow-vegetation-atmospheresystem was studied to improve the quantitative knowledge of thegoverning processes. The lack of such knowledge contributes tothe uncertainty in the applicability of many existing modelsindependent of the temporal or spatial scale. The theoreticalbackground and available methods for measurements and numericalsimulations were reviewed. Numerical simulation models andavailable data sets representing open land and boreal forestwere evaluated in both diurnal and seasonal time-scales.Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden over two winters, 1997-1999. Twoone-dimensional simulation models of different complexity wereused to simulate the heat and water transfer in thesoil-snow-atmosphere system and compared with the measurements.Comparison of simulated and observed heat fluxes showed thatparameter values governing the upper boundary condition weremore important than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The models were useful toevaluate the lack of energy balance closure in the observedsurface heat fluxes, which underlined the importance ofimproved accuracy in eddy correlation measurements of latentflow during winter conditions. The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast model was tested with athree-year data set from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath tree cover improvedsimulation of the seasonal and diurnal variations of latent andsensible heat flux compared with an older model version.Further improvements of simulated surface heat fluxes could beexpected if the variation of vegetation properties within andbetween years and a new formulation of the boundary conditionsfor heat flux into the soil is included. Keywords: Surface energy balance, Snow, Boreal forest,SVAT models, Eddy-correlation Measurements, Latent heat flux,Sensible heat flux, Net radiation, Soil temperature,Aerodynamic roughness, Surface resistance / QC 20100614
13

Land surface heat exchange over snow and frozen soil

Gustafsson, David January 2001 (has links)
<p>The energy exchange in the soil-snow-vegetation-atmospheresystem was studied to improve the quantitative knowledge of thegoverning processes. The lack of such knowledge contributes tothe uncertainty in the applicability of many existing modelsindependent of the temporal or spatial scale. The theoreticalbackground and available methods for measurements and numericalsimulations were reviewed. Numerical simulation models andavailable data sets representing open land and boreal forestwere evaluated in both diurnal and seasonal time-scales.Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden over two winters, 1997-1999. Twoone-dimensional simulation models of different complexity wereused to simulate the heat and water transfer in thesoil-snow-atmosphere system and compared with the measurements.Comparison of simulated and observed heat fluxes showed thatparameter values governing the upper boundary condition weremore important than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The models were useful toevaluate the lack of energy balance closure in the observedsurface heat fluxes, which underlined the importance ofimproved accuracy in eddy correlation measurements of latentflow during winter conditions.</p><p>The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast model was tested with athree-year data set from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath tree cover improvedsimulation of the seasonal and diurnal variations of latent andsensible heat flux compared with an older model version.Further improvements of simulated surface heat fluxes could beexpected if the variation of vegetation properties within andbetween years and a new formulation of the boundary conditionsfor heat flux into the soil is included.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Surface energy balance, Snow, Boreal forest,SVAT models, Eddy-correlation Measurements, Latent heat flux,Sensible heat flux, Net radiation, Soil temperature,Aerodynamic roughness, Surface resistance</p> / QC 20100614
14

Implementation and Analysis of Air-Sea Exchange Processes in Atmosphere and Ocean Modelling

Carlsson, Björn January 2008 (has links)
To understand and to predict the weather and climate, numerical models are important tools and it is crucial that the controlling processes are described correctly. Since 70% of the global surface is covered with water the description how the ocean and atmosphere communicates has a considerable impact. The ocean–atmosphere exchange occurs through transport of momentum (friction) and heat, governed by turbulent eddies. The sea surface is also an important source of turbulence in both directions. The scales of the turbulent eddies cannot be resolved in ocean and climate models. Therefore, the turbulent exchanges have to be related to mean variables, such as wind speed and temperature differences. By using measurements, new methods to describe the air–sea exchange during two specific processes were developed. These processes are the so-called UVCN-regime (Unstable Very Close to Neutral stratification) and swell, i.e. waves which are not produced by the local wind. These processes were included in an ocean model and in a regional atmospheric climate model and the impact was investigated. The UVCN-regime enhances the heat transport significantly during the autumn and winter months in the ocean model. This results in a shallower well-mixed surface layer in the ocean. Wind-following swell reduces the surface friction, which is very important for the atmosphere. Some secondary effects in the climate model are reduced low-level cloud cover and reduced precipitation by more than 10% over sea areas. Locally and for short periods the impact is large. It is important to include the UVCN-regime and the swell impact in models, to make simulations more reliable.
15

Energy balance of forests with special consideration of advection / Energiebilanz von Wäldern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Advektion

Moderow, Uta 11 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The present work was written as a cumulative dissertation based on peer-reviewed papers and is completed by yet unpublished results. The overall objective was to get a deeper insight into the role of the advective fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat in relation to the energy balance and its imbalance at the earth’s surface (typically the sum of the turbulent fluxes sensible and latent heat does not match the available energy). Data from two advection experiments at four coniferous sites across Europe served as the basis for the analysis. One was the advection experiment MORE II which took place in Tharandt (Germany) and the other advection experiment ADVEX was conducted at three different sites (Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). An inspection of the available energy (AE) that is redistributed to the atmosphere by the sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) showed that the uncertainty of the available energy itself cannot explain the lack of energy balance closure for these four sites. The mean absolute uncertainty of the available energy was largest during midday and ranged from 41 W m-2 to 52 W m-2 (approx. 12 % of AE). During nighttime, the mean absolute uncertainty was smaller (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2) but the relative uncertainty was much larger as AE itself is small. Among the investigated storage terms the heat storage change of the biomass was most important. The energy balance closure was improved for all investigated sites when storage terms were included. In principle, storage terms should not be neglected in energy balance studies. An investigation of the budget of sensible heat, not only including the vertical advection and the horizontal advection but also the horizontal turbulent flux divergence, was undertaken for the coniferous site at Tharandt. Inclusion of these fluxes resulted in an enlarged mean daily amplitude and suggests an improvement of the energy balance closure, at least during nighttime. The commonly determined budget (vertical turbulent flux plus storage change) was reduced by about 30 % when advective fluxes were included. Results suggest that the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is of minor importance but further studies are needed for an overall evaluation. First results for the inclusion of the advective fluxes of both sensible heat and latent heat indicate that the lack of energy balance closure is partly reduced but the imbalance still exists. Advective fluxes of sensible heat were also compared to advective fluxes of CO2. It became apparent that the advective fluxes of sensible heat and CO2 are, on average, of opposite sign during nighttime and both share large scatter. Both budgets (sensible heat and CO2) were considerably changed (although differently for different sites) when advective fluxes were included. Results further suggest that advective fluxes of H can be taken as an indicator concerning the presence and sign of advection of CO2. This points towards a coincident non-turbulent transport of heat and CO2. However, all investigated advective fluxes are site-specific. They are characterised by a large uncertainty due to uncertainties in the mean vertical velocity (vertical advection) and in the horizontal differences in scalar magnitude (horizontal advection). Obviously, they are influenced by the limitations of the experimental set-up (spatial resolution) and the local characteristics of the individual measurements. An overall evaluation of advective fluxes with respect to their representativeness and magnitude requires further studies / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation verfasst, die auf begutachteten Publikationen beruht. Sie wird um bisher nicht veröffentlichte Daten zur Advektion latenter Wärme ergänzt. Ziel war es, vor allem die Rolle der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme in Bezug auf die Energiebilanz und das Problem der Energiebilanzschließung an der Erdoberfläche näher zu untersuchen. Unter der Energiebilanzschließungslücke wird im Allgemeinen das Phänomen verstanden, dass die Summe der gemessenen turbulenten Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zumeist nicht der gemessenen verfügbaren Energie entspricht. Als Datengrundlage für die Arbeiten dienten hierzu die Datensätze von zwei Advektionsexperimenten, die an vier verschiedenen Nadelwaldstandorten in Europa stattfanden. Das erste dieser Advektionsexperimente MORE II fand an der Ankerstation Tharandt (Deutschland) statt und das zweite (ADVEX) wurde an drei verschiedenen Standorten durchgeführt (Ritten/Renon, Italien; Wetzstein, Deutschland; Norunda, Schweden). Eine Untersuchung der verfügbaren Energie (AE), die über den sensiblen Wärmestrom (H) und den latenten Wärmestrom (LE) wieder an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird, zeigte, dass die in der Bestimmung der verfügbaren Energie liegende Unsicherheit das Problem der Energiebilanzschließungslücke nicht ausreichend erklärt. Die mittlere absolute Unsicherheit der verfügbaren Energie war dabei mittags am größten (41 W m-2 – 52 W m-2; ca. 12 % der verfügbaren Energie). Nachts war diese kleiner (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2). Jedoch waren dann die relativen Unsicherheiten deutlich größer, da die verfügbare Energie nachts klein ist. Von den betrachteten Speichertermen der Energiebilanz erwies sich die Speicheränderung von Wärme in der Biomasse als am wichtigsten. Für die vier untersuchten Standorte verbesserte sich die Energiebilanzschließung, wenn die Speicherterme mit einbezogen wurden. Grundsätzlich sollten alle Speicherterme bei der Bestimmung der Energiebilanz mit beachtet werden. Für den Nadelwaldstandort Tharandt wurde die Bilanz der sensiblen Wärme unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz erstellt. Die Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz führte zu einer Vergrößerung der Amplitude im mittleren Tagesgang und deutet auf eine Verbesserung der Energiebilanzschließung zumindest nachts hin. Im herkömmlichen Sinne wird die Bilanz für Energie oder Massenflüsse als Summe aus vertikalem turbulenten Fluss und Speicheränderung bestimmt. Die Gesamtsumme dieser Bilanz wurde um 30 % reduziert, wenn die advektiven Flüsse mit einbezogen wurden. Hinsichtlich der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz kann man noch keine abschließende Einschätzung geben. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten einen vernachlässigbaren Anteil an der Gesamtbilanz für diesen Term an. Erste Ergebnisse für die Bestimmung der Energiebilanz von Nadelwäldern unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zeigen eine teilweise Reduzierung der Energiebilanzschließungslücke, jedoch keine vollständige Schließung der Energiebilanz. Weiterhin wurden die advektiven Flüsse sensibler Wärme mit denen von CO2 verglichen. Die Bilanzen für den CO2-Fluss als auch für den Fluss sensibler Wärme änderten sich deutlich unter Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse, wenn auch unterschiedlich für verschiedene Standorte. Besonders nachts sind die advektiven Flüsse von sensibler Wärme und CO2 im Mittel durch gegensätzliche Vorzeichen gekennzeichnet. Diese Beziehung eröffnet die Möglichkeit, advektive Flüsse von CO2 auf der Basis von advektiven Flüssen sensibler Wärme hinsichtlich ihres Vorhandenseins und ihrer Richtung abzuschätzen. Dies deutet auf einen gleichzeitigen nicht-turbulenten Transport von Wärme und CO2 hin. Generell ist festzustellen, dass alle untersuchten advektiven Flüsse spezifisch für den jeweiligen Standort und durch eine große Unsicherheit gekennzeichnet sind. Diese ergibt sich zum einen aus der mittleren vertikalen Geschwindigkeit (vertikale Advektion) und zum anderen aus den horizontalen Differenzen (horizontale Advektion) der jeweiligen skalaren Größen. Die betrachteten advektiven Flüsse werden offensichtlich durch Einschränkungen, die sich aus dem experimentellen Aufbau ergeben (z.B. begrenzte räumliche Auflösung), in ähnlicher Weise beeinflusst. Eine abschließende Beurteilung der advektiven Flüsse hinsichtlich ihres Anteils an der Gesamtbilanz und ihrer Repräsentativität erfordert weitere Studien.
16

Land Use /Land Cover Driven Surface Energy Balance and Convective Rainfall Change in South Florida

Kandel, Hari P 01 July 2015 (has links)
Modification of land use/land cover in South Florida has posed a major challenge in the region’s eco-hydrology by shifting the surface-atmosphere water and energy balance. Although drainage and development in South Florida took place extensively between the mid- and late- 20th century, converting half of the original Everglades into agricultural and urban areas, urban expansion still accounts for a dominant mode of surface cover change in South Florida. Changes in surface cover directly affect the radiative, thermophysical and aerodynamic parameters which determine the absorption and partitioning of radiation into different components at the Earth surface. The alteration is responsible for changing the thermal structure of the surface and surface layer atmosphere, eventually modifying surface-induced convection. This dissertation is aimed at analyzing the extent and pattern of land cover change in South Florida and delineating the associated development of urban heat island (UHI), energy flux alteration, and convective rainfall modification using observed data, remotely sensed estimates, and modeled results. Urban land covers in South Florida are found to have increased by 10% from 1974 to 2011. Higher Landsat-derived land surface temperatures (LST) are observed in urban areas (LSTu-r =2.8°C) with satisfactory validation statistics for eastern stations (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient =0.70 and R2 =0.79). Time series trends, significantly negative for diurnal temperature range (DTR= -1°C, p=0.005) and positive for lifting condensation level (LCL > 20m) reveal temporal and conspicuous urban-rural differences in nocturnal temperature (ΔTu-r = 4°C) shows spatial signatures of UHI. Spatially higher (urban: 3, forest: 0.14) and temporally increasing (urban: 1.67 to 3) Bowen’s ratios, and sensible heat fluxes exceeding net radiation in medium and high-intensity developed areas in 2010 reflect the effect of urbanization on surface energy balance. Radar reflectivity-derived surface-induced convective rainfall reveals significantly positive mean differences (thunderstorm cell density: 6/1000 km2and rain rate: 0.24 mm/hr/summer, p < 0.005) between urban and entire South Florida indicating convective enhancement by urban covers. The research fulfils its two-fold purposes: advancing the understanding of post-development hydrometeorology in South Florida and investigating the spatial and temporal impacts of land cover change on the microclimate of a subtropical city.
17

Energy balance of forests with special consideration of advection

Moderow, Uta 24 February 2011 (has links)
The present work was written as a cumulative dissertation based on peer-reviewed papers and is completed by yet unpublished results. The overall objective was to get a deeper insight into the role of the advective fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat in relation to the energy balance and its imbalance at the earth’s surface (typically the sum of the turbulent fluxes sensible and latent heat does not match the available energy). Data from two advection experiments at four coniferous sites across Europe served as the basis for the analysis. One was the advection experiment MORE II which took place in Tharandt (Germany) and the other advection experiment ADVEX was conducted at three different sites (Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). An inspection of the available energy (AE) that is redistributed to the atmosphere by the sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) showed that the uncertainty of the available energy itself cannot explain the lack of energy balance closure for these four sites. The mean absolute uncertainty of the available energy was largest during midday and ranged from 41 W m-2 to 52 W m-2 (approx. 12 % of AE). During nighttime, the mean absolute uncertainty was smaller (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2) but the relative uncertainty was much larger as AE itself is small. Among the investigated storage terms the heat storage change of the biomass was most important. The energy balance closure was improved for all investigated sites when storage terms were included. In principle, storage terms should not be neglected in energy balance studies. An investigation of the budget of sensible heat, not only including the vertical advection and the horizontal advection but also the horizontal turbulent flux divergence, was undertaken for the coniferous site at Tharandt. Inclusion of these fluxes resulted in an enlarged mean daily amplitude and suggests an improvement of the energy balance closure, at least during nighttime. The commonly determined budget (vertical turbulent flux plus storage change) was reduced by about 30 % when advective fluxes were included. Results suggest that the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is of minor importance but further studies are needed for an overall evaluation. First results for the inclusion of the advective fluxes of both sensible heat and latent heat indicate that the lack of energy balance closure is partly reduced but the imbalance still exists. Advective fluxes of sensible heat were also compared to advective fluxes of CO2. It became apparent that the advective fluxes of sensible heat and CO2 are, on average, of opposite sign during nighttime and both share large scatter. Both budgets (sensible heat and CO2) were considerably changed (although differently for different sites) when advective fluxes were included. Results further suggest that advective fluxes of H can be taken as an indicator concerning the presence and sign of advection of CO2. This points towards a coincident non-turbulent transport of heat and CO2. However, all investigated advective fluxes are site-specific. They are characterised by a large uncertainty due to uncertainties in the mean vertical velocity (vertical advection) and in the horizontal differences in scalar magnitude (horizontal advection). Obviously, they are influenced by the limitations of the experimental set-up (spatial resolution) and the local characteristics of the individual measurements. An overall evaluation of advective fluxes with respect to their representativeness and magnitude requires further studies / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation verfasst, die auf begutachteten Publikationen beruht. Sie wird um bisher nicht veröffentlichte Daten zur Advektion latenter Wärme ergänzt. Ziel war es, vor allem die Rolle der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme in Bezug auf die Energiebilanz und das Problem der Energiebilanzschließung an der Erdoberfläche näher zu untersuchen. Unter der Energiebilanzschließungslücke wird im Allgemeinen das Phänomen verstanden, dass die Summe der gemessenen turbulenten Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zumeist nicht der gemessenen verfügbaren Energie entspricht. Als Datengrundlage für die Arbeiten dienten hierzu die Datensätze von zwei Advektionsexperimenten, die an vier verschiedenen Nadelwaldstandorten in Europa stattfanden. Das erste dieser Advektionsexperimente MORE II fand an der Ankerstation Tharandt (Deutschland) statt und das zweite (ADVEX) wurde an drei verschiedenen Standorten durchgeführt (Ritten/Renon, Italien; Wetzstein, Deutschland; Norunda, Schweden). Eine Untersuchung der verfügbaren Energie (AE), die über den sensiblen Wärmestrom (H) und den latenten Wärmestrom (LE) wieder an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird, zeigte, dass die in der Bestimmung der verfügbaren Energie liegende Unsicherheit das Problem der Energiebilanzschließungslücke nicht ausreichend erklärt. Die mittlere absolute Unsicherheit der verfügbaren Energie war dabei mittags am größten (41 W m-2 – 52 W m-2; ca. 12 % der verfügbaren Energie). Nachts war diese kleiner (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2). Jedoch waren dann die relativen Unsicherheiten deutlich größer, da die verfügbare Energie nachts klein ist. Von den betrachteten Speichertermen der Energiebilanz erwies sich die Speicheränderung von Wärme in der Biomasse als am wichtigsten. Für die vier untersuchten Standorte verbesserte sich die Energiebilanzschließung, wenn die Speicherterme mit einbezogen wurden. Grundsätzlich sollten alle Speicherterme bei der Bestimmung der Energiebilanz mit beachtet werden. Für den Nadelwaldstandort Tharandt wurde die Bilanz der sensiblen Wärme unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz erstellt. Die Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz führte zu einer Vergrößerung der Amplitude im mittleren Tagesgang und deutet auf eine Verbesserung der Energiebilanzschließung zumindest nachts hin. Im herkömmlichen Sinne wird die Bilanz für Energie oder Massenflüsse als Summe aus vertikalem turbulenten Fluss und Speicheränderung bestimmt. Die Gesamtsumme dieser Bilanz wurde um 30 % reduziert, wenn die advektiven Flüsse mit einbezogen wurden. Hinsichtlich der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz kann man noch keine abschließende Einschätzung geben. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten einen vernachlässigbaren Anteil an der Gesamtbilanz für diesen Term an. Erste Ergebnisse für die Bestimmung der Energiebilanz von Nadelwäldern unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zeigen eine teilweise Reduzierung der Energiebilanzschließungslücke, jedoch keine vollständige Schließung der Energiebilanz. Weiterhin wurden die advektiven Flüsse sensibler Wärme mit denen von CO2 verglichen. Die Bilanzen für den CO2-Fluss als auch für den Fluss sensibler Wärme änderten sich deutlich unter Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse, wenn auch unterschiedlich für verschiedene Standorte. Besonders nachts sind die advektiven Flüsse von sensibler Wärme und CO2 im Mittel durch gegensätzliche Vorzeichen gekennzeichnet. Diese Beziehung eröffnet die Möglichkeit, advektive Flüsse von CO2 auf der Basis von advektiven Flüssen sensibler Wärme hinsichtlich ihres Vorhandenseins und ihrer Richtung abzuschätzen. Dies deutet auf einen gleichzeitigen nicht-turbulenten Transport von Wärme und CO2 hin. Generell ist festzustellen, dass alle untersuchten advektiven Flüsse spezifisch für den jeweiligen Standort und durch eine große Unsicherheit gekennzeichnet sind. Diese ergibt sich zum einen aus der mittleren vertikalen Geschwindigkeit (vertikale Advektion) und zum anderen aus den horizontalen Differenzen (horizontale Advektion) der jeweiligen skalaren Größen. Die betrachteten advektiven Flüsse werden offensichtlich durch Einschränkungen, die sich aus dem experimentellen Aufbau ergeben (z.B. begrenzte räumliche Auflösung), in ähnlicher Weise beeinflusst. Eine abschließende Beurteilung der advektiven Flüsse hinsichtlich ihres Anteils an der Gesamtbilanz und ihrer Repräsentativität erfordert weitere Studien.
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What to plant and where to plant it; Modeling the biophysical effects of North America temperate forests on climate using the Community Earth System Model

Ahlswede, Benjamin James 21 July 2015 (has links)
Forests affect climate by absorbing CO₂ but also by altering albedo, latent heat flux, and sensible heat flux. In this study we used the Community Earth System Model to assess the biophysical effect of North American temperate forests on climate and how this effect changes with location, tree type, and forest management. We calculated the change in annual temperature and energy balance associated with afforestation with either needle leaf evergreen trees (NET) or broadleaf deciduous trees (BDT) and between forests with high and low leaf-area indices (LAI). Afforestation from crops to forests resulted in lower albedo and higher sensible heat flux but no consistent difference in latent heat flux. Forests were consistently warmer than crops at high latitudes and colder at lower latitudes. In North America, the temperature response from afforestation shifted from warming to cooling between 34° N and 40° N for ground temperature and between 21° N and 25° N for near surface air temperature. NET tended to have lower albedo, higher sensible heat flux and warmer temperatures than BDT. The effect of tree PFT was larger than the effect of afforestation in the south and in the mid-Atlantic. Increasing LAI, a proxy for increased management intensity, caused a cooling effect in both tree types, but NET responded more strongly and albedo decreased while albedo increased for BDT. Our results show that forests' location, tree type, and management intensity can have nearly equal biophysical effects on temperature. A forest will have maximum biophysical cooling effect if it is in the south, composed of broadleaf PFT, and is managed to maximize leaf area index. / Master of Science

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