Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1906808 bytes, checksum: c9f35f40f740e498e4aa3392c91ed370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work is in the context of distributed micro-generation through the use of wind power in urban areas. Generally, the installation of wind power generation systems is preceded by an analysis of the potential generation. From a study of methods and technologies for monitoring the wind velocity, it was decided to develop a monitoring system formed by a network of 10 sensor nodes capable of recovering energy from the environment for its operation, avoiding the need for batteries or connection to the power network. Each sensor node is comprised of a micro-turbine that feeds a DC generator, and an RF transceiver for sending data to a processing center. While providing a voltage dependent on wind speed, the set micro-turbine generator provides the energy necessary for the operation of the transceiver. The performance of the prototype was evaluated by means of a wind tunnel developed during the work. The system included a data acquisition board with microcontroller to measure the voltage at the output of the generator (in different load conditions), a reference anemometer to measure the wind speed in the tunnel, and a computer for acquisition and processing of the experimental data. The developed sensor node is able to operate with speeds greater than 3.5 m/s, threshold near the operating threshold of wind turbines for distributed generation wind (3.0 m/s). Keywords: Wind Micro-turbine, Monitoring Wind Speed, Sensor Node. / Este trabalho se insere no contexto da micro-geração distribuída através do aproveitamento da energia eólica em áreas urbanas. Geralmente, a instalação de sistemas de geração eólica é precedida por uma análise do potencial de geração. A partir de um estudo de métodos e tecnologias para o monitoramento da velocidade do vento, decidiu-se por desenvolver um sistema de monitoramento formado por uma rede de 10 nós sensores capazes de recuperar energia do ambiente para seu funcionamento, de forma a evitar a necessidade de baterias ou conexão à rede elétrica. Cada nó sensor é composto por uma microturbina que alimenta um gerador CC, e um transceptor RF para envio dos dados a uma central de processamento. Ao mesmo tempo em que fornece uma tensão dependente da velocidade do vento, o conjunto microturbina-gerador fornece a energia necessária ao funcionamento do transceptor. O desempenho do protótipo desenvolvido foi avaliado por intermédio de um túnel de vento desenvolvido ao longo do trabalho. O sistema de aquisição de dados incluiu uma placa com microcontrolador para medição da tensão na saída do gerador (em diferentes condições de carga), um anemômetro de referência para medição da velocidade do vento no túnel, e um computador para aquisição e processamento dos dados experimentais. O nó sensor desenvolvido é capaz de funcionar com velocidades do vento maiores que 3,5 m/s, limiar próximo do limiar de funcionamento das turbinas eólicas para geração distribuída (3,0 m/s).

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), in addition to enabling monitoring solutions for numerous new applications areas, have gained huge popularity as a cost-effective, dynamically scalable, easy to deploy and maintainable alternatives to conventional infrastructure-based monitoring solutions. A WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous wireless sensor nodes that measure desired physical phenomena and operate in a collaborative manner to relay the acquired information wirelessly to a central location. A wireless sensor node, integrating the required resources to enable infrastructure-less distributed monitoring, is constrained by its size, cost and energy. In order to address these constraints, a typical wireless sensor node is designed based on low-power and low-cost modules that in turn provide limited communication and processing performances. Data and computation intensive wireless monitoring applications, on the other hand, not only demand higher communication bandwidth and computational performance but also require practically feasible operational lifetimes so as to reduce the maintenance cost associated with the replacement of batteries. In relation to the communication and processing requirements of such applications and the constraints associated with a typical wireless sensor node, this thesis explores energy efficient wireless sensor node architecture that enables realization of data and computation intensive applications. Architectures enabling raw data transmission and in-sensor processing with various technological alternatives are explored. The potential architectural alternatives are evaluated both analytically and quantitatively with regards to different design parameters, in particular, the performance and the energy consumption. For quantitative evaluation purposes, the experiments are conducted on vibration and image-based industrial condition monitoring applications that are not only data and computation intensive but also are of practical importance. Regarding the choice of an appropriate wireless technology in an architecture enabling raw data transmission, standard based communication technologies including infrared, mobile broadband, WiMax, LAN, Bluetooth, and ZigBee are investigated. With regards to in-sensor processing, different architectures comprising of sequential processors and FPGAs are realized to evaluate different design parameters, especially the performance and energy efficiency. Afterwards, the architectures enabling raw data transmission only and those involving in-sensor processing are evaluated so as to find an energy efficient solution. The results of this investigation show that in-sensor processing architecture, comprising of an FPGA for computation purposes, is more energy efficient when compared with other alternatives in relation to the data and computation intensive applications. Based on the results obtained and the experiences learned in the architectural evaluation study, an FPGA-based high-performance wireless sensor platform, the SENTIOF, is designed and developed. In addition to performance, the SETNIOF is designed to enable dynamic optimization of energy consumption. This includes enabling integrated modules to be completely switched-off and providing a fast configuration support to the FPGA.  In order to validate the results of the evaluation studies, and to assess the performance and energy consumption of real implementations, both the vibration and image-based industrial monitoring applications are realized using the SENTIOF. In terms of computational performance for both of these applications, the real-time processing goals are achieved. For example, in the case of vibration-based monitoring, real-time processing performance for tri-axes (horizontal, vertical and axial) vibration data are achieved for sampling rates of more than 100 kHz. With regards to energy consumption, based on the measured power consumption that also includes the power consumed during the FPGA’s configuration process, the operational lifetimes are estimated using a single cell battery (similar to an AA battery in terms of shape and size) with a typical capacity of 2600 mA. In the case of vibration-based condition monitoring, an operational lifetime of more than two years can be achieved for duty-cycle interval of 10 minutes or more. The achievable operational lifetime of image-based monitoring is more than 3 years for a duty-cycle interval of 5 minutes or more.

Simulators are important tools for analyzing and evaluating different design options for wireless sensor networks (sensornets) and hence, have been intensively studied in the past decades. However, existing simulators only support evaluations of protocols and software aspects of sensornet design. They cannot accurately capture the significant impacts of various hardware designs on sensornet performance.  As a result, the performance/energy benefits of customized hardware designs are difficult to be evaluated in sensornet research. To fill in this technical void, in first section, we describe the design and implementation of SUNSHINE, a scalable hardware-software emulator for sensornet applications. SUNSHINE is the first sensornet simulator that effectively supports joint evaluation and design of sensor hardware and software performance in a networked context. SUNSHINE captures the performance of network protocols, software and hardware up to cycle-level accuracy through its seamless integration of three existing sensornet simulators: a network simulator TOSSIM, an instruction-set simulator SimulAVR and a hardware simulator GEZEL. SUNSHINE solves several sensornet simulation challenges, including data exchanges and time synchronization across different simulation domains and simulation accuracy levels. SUNSHINE also provides hardware specification scheme for simulating flexible and customized hardware designs. Several experiments are given to illustrate SUNSHINE's simulation capability. Evaluation results are provided to demonstrate that SUNSHINE is an efficient tool for software-hardware co-design in sensornet research. Even though SUNSHINE can simulate flexible sensor nodes (nodes contain FPGA chips as coprocessors) in wireless networks, it does not estimate power/energy consumption of sensor nodes. So far, no simulators have been developed to evaluate the performance of such flexible nodes in wireless networks. In second section, we present PowerSUNSHINE, a power- and energy-estimation tool that fills the void. PowerSUNSHINE is the first scalable power/energy estimation tool for WSNs that provides an accurate prediction for both fixed and flexible sensor nodes. In the section, we first describe requirements and challenges of building PowerSUNSHINE. Then, we present power/energy models for both fixed and flexible sensor nodes. Two testbeds, a MicaZ platform and a flexible node consisting of a microcontroller, a radio and a FPGA based co-processor, are provided to demonstrate the simulation fidelity of PowerSUNSHINE. We also discuss several evaluation results based on simulation and testbeds to show that PowerSUNSHINE is a scalable simulation tool that provides accurate estimation of power/energy consumption for both fixed and flexible sensor nodes. Since the main components of sensor nodes include a microcontroller and a wireless transceiver (radio), their real-time performance may be a bottleneck when executing computation-intensive tasks in sensor networks. A coprocessor can alleviate the burden of microcontroller from multiple tasks and hence decrease the probability of dropping packets from wireless channel. Even though adding a coprocessor would gain benefits for sensor networks, designing applications for sensor nodes with coprocessors from scratch is challenging due to the consideration of design details in multiple domains, including software, hardware, and network. To solve this problem, we propose a hardware-software co-design framework for network applications that contain multiprocessor sensor nodes. The framework includes a three-layered architecture for multiprocessor sensor nodes and application interfaces under the framework. The layered architecture is to make the design of multiprocessor nodes' applications flexible and efficient. The application interfaces under the framework are implemented for deploying reliable applications of multiprocessor sensor nodes. Resource sharing technique is provided to make processor, coprocessor and radio work coordinately via communication bus. Several testbeds containing multiprocessor sensor nodes are deployed to evaluate the effectiveness of our framework. Network experiments are executed in SUNSHINE emulator to demonstrate the benefits of using multiprocessor sensor nodes in many network scenarios. / Ph. D.

This study is devoted to investigating and developing WSN based localisation approaches with high position accuracies indoors. The study initially summarises the design and implementation of localisation systems and WSN architecture together with the characteristics of LQI and RSSI values. A fingerprint localisation approach is utilised for indoor positioning applications. A k-nearest neighbourhood algorithm (k-NN) is deployed, using Euclidean distances between the fingerprint database and the object fingerprints, to estimate unknown object positions. Weighted LQI and RSSI values are calculated and the k-NN algorithm with different weights is utilised to improve the position detection accuracy. Different weight functions are investigated with the fingerprint localisation technique. A novel weight function which produced the maximum position accuracy is determined and employed in calculations. The study covered designing and developing the centroid localisation (CL) and weighted centroid localisation (WCL) approaches by using LQI values. A reference node localisation approach is proposed. A star topology of reference nodes are to be utilized and a 3-NN algorithm is employed to determine the nearest reference nodes to the object location. The closest reference nodes are employed to each nearest reference nodes and the object locations are calculated by using the differences between the closest and nearest reference nodes. A neighbourhood weighted localisation approach is proposed between the nearest reference nodes in star topology. Weights between nearest reference nodes are calculated by using Euclidean and physical distances. The physical distances between the object and the nearest reference nodes are calculated and the trigonometric techniques are employed to derive the object coordinates. An environmentally adaptive centroid localisation approach is proposed. Weighted standard deviation (STD) techniques are employed adaptively to estimate the unknown object positions. WSNs with minimum RSSI mean values are considered as reference nodes across the sensing area. The object localisation is carried out in two phases with respect to these reference nodes. Calculated object coordinates are later translated into the universal coordinate system to determine the actual object coordinates. Virtual fingerprint localisation technique is introduced to determine the object locations by using virtual fingerprint database. A physical fingerprint database is organised in the form of virtual database by using LQI distribution functions. Virtual database elements are generated among the physical database elements with linear and exponential distribution functions between the fingerprint points. Localisation procedures are repeated with virtual database and localisation accuracies are improved compared to the basic fingerprint approach. In order to reduce the computation time and effort, segmentation of the sensing area is introduced. Static and dynamic segmentation techniques are deployed. Segments are defined by RSS ranges and the unknown object is localised in one of these segments. Fingerprint techniques are applied only in the relevant segment to find the object location. Finally, graphical user interfaces (GUI) are utilised with application program interfaces (API), in all calculations to visualise unknown object locations indoors.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T14:11:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL GON?ALVES TOZZO.pdf: 13567008 bytes, checksum: 3305755519de6ae576b53dea1ba30527 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T14:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL GON?ALVES TOZZO.pdf: 13567008 bytes, checksum: 3305755519de6ae576b53dea1ba30527 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The dissertation describes the development of an autonomous wireless network element, which enables researchers to gather information in outdoor environments. Investigating the autonomy of sensor nodes, and the dimensioning of a battery and a photovoltaic panel. For the validation of the solution, is used the sensor node developed in this work to collect data in external areas for periods of time. Applying strategies for dimensioning an energy system to aiming the needs of a sensor node in an external environment. An energy-saving strategy has been developed with sleep mode that allows higher work cycles to the NSS. The results are the finding that the NSS worked in the period, through the voltage level of the battery, which is related to the energy of the same. It can be affirmed that the NSS functioned and the objective of monitoring quantities in outdoor environments. / A disserta??o descreve o desenvolvimento de um elemento de rede sem fio aut?nomo, que possibilita a pesquisadores a coleta de informa??es em ambientes externos. Investigando a autonomia de n?s sensores, e o dimensionamento de uma bateria e de um painel fotovoltaico. Para a valida??o da solu??o, utiliza-se o n? sensor desenvolvido para a realiza??o de coletas de grandezas em ?reas externas por per?odos de tempo. Aplicando estrat?gias de dimensionamento de um sistema de energia visando as necessidades de um n? sensor em ambiente externo. Foi desenvolvida uma estrat?gia de economia de energia, com sleep mode que permite ciclos de funcionamento maiores ao NSS. Os resultados ? a constata??o de que o NSS funcionou no per?odo, atrav?s do n?vel de tens?o da bateria, que est? relacionado com a energia da mesma. Podendo afirmar-se que o NSS funcionou e atente ao objetivo de monitorar grandezas em ambientes externos.

In recent year, wireless sensor networks have gradually become an indispensable part of people's daily lives. Energy consumption and energy harvesting play an important role in these systems. In outdoor, there is no doubt that solar energy is more suitable to powering the wireless sensor nodes. Although the energy consumption of these systems has been greatly reduced and the lifetime of sensor nodes also be improved through the larger capacity of supercapacitor or larger size of solar panel. But it will generate another kind of squander, how to choose a suitable solar panel and supercapacitor is appearance in our view. In this paper, I optimized the solar energy harvesting system from two aspects of capacity of supercapacitor and size of solar panel. The objective of this thesis has shown that as small solar panel and supercapacitor as possible for a given load of these systems under low consumption condition. Here, I establish the simulation in Simulink of Matlab, and build a low-power consumption; high-security solar energy harvesting hardware system for monitoring environment in Sundsvall, Sweden. Through the comparison between the simulation and real monitor to verify the feasibility

Wireless Sensor Networks have found diverse applications from health to agriculture and industry. They have a potential to profound social changes, however, there are also some challenges that have to be addressed. One of the problems is the limited power source available to energize a sensor node. Longevity of a node is tied to its low power design. One of the areas where great power savings could be made is in nodal communication. Different schemes have been proposed targeting low power communication and short network latency. One of them is the introduction of ultra-low power wake-up receiver for monitoring the channel. Although it is a recent proposal, there has been many works published. In this thesis work, the focus is study and comparison of architectures for a wake-up receiver. As part of this study, an envelope detector based wake-up receiver is designed in 130nm CMOS Technology. It has been implemented in schematic and layout levels. It operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band and consumes a power consumption of 69µA at 1.2V supply voltage. A sensitivity of -52dBm is simulated while receiving 100kb/s OOK modulated wake-up signals. / This is a master's thesis work by a communication electronics student in a German company called IMST GmbH.

In Wireless Sensor Networks, designing a low overhead routing protocol is crucial for prolonging network lifetime. Wireless sensor nodes depend on limited batteries and if they run out of battery, they cannot contribute to the sensing. There are lots of studies aimed at prolonging network lifetime. One of the methods to extend life time of the wireless sensor networks is clustering. In clustering approaches main aim is to prevent unnecessary messaging and decrease number of messages exchanged by aggregating messages. Clustering also contributes to prolong network life time by ruling the child node communications and therefore it decreases message loss caused by transmission collisions. Cluster heads in clusters schedule nodes for sending and receiving messages. In this thesis, a clustering approach based on queries disseminated by sinks is proposed. Two methods to prolong lifetime of sensor network by forming appropriate clusters and selecting suitable cluster heads is developed. Performance of the proposed methods is also evaluated with computer simulations.

Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκαν αρχιτεκτονικές χρονοπρογραμματισμού διεργασιών σε κόμβο ασύρματου δικτύου αισθητήρων, ο οποίος έχει πηγή περιορισμένης και μεταβλητής ισχύος. Τα ασύρματα δίκτυα αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από κόμβους που επικοινωνούν και ανταλλάσουν δεδομένα μεταξύ τους. Κάθε κόμβος πρέπει να έχει μεγάλη αυτονομία λειτουργίας και μικρή κατανάλωση ενέργειας. Στην εργασία αυτή προσομοιώθηκε ένα μοντέλο ενός κόμβου με πηγή ενέργειας την ηλιακή ισχύ, καθώς και ένα σύνολο διεργασιών με συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά και προθεσμίες εκτέλεσης. Εξετάστηκε η βέλτιστη διαχείριση της ενέργειας για την επιτυχή εκτέλεση των διεργασιών. Αρχικά μελετήθηκαν διάφοροι αλγόριθμοι χρονοπρογραμματισμού των διεργασιών του κόμβου (task scheduling), προσομοιώθηκε ένας βέλτιστος αλγόριθμος πραγματικού χρόνου (Lazy Scheduling Algorithm), μελετήθηκε και συγκρίθηκε η συμπεριφορά του. Στο επόμενο στάδιο, σχεδιάσθηκε μία αρχιτεκτονική για τον αλγόριθμο αυτό και υλοποιήθηκε με τη γλώσσα VHDL. Το υλικό, που προέκυψε με διαδικασία σύνθεσης της περιγραφής VHDL, προσομοιώθηκε και διαπιστώθηκε η αποτελεσματικότητα και η χαμηλή κατανάλωση ενέργειας του. Στο τελικό στάδιο βελτιώθηκε η αρχιτεκτονική του υλικού και μειώθηκε ακόμη περισσότερο η κατανάλωση ενέργειας. / -

Αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των WBAN (Wireless Body Area Networks) σαν μέρος του συστήματος παρακολούθησης υγείας ασύρματης τηλεϊατρικής. Αρχικά γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στον τρόπο χρήσης των WBAN για την πραγματοποίηση της ιδέας της mHealth (mobile health) καθώς και σε ενδεικτικά ερευνητικά προγράμματα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης που περιλαμβάνουν χρήση της τεχνολογίας WBAN και της τεχνολογίας ασύρματων εμφυτεύσιμων αισθητήρων για εφαρμογές ιατρικής περίθαλψης, ενώ στη συνέχεια γίνεται περιγραφή της αρχιτεκτονικής του συστήματος ασύρματης τηλεϊατρικής. Έπειτα, περιγράφεται η αρχιτεκτονική των δύο βασικότερων πρωτοκόλλων επικοινωνίας για ασύρματους κόμβους αισθητήρων, Bluetooth Low Energy και ZigBee/IEEE 801.15.4 και αναλύεται το επίπεδο εφαρμογής του πρωτοκόλλου ZigBee. Τέλος, περιγράφεται η αρχιτεκτονική του ασύρματου κόμβου αισθητήρων και παρουσιάζονται και περιγράφονται οι τυπικές συσκευές που χρησιμοποιούνται σε ένα WBAN ιατρικής περίθαλψης. / The purpose of my diploma thesis was the study of WBAN (Wireless Body Area Networks) as part of the wireless telemedicine health-monitoring system. I focused on the architecture of the integrated telemedicine system, the architecture of the two main communication protocols used in WBANs, Bluetooth LE and ZigBee/IEEE 801.15.4, and the specification of the ZigBee Application Layer. Finally, I described the typical architecture of the wireless sensor node and the typical devices that are used in a health WBAN.