Ce mémoire entend présenter les formes de connaissance de soi développées par Thomas d’Aquin: la reditio incompleta, la réfraction sur les phantasmes, la conscience préréflexive, la réflexion par réfluence, l’analyse abstraite, le jugement critique et la reditio completa. L’âme humaine ne pouvant se connaître directement, elle a accès à son essence par le biais de tous ses actes ou actes de conscience. Notre analyse se concentre sur la connaissance habituelle, habitus de toutes les connaissances, qui est la racine de l’image trinitaire en l’homme et garantit la vérité des intellections humaines. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à la traduction des questions 87 à 89 de la Somme théologique, dans lesquelles Thomas présente la connaissance humaine des substances séparées et le statut de l’âme séparée, montrant en quoi l’esprit de l’homme partage un certain commun avec les autres esprits de son univers. / The purpose of this thesis is to present the different theories of self-knowledge developed by Thomas Aquinas: namely reditio incompleta, refraction of the soul on its own phantasms, preconscious reflection, reflection by reflux, abstract analysis, critical judgment and reditio completa. Although the human soul cannot have knowledge of itself directly, it can however approach its essence with its own acts or acts of consciousness. The analysis is based on the cognitio habitualis, habitus of all knowledge, that is the root of the trinitarian image in humankind and that guarantees the truth of human intellection. This involved translating questions 87 to 89 of the Summa Theologiae, in which Aquinas considers humanity’s understanding of immaterial substances and the separate soul’s knowledge. This demonstrates how the human soul shares common ground with other substances of the universe.

During the long eighteenth century, married women in England were subject to the rules of coverture, which denied them a legal identity independent of their husbands and severely curtailed their acquisition, possession and disposition of property. There is a consensus among historians that married women circumvented the restrictions of coverture both in their daily lives and by use of the legal mechanism of the separate estate. This study reviews contemporary legal and social attitudes towards women’s property rights in marriage to examine the extent to which married women had economic agency under coverture. Through a review of reported cases, treatises on the law of property, and a contemporary fictional representation of pin-money, I assess the foundations justifying the law of coverture, and the challenges presented to coverture by the separate estate. I argue that there is a distinction between the theory and practice of the separate estate; the separate estate must be understood as a type of property set aside for a special purpose rather than a type of property separated from a husband’s control. More precisely, the existence of the separate estate generally, and pin-money in particular, did little to advance married women’s economic agency. / Graduate

Ce travail s’intéresse au traitement des effluents issus d’un petit bassin versant résidentiel urbain drainé par un réseau d’assainissement séparatif pluvial. Le traitement est effectué à l’aide d’une mare de sédimentation suivi d’un filtre planté de roseaux. L’instrumentation et les prélèvements permettent un suivi hydrodynamique et physico-chimique. Les résultats montrent que le système contribue fortement à la réduction de la pollution avant rejet au milieu récepteur. Les charges polluantes sont réduites de 70 à 100% pour tous les polluants (sauf la DBO5 et les nutriments, entre 4 et 100%). La mare de sédimentation a un rôle primordial dans l’élimination des polluants présents en phase particulaire, et plus particulièrement des HAPs (100%). Le filtre planté de roseaux intervient au niveau des polluants en phase particulaire non retenus par la mare, mais aussi au niveau des polluants en phase dissoute (nutriments, matière organique, micropolluants métalliques et pesticides). / This work deals with the treatment of effluents from a small urban residential catchment area drained by a separate sewer network. The treatment is made with a sedimentation pond and a constructed wetland. Instrumentation and samplings enable hydrodynamic and physic-chemical monitoring. Results show that the system deeply contributes to reduction of pollution before discharge into receiving water. The pollutant loads are reduced between 70 and 100% for all pollutants (except BOD5 and nutrients, between 4 and 100%). The sedimentation pond plays an essential role in eliminating pollutants in particulate phase, more specifically PAHs (100%). The constructed wetland treat pollutants in particulate phase that are not retained by the pond, but also pollutants in dissolved phase (nutrients, organic matter, metals and pesticides).

Thesis (M.A.)

AgÃncia Nacional do PetrÃleo / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work, the ethanol production from cashew bagasse was studied after acid followed by alkali pretreatment (CAB-OH) using the Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) processes. In SHF process, the hydrolysate obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of CAB-OH was used as carbon source for fermentation with different strains of Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae CCA008, S. cerevisiae 01, S. cerevisiae 02 and Saccharomyces sp. 1238), Kluyveromyces (K. marxianus CCA510, CE025 and ATCC36907) and Hanseniaspora sp. GPBio03. The bioprocess was conducted at 30 ÂC and 50 g.L-1 initial glucose concentration. The K. marxianus ATCC36907 achieved ethanol concentration of 20 g.L-1 with consumption of all glucose in the hydrolysate. Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces strains and higher ethanol concentration (23.43 g.L-1) was obtained by Saccharomyces sp. 1238. The maximum ethanol concentration of 24.54 g.L-1 was achieved by Hanseniaspora sp. GPBio03. Focused on further studies using SSF process, it was evaluated the temperature influence of thermotolerant yeast K. marxianus ATCC36907 in glucose and enzymatic hydrolysate from CAB-OH. The results showed that the temperature (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 ÂC) did not affect the values of YE/G (0.45 to 0.46 gethanol/gglucose) using glucose as substrate. Moreover, the ethanol yields obtained with enzymatic hydrolysate were slightly influenced by temperature, 0.39 and 0.43 gethanol/gglucose were obtained at 30 and 40 ÂC, respectively. Based on this, the SSF of CAB-OH and K. marxianus ATCC36907 was conducted at 40 ÂC with cellulases from Celluclast 1.5L at 15 FPU/gcellulose. The highest ethanol concentration (24.90  0.89 g.L-1) was obtained with 76h of fermentation with 0.33 g.L-1.h-1, 0.34 gethanol/gglucose and 66.3% of productivity, YʹE/G and of ethanol efficiency, respectively. In enzymatic hydrolysis studies, the cellulase NS 22074 at 30 FPU/gcellulose without cellobiases supplementation resulted in glucose yield of 93.77  2.72% which is promising for studies of SSF with this enzyme complex. The temperature (40, 42 , 45 and 50 ÂC) influence in SSF process using microcrystalline cellulose, in contrast with SHF results, higher ethanol concentration, 19.86  0.32 g.L-1, was obtained at 40 ÂC. The SSF using CAB-OH, 30 FPU/gcellulose cellulases NS 22074 at 40 ÂC showed higher ethanol concentration of 37.35  0.64 g.L-1 at 80h, with productivity of 0.46 g.L-1.h-1. In this condition, there was an increase of YʹE/G from 0.34 to 0.49 gethanol/gglucose and the ethanol efficiency from 66.3% to 95.59% when compared to results obtained with SSF using Celluclast 1.5L. Based on the results of efficiency and ethanol yield (YʹE/G), the cashew apple bagasse showed as lignocelulose feedstock promising material for second generation ethanol production by SSF process using the yeast K. marxianus ATCC36907 and NS 22074 cellulases complex. / Nesse trabalho, estudou-se a produÃÃo de etanol de bagaÃo de caju apÃs prÃ-tratamento Ãcido seguido de Ãlcali (CAB-OH) atravÃs dos processos de FermentaÃÃo e HidrÃlise Separadas (SHF) e FermentaÃÃo e HidrÃlise SimultÃneas (SSF). No processo SHF, o hidrolisado obtido da hidrÃlise enzimÃtica de CAB-OH foi submetido à etapa de fermentaÃÃo com diferentes linhagens de Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae CCA008, Saccharomyces sp. 1238, S. cerevisiae 01, S. cerevisiae 02), Kluyveromyces (K. marxianus CCA510, CE025 e ATCC36907) e Hanseniaspora sp. GPBio03. A fermentaÃÃo do hidrolisado foi conduzida a 30 ÂC com concentraÃÃo inicial de glicose de 50 g.L-1. ApÃs o screening de leveduras, a linhagem de K. marxianus ATCC36907 destacou-se com maior concentraÃÃo de etanol de 20 g.L-1 com consumo de toda glicose no hidrolisado. Resultados similares foram obtidos com Saccharomyces sp. 1238 e com a levedura isolada do caju (Hanseniaspora sp. GPBio03) com maiores concentraÃÃes de etanol de 22,41 g.L-1 e 24,54 g.L-1, respectivamente. Com o propÃsito de estudos posteriores de SSF, avaliou-se a influÃncia da temperatura da levedura termotolerante K. marxianus ATCC36907 em glicose PA e hidrolisado enzimÃtico de CAB-OH. Os resultados mostraram que para a glicose PA, a variaÃÃo da temperatura (30, 35, 40, 45 e 50 ÂC) nÃo influenciou nos valores de conversÃo de glicose em etanol (YE/G) obtendo-se valores na faixa de 0,45-0,46 getanol/gglicose. Por outro lado, os resultados de YE/G em hidrolisado enzimÃtico foram ligeiramente influenciados pela temperatura, obtendo-se 0,39 getanol/gglicose a 30ÂC e 0,43 getanol/gglicose a 40 ÂC. Em seguida, realizou-se a SSF de CAB-OH com K. marxianus ATCC36907 a 40 ÂC e celulases de Celluclast 1.5L a 15 FPU/gcelulose. A maior concentraÃÃo de etanol (24,90  0,89 g.L-1) foi obtida em 76h de fermentaÃÃo com produtividade de 0,33 g.L-1.h-1, conversÃo de glicose em etanol (YʹE/G) de 0,34 e eficiÃncia de produÃÃo de etanol de 66,3%. Contudo, visando aumentar a produÃÃo de etanol em estudos posteriores de SSF, realizou-se o estudo de hidrÃlise enzimÃtica com outros complexos de celulases (NS 22074) e celobiases (NS 50010). Os resultados de hidrÃlise enzimÃtica mostraram que a atividade de celulases NS 22074 a 30 FPU/gcelulose sem suplementaÃÃo de celobiase resultou no rendimento de glicose de 93,77  2,72% sendo resultado promissor para estudos de SSF com esse complexo enzimÃtico. Nos ensaios de SSF com celulases do complexo NS 22074, inicialmente realizou-se o estudo da temperatura (40, 42, 45 e 50 ÂC) com K. marxianus ATCC36907 utilizando celulose microcristalina; e, em contrapartida com os resultados SHF, na temperatura de 40 ÂC foi obtida a maior concentraÃÃo de etanol de 19,86  0,32 g.L-1, em 72h de fermentaÃÃo. Diante desses resultados, realizou-se o processo de SSF de CAB-OH nas seguintes condiÃÃes: 40 ÂC de temperatura e 30 FPU/gcelulose do complexo de celulases NS 22074. A maior concentraÃÃo de etanol (37,35  0,64 g.L-1) foi obtida em 80h de fermentaÃÃo, com produtividade de 0,46 g.L-1.h-1. Diante desses resultados, observa-se que a mudanÃa do complexo enzimÃtico de Celluclast 1.5L para NS 22074 proporcionou o aumento no valor de YʹE/G de 0,34 getanol/gglicose para 0,49 getanol/gglicose e no rendimento de etanol de 66,3% para 95,59%, o que torna o bagaÃo de caju prÃ-tratado promissor como matÃria-prima para produÃÃo de etanol de segunda geraÃÃo por processo SSF utilizando a levedura K. marxianus ATCC36907.

Master's thesis includes designing of exhibition pavilon on a circular platform with a diameter of 35m. The pavilon is designed as a schwedler circular dome. The construction is designed as a ball and is made of tubes. Pavilon includes designing of floors and stairs bearing system that is also made of steel.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a kindergarten on a particular building site in the village of Netin. The aim is to create a functional layout suitable for everyday use. It is a two-floor construction without a cellar which can accommodate 40 pre-school children. The building has been designed using the construction software system KM BETA and is sheltered with a flat roof on the one-floor part and with a shed roof on the two-floor part.

Content of my thesis is structural and proces layout design of new building of multi-purpose building situated in Brandýs nad Labem city. Building is cellarless consisting of five above-ground storey, covered by one layered flat roof cladding. This object is devided to two parts. First of them is defined for public and includes café, commercial premises and office and second part of building includes eleven flats. One parking place belongs to each flat. Object is designed based on POROTHERM constructive system. Bottom is designed as concrete continuous footing and reinforced continuous footing. Part of bottoms is separate footing made of concrete.

This thesis deal with alternative sources of electric energy in case the besieged immovable. Thesis describes the possible solutions for alternative source of electricity and determines their technical and financial demands. In this work we were calculated energy requirement for the selected object and included specific proposals for alternative energy sources. Part of this thesis is to compare the various options, assessing financial performance and returns.

Through the U.S. Lend-Lease program, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to keep Joseph Stalin's Red Army fighting Adolf Hitler's forces to prevent a separate peace and Nazi Germany's colonization of Soviet territory and strategic resources during the Second World War. Yet after the Red Army's 1943 counterattacks, Roosevelt unnecessarily increased Soviet Lend-Lease aid, oversupplying Stalin's soldiers with more armament than they required for the Soviet Union's defense and enabling their subsequent conquest of East Central Europe and large parts of East Asia. Roosevelt's underestimation of the Red Army's capabilities, his tendency to readily rely on Soviet-influenced advisers, and his unquestioning acceptance of Stalin's implicit threats to forge a separate peace all contributed to his excessive arming of Moscow from 1943 forward. Expanding on the findings of other scholars, this work identifies and explains the impact of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty on Roosevelt's reasoning, the key role of the Arctic convoys in delivering material to the Red Army, and how the unnecessary aid routes through Iran and Alaska resulted in the oversupplying of Stalin's troops. Had Roosevelt not opened these unnecessary routes, the Arctic convoys could have continued to sufficiently supply the Red Army's defensive efforts without empowering it to aggressively spread Communism at gunpoint.