Waste is high up on the list when evaluations been done over the seriousness, size and trend of environmental aspects in the municipality of Östersund, Sweden. Environmental inspections are of need to reduce waste and reach a higher extent of waste separation. The board of environment and society have given the inspection authority the assignment to carry out a waste treatment project to evaluate if food operations fulfill the legislation demands on how to handle their waste in purpose of improving waste separation and reducing food waste. The environmental legislation in Sweden obliges everyone to prevent that people’s health and the environment gets negatively affected by the activities done. The legislation also obliges everyone to decrease, reuse and recycle waste. 29 food operations, who had the highest amount of registered food containers, have been inspected and interviewed with a questioning form and brochures with information and suggestions on how to separate waste and decrease food waste have been given out. Only two operations deviated from the legislation. There were ten operations that hade a complete separation of waste. 21 operations believed that the waste handling could improve and 13 operations where already working with reducing the amount of waste. All operations were working with reducing food waste and wanted to be able to minimize it even more. The outcome was positive with willingness to improve. But the awareness of legislation was low and the knowledge of why work is needed for the environment must get higher.

This thesis deals with aspects of the dust particles which occur in gaseous products from biomass combustion. The thesis introduces technologies by which solid particles capture from a combustion flow can be implemented. Principles and technical means of dust particles separation in mechanical separators are put in focus primarily. The thesis is concluded with a technical design of a cyclone separator.

Measurements were made on three forward steps with step height to boundary layer ratio of approximately 3.8%, 15% and 60% and Reynolds number based on step height ranging from 6640 to 213,000. The measurements included mean wall pressure, single and 2 point wall pressure fluctuations, single and 2 point velocity fluctuations and, oil flow visualization. Pressure fluctuation measurements were made 5 boundary layer thicknesses upstream of step to 22 boundary layer thickness (or 600 step heights for smallest step size) downstream of the step. The results show that the steps remarkably enhance the wall pressure fluctuations that scale on the step height in the vicinity of the step and far downstream of the step. The decay of wall pressure fluctuations post reattachment is a slow process and elevated levels can be seen as far as 150 step heights downstream for the mid step size. The enhanced pressure fluctuations come from the unsteady reattachment region on top face of the step which was found to be a strong function of flow geometry and flow parameters such as Reynolds number. The 2 point pressure and velocity space-time correlations show a quasi-periodic structure which begins to develop close to the reattachment and grows in intensity and scale further downstream of reattachment and is responsible for the elevated pressure fluctuations downstream of the step. However, the velocity correlations lack in scale reflecting the fact that large scales reflected in pressure are masked by smaller scales that exist within them. / Master of Science

This thesis is composed of four chapters and addresses the contracting issue under strategic experimentation. The first chapter presents an overview of the thesis and introduces the strategic bandit model, which is commonly adopted in the other three chapters. The chapter also previews the main results and implications of the thesis. The second chapter discusses the contracting issue between a principal and a team of agents where the actions of agents are unobservable to the principal. The main contribution of this chapter is to fill the gap of strategic experimentation literature by introducing the free-rider problem in teamwork. The chapter first deals with the optimal hiring choice of the principal under perfect information. Since the belief of the state being good decreases if no one succeeds over time, the paper shows that the principal tends to hire fewer agents in response to the downward-adjusted posterior belief. When the principal can neither monitor the agents' actions nor distinguish the agents who succeed, this chapter shows the optimal incentivising contract consists of an upfront payment from the agents to the principal, a bonus to every agent conditioning on success and a stopping time. Under this contract, the principal can implement first-best experimentation and incentivise all agents to work until the optimal stopping time. The third and fourth chapters discuss the financial contracting issue in innovation where an innovator requires external funding from an investor. The third chapter adopts a \bad news" exponential bandit to study the financial contracting under adverse selection between the innovator and the investor. The innovator, owns the innovation project, is privately informed of either a high or low prior belief of the good state but seeks a large amount of external investment from the less-informed investor. Experimentation is conducted by the innovator using internal funding before the external investment. The posterior belief about the good state increases in the amount of internal funding if no bad news arrives during experimentation, but the project will be abandoned as long as bad news arrives. The chapter shows that the amount of internal funding can be used by the investor to separate the agents with different priors. Under the unique least-costly separating equilibrium, the high-prior innovator spends even more than the low-prior first-best internal funding in order to deter the low-prior one from mimicking, and the low-prior one remains at his first-best. This chapter enriches the financial experimentation literature by proposing internal funding as a novel signalling tool and establishing a Pareto dominating separating equilibrium. The fourth chapter studies a multi-stage innovation financing problem between an agent and an investor with asymmetric information on the progress of the project. The innovation is comprised of two stages where the agent needs to complete the first development stage in order to proceed to the second experiment stage. The model assumes that the completion of the first stage can be early or late following a binary distribution, and the arrival of success in the experimentation stage follows a "good news" exponential bandit. Each period, a fixed amount of investment is needed from the investor. However, the investor can not observe nor verify the project progress. The chapter shows that the optimal incentive-compatible contract consists of differential maximum funding periods in the event of early and late completion of the first stage respectively and subsequent bonuses to the investor conditioning on a success in the second stage. We prove that the first-best experimentation time is attainable as long as the bonus of the late completion exceeds that of the early completion, and the difference between the two bonuses should be confined within a certain range. In the extension, we consider the case when the first stage completion time is informative such that an early completion indicates a higher prior in the good state than the late completion. Under imperfect information, the agent has a stronger incentive to mimic the early completion if the first stage is completed late as a longer experimentation time will be granted according the first-best contract. The chapter proves that the first-best is still achievable under a similar bonus contract but the difference between the two bonuses becomes smaller. This chapter contributes to the experimentation financing literature including the information imperfectness on project progress and multi-stage spillover effects.

L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre au point une technique de séparation de nanoparticules de milieux liquides. L'étude bibliographique a montré l'étendue potentielle du problème environnemental et a dégagé une problématique industrielle immédiate, celle du rejet de nanosilice. Des tests de séparation par flottation sont menés sans additif, en présence de AlCl3, de CTAB, et en tentant de modifier la charge de surface des bulles. Ces essais ne sont pas très concluants. La flottation a pu être observée, mais uniquement quand l'additif a conduit à la création de flocs qui ont, eux, été flottés. Les résultats des tests avec additifs ont montré que l'interaction entre l'hétérocoagulation (flottation) et l'homocoagulation est très importante, conduisant à l'étude de la coagulation sous l'effet d'AlCl3, puis du CTAB. Les résultats ont mis en évidence des mécanismes de coagulation complexes, car la taille des particules joue un rôle important. Pour chaque phénomène observé, un mécanisme a été proposé, en essayant de relier les observations à la modélisation des mécanismes d'agrégation. Du point de vue du procédé de séparation, la coagulation, suivie d'une sédimentation, permet de séparer les nanoparticules de silice avec une efficacité remarquable (diminution de 99% de la turbidité) / The objective of this work is to develop a technique for separating nanoparticles from liquid media. The literature has shown the potential hazard of nanoparticules and a large quantity of the nanosilica release has been entering in water resources. Tests flotation separations are carried out without additive, in the presence of AlCl3, CTAB, and trying to change the surface charge of the bubbles. These tests are not very conclusive. Flotation has been observed, but only when the additive has led to the formation of flocs which have themselves been floated. The results of tests with additives showed that the interaction between heterocoagulation (flotation) and homocoagulation is very important, leading to the study of coagulation under the effect of AlCl3 and CTAB. The results revealed complex mechanisms of coagulation, because the particle size plays an important role. For each observed phenomenon, a mechanism has been proposed, trying to link the observations to modeling mechanisms of aggregation. From the standpoint of the separation process, coagulation followed by sedimentation to separate the silica nanoparticles with remarkable efficiency (decrease of 99% of the turbidity)

This diploma thesis focuses on the influence of properties of feedstocks for the production of quality surfaces of architectural concrete. The introductory part describes the definition of architectural concrete with the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation. In the following chapters, the characteristics, the dosage or the chemical composition of the input materials are given. Besides the design of the mixture, important parameters for the creation of a quality surface of concrete are compaction, precise placement in formwork and subsequent treatment of the surface. Individual types of architectural concrete, their method of production with the examples belonging to concrete constructions are also given. In the practical part, 4 mixtures were designed, whose type or dosage of feedstocks was changed. In creating mixtures, emphasis was placed on minimal segregation of fresh concrete and the formation of pores on the surface of hardened concrete.

Goal of this dissertation is introduce the problem of small dust particles present in the gaseous products of combustion. Further I´m looking technologies cyclone and an electrostatic filter to capture small particles and comparing the effectiveness of separability. Dissertation is concluded by designed cyclone and an electrostatic filter.

Thesis are focus for detailed description of fine solid particulates which are product from flue gas. Introduction type of Technologies for capture fine solid particulates. Calculation of electrostatic separator for specific coal and wood boiler.

Ao redor do mundo, a maioria das companhias listadas de grande porte tem acionista controlador, à exceção dos EUA e do RU, em que o comando da atividade empresarial é exercido, de fato, pelos administradores. A conformação de controle dominante em cada país resulta de uma série de fatores, muitos deles de ordem jurídica, os quais levam ao surgimento e permanência de uma dessas variantes, ao mesmo tempo em que parecem inibir o desenvolvimento da estrutura alternativa. A gradativa convergência global dos padrões de propriedade acionária a um denominador comum, aparentemente em curso - dos extremos da dispersão e concentração absolutas para o cenário intermediário dos blocos de participação minoritária relevante detidos por investidores institucionais não tem sido acompanhada de transformações significativas nas estruturas de poder de controle interno dominantes em cada país, as quais, em essência, continuam as mesmas. Isso significa que os fatores (jurídicos, especialmente) que levam à predominância de tais estruturas continuam em atuação, não obstante modificações havidas no grau de dispersão do capital com direito a voto de companhias listadas. Este trabalho visa apresentar um conjunto mais específico de fatores jurídicos que, ao mesmo tempo e de modo decisivo, favorecem a proliferação de uma dentre as duas estruturas de controle consideradas (controle acionário ou gerencial) e inibem o desenvolvimento de outra. Trata-se dos instrumentos jurídicos de dissociação entre representatividade política e participação econômica de acionistas, os quais exercem papel central na conformação do regime jurídico das companhias abertas com elevada dispersão do capital votante, integrantes do Novo Mercado da BVSP. / Most of the large listed companies outside USA and UK have a controlling shareholder. The dominant control structure in each country is the result of multiple determinants, many of them arising from the legal system. The gradual convergence of ownership patterns around the world from the extremes of the total concentration and separation of ownership and control to the intermediate scenario of significant blockholdings held by institutional investors - has not been accompanied by a relevant shift in the control structures in listed companies of most of the countries, specially those in the Brazilian Novo Mercado. This Doctorate Thesis presents a specific subset of legal factors contributing for that outcome: the legal instruments separating voting rights from cashflow rights.

<p>A screened GPM approach in an EMTO-CPA framework was investigated in order to study its ability of describing transition temperatures in phase separating systems, i. e. systems giving either a random or a cluster structure depending on the temperature and the relative concentration of the ingoing atoms of the binary alloy used for the study. A motivation for the study is that the method works well for ordering systems, i. e. systems giving either a random or ordered structure dependent on the temperature and the relative concentration of the components in the binary alloy. Thereby is it of interest to find out the methods capacity in phase separating systems. The so called GPM potentials derived in the approach were applied in statistical Monte Carlo simulations for this purpose. The systems chosen for the investigation were the RhPd and the AlZn binary alloy systems. For both systems the method showed acceptable accuracy when properties as lattice parameter and mixing enthalpy were calculated. The quality of the derived GPM potentials has also been checked by calculating ordering energy for different ordered structures; directly from first principles calculations and from the GPM approach. The results were in acceptable agreement and thereby indicating that the GPM potentials were reliable. The transition temperatures in the RhPd phase diagram, derived by the statistical Monte Carlo simulations showed anyway deviation from experimental results. The error in the predictions might be due to the existing concentration dependencies in the GPM potentials.The conclusion from this study is that the Monte Carlo scheme might be inconvenient in order to handle the concentration dependencies seen in the GPM potentials.</p>