O uso dos dados de posicionamento a partir do telefone celular tem impactado de maneira positiva os estudos sobre os deslocamentos humanos. O grande volume e a regularidade na obtenção dos dados são facilitadores das análises de posicionamento em múltiplos dias. Utilizando-os como fonte dos dados, o presente estudo focou em realizar uma análise dos deslocamentos cotidianos de moradores de assentamentos precários pela cidade de São Paulo em diferentes períodos do dia para definir origens e destinos com a finalidade de analisar as distâncias, os deslocamentos por transporte público e inferir um perfil de uso do solo nos locais de estadia frequente usando métodos utilizados em estudos internacionais de análise dos dados de telefonia móvel, combinados com métodos de análise espacial e geoprocessamento. Os resultados mostraram dados importantes para entender a mobilidade dos moradores de favela dentro da cidade de São Paulo, os quais, em média, estão mais distantes de casa no horário comercial dos dias úteis quando comparados com outros moradores da cidade. Foi possível observar mudanças nos perfis de uso do solo dos locais de estadia frequente que podem ser utilizados como indicadores na análise das atividades e também se inferiu possíveis trajetórias por transporte público entre as origens e destinos frequentes. Os métodos de análise de deslocamento humano a partir dos CDRs usados internacionalmente se mostraram totalmente adaptáveis para realidade brasileira e a utilização para análise de deslocamentos dos moradores de assentamentos precários mostrou-se útil para auxiliar nos estudos de mobilidade dessa população carente. / The use of position data from mobile phones have impacted in a positive way the researches about human mobility. The very large quantity and regularity on the way how this database is collected improve the capacity of a multi-day\'s positioning analyse. Using this data source, the present study was focus in analyse the commute of residents in poor settlements (like slums) inside the city of São Paulo- Brazil, in different time periods for define origins and destinations to analyse the distance using public transport and land use in frequents stay points using methods used in international studies of mobile data analysis, combined with spatial analysis methods. The results showed important data to understand the mobility of favela residents within the city of São Paulo, who, on average, are more distant from home during working day business hours when compared to other residents of the city. It was possible to observe changes in the land use profiles of the frequent places of stay that can be used as indicators in the analysis of activities and inferred possible trajectories by public transport between the frequent origins and destinations. The methods of analysis of human commute using CDR data were fully adaptable for Brazilian reality and the use for analysis of commute from residents of precarious settlements proved useful to assist in the mobility studies of this poor population.

No Brasil, o contexto de algumas iniciativas voltadas ao desenvolvimento rural sustentável se mostra dissociado de um olhar sobre a saúde pública. A provável invisibilidade das inter-relações envolvendo as formas de intervenção nos ambientes naturais, os processos produtivos, a organização social e as questões de saúde, pode ser parte da explicação a ausência de uma visão integral. Objetivo - compreender como são percebidas as inter-relações entre os aspectos de saúde ambiental e os modos de vida, por parte de populações de assentados rurais que constituem alvo de políticas públicas inspiradas em princípios baseados no conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. Método - Pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em estudo de caso explanatório e descritivo, abordando os Projetos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em assentamentos rurais das regiões central e nordeste do Estado de São Paulo e desenvolvida mediante: a) oficinas de trabalho com atores, envolvendo os participantes dos projetos de assentamentos, discutindo aspectos sobre saneamento básico, manejo de resíduos e uso de agrotóxicos, dentre outros aspectos envolvendo a saúde ambiental, e b) entrevista semi estruturada, realizada junto a mediador de interlocução da organização social nos assentamentos. O trabalho de coleta de informações foi iniciado após prévia aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Resultados - Há um grande distanciamento entre o discurso propositivo de algumas políticas públicas inspiradas nos princípios da sustentabilidade e a realização objetiva de sua prática, sobretudo na incorporação da dimensão dos aspectos de saúde pública. Todavia, no caso dos Projetos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em assentamentos rurais no Estado de São Paulo, tal dissociação não se manifesta no âmbito de percepção dos sujeitos, público-alvo de tais projetos. Para estes a construção de um modo de vida sustentável não pode prescindir da atenção primária aos aspectos de saúde ambiental como fator de desenvolvimento humano. / In Brazil, the context of some public policies designed under the paradigm of sustainable rural development appears dissociated from a look at public health. The probable \"invisibility\" of the interrelationships involving the forms of intervention in natural environments, productive process, social organization and health issues, may be a partial explanation for the lack of a more comprehensive and integrated approach. Objective - This study aimed to investigate how settlers involved in new experiences of rural settlements policymaking inspired on the concept of sustainable rural development perceives the relationships between lifestyles and environmental health issues in rural areas. Methods - Qualitative research based on an explanatory and descriptive case study, approaching the \"Sustainable Development Projects in rural settlements of central and northeastern São Paulo State. Information collected by: a) focus groups workshops involving participants of the settlement projects, discussing aspects of sanitation, waste management and use of pesticides, among other matters involving environmental health, and b) semi-structured interview with open questions, conducted with mediator on social organization in the settlements. Procedures developed after the Ethics Research Committee approval. Results - There is a large distance between the discursive content of policies concerned with sustainable development, as in the case of the sustainable development projects in rural settlements in the State of São Paulo, and the practice action of their purpose, particularly in the incorporation of issues related with public health. However, this dissociation does not manifest itself in the perception of the settlers involved in a such projects. For them the construction of a sustainable lifestyle cannot ignore the central role of primary attention on aspects of public health as a fundamental factor for human development.

O presente trabalho versa sobre o processo de monopolização do território pelo capital, materializado nas indústrias siderúrgicas, a partir da atividade de carvoejamento realizada no município de Rondon do Pará, localizado no sudeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. As indústrias siderúrgicas constituem a materialização do capital, caracterizado como desigual, combinado e contraditório, que ao se implantarem na Amazônia promoveram uma relação de subordinação de diversos sujeitos sociais em diferentes municípios, para produzirem o carvão vegetal. Dentre esses municípios, este trabalho destaca a realidade de Rondon do Pará, que produz o carvão vegetal desde o início da produção da siderurgia na Amazônia. Dessa maneira, buscou-se caracterizar e analisar o processo de monopolização do território a partir da atividade de carvoejamento nesse município, onde se verificou que a produção do carvão vegetal tem sido realizada através de relações de produção capitalistas assalariadas, e de relações não-capitalistas camponesas de produção. Além de se produzir carvão da forma tradicional, por meio do reaproveitamento do resíduo de serraria e da pecuária, do desmatamento primário e secundário, essa atividade foi introduzida nos assentamentos e acampamentos rurais de reforma agrária, e tem substituído a produção de alimentos. Dessa forma, notou-se que a monopolização do território pelas indústrias siderúrgicas, a partir da atividade de carvoejamento, é realizada através da apropriação da renda camponesa da terra e da extração da mais-valia, tanto nas carvoeiras tradicionais quanto nas carvoeiras localizadas no interior dos assentamentos e acampamentos rurais de reforma agrária no município de Rondon do Pará. / The paper concerns the territory monopolization process by the capital, present in steel industries, starting from the charcoal production that takes place in the city of Rondon do Pará, located southeastern of the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The steel industries constitute the capital materialization, considered uneven, combined and contradictory, that when implemented in the Amazon promoted a subordination relationship of several social actors in different cities, for the production of charcoal. Among these cities, this paper emphasizes the reality of Rondon do Pará, which produces charcoal since the beginning of the steel production in the Amazon. Thus, it was sought to characterize and analyze the territory monopolization due to the charcoal production activity in this city, where it was verified that such production has taken place though employment capitalist production relations and rural non-capitalist production relations. In addition to the traditional charcoal production, through reuse of sawmills and livestock waste, and primary and secondary deforestation, this activity has been introduced in the land reform rural settlements and camps and has substituted food production. Thus, the territory monopolization by the steel industries, starting from the charcoal production, takes place through the appropriation of land peasantry income and surplus value extraction, in traditional charcoal production areas as well as in charcoal production areas located in the interior of land reform rural settlements and camps in the city of Rondon do Pará.

Orientador: Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AnaLuisaAraujode_M.pdf: 2116939 bytes, checksum: 68da1b6f71e1cdd7462cc77234250cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A implementação e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar constitui-se em importante estratégia para o desenvolvimento deste segmento no meio rural brasileiro. Na década de 1990, atendendo à antigas reivindicações dos trabalhadores rurais, iniciou-se um processo de inserção deste segmento, até então excluído, na pauta das políticas agrícolas com a implantação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf). Após a criação do Pronaf, outros programas foram criados para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar, como o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos e atualmente o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Tendo em vista a importância da agricultura familiar para o abastecimento alimentar e para o desenvolvimento do país, esta dissertação teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos das políticas públicas direcionadas à este segmento, principalmente, o Pronaf, na produção agrícola, na geração de emprego e renda em comunidades rurais pertencentes ao Projeto de Assentamento São Pedro, localizado no Município de Paranaíta, Norte do Estado de Mato Grosso. Para tanto, foram realizados levantamentos de dados quantitativos e qualitativos, por meio de fontes primárias e secundárias. Os resultados apontam que o Pronaf foi acessado pelos agricultores familiares da área de estudo a partir do ano de 1999, constituindo-se em importante estratégia de reprodução socioeconômica das famílias assentadas. Porém, trouxe consigo a alteração do sistema produtivo, favorecendo a especialização da fonte de renda dos assentados na pecuária leiteira. A falta de informação, a não conscientização dos assentados da importância do trabalho em associação e/ou cooperativa, aliados a ausência de um serviço de assistência técnica e extensão rural integral, contribuíram para o não desenvolvimento de outros programas, como o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos e o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar nas comunidades pesquisadas do assentamento São Pedro. Neste sentido, conclui-se que a baixa articulação dos programas de crédito com um conjunto mais amplo de políticas públicas, reduz o efeito dos recursos aplicados e limita o potencial indutor de mudanças para o alcance de um desenvolvimento rural sustentável no segmento da agricultura familiar / Abstract: The development and implementation of public policies to strengthen family agriculture constitutes an important strategy for the development of this segment in the Brazilian countryside. In the 1990s, given the old demands of rural workers, began a process of integrating this segment, hitherto excluded, the agenda of agricultural policies with the implementation of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf). After creating the Pronaf, other programs were created to strengthen family agriculture, as the Food Acquisition Program and currently the National School Feeding Programme. Given the importance of family farming to food supply and the development of the country, this dissertation aimed to analyze the effects of policies targeting this segment mainly Pronaf in agricultural production, generating employment and income in rural communities belonging to Settlement Project São Pedro, located in the municipality of Paranaíta, North of Mato Grosso. To this end, surveys of quantitative and qualitative data, through primary and secondary sources were performed. The results indicate that the Pronaf was accessed by farmers in the study area from the year 1999, thus becoming an important strategy for socioeconomic reproduction of settler families. However, brought a change of the production system, favoring the specialization of the source of income of the settlers in dairy farming. The lack of information, not the settlers awareness of the importance of working in partnership and/or cooperative, coupled with the absence of a service department and full extension, contributed to the failure to develop other programs such as the Acquisition Program food and the National School Feeding Programme in the communities surveyed nesting São Pedro. In this sense, it is concluded that the low articulation of credit programs with a broader set of public policies, reduces the effect of the applied resources and limits the potential to induce changes to achieve sustainable rural development in the segment of family farming / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola

Cette thèse porte sur l’utilisation de présoutènements pour réduire les tassements, c’est-à-dire la mise en place de boulons au front et d’une voute parapluie au-dessus du front. Elle cherche à fournir des outils pour évaluer l’impact des techniques de construction sur les tassements au moyen de calculs numériques par éléments finis. Une attention particulière est portée aux conséquences des choix de simulation sur les résultats obtenus.Le chapitre 1 présente une comparaison de différentes approches de simulation du creusement d’un tunnel peu profond en déformation plane. Les résultats ne justifient pas de privilégier les approches alternatives par rapport à l’approche classique qui utilise des forces de déconfinement. D’autre part, la disposition des présoutènements impose de réaliser des modélisations tridimensionnelles. Dans toute la suite du mémoire, on se place donc dans le cadre tridimensionnel. Dans un premier temps, le chapitre 2 présente une étude de l’influence de la géométrie du front de taille d’un tunnel sur sa stabilité : on compare le cas d’un front de taille vertical et d’un front de taille incliné ou courbe.Le chapitre 3 porte sur la prise en compte dans les simulations numériques du renforcement du front de taille par boulonnage. Nous avons comparé différentes approches, et montrer l’apport des modélisations qui prennent en compte de manière détaillée l’interaction sol-boulon, pour la simulation d’essais effectués en centrifugeuse.Dans le chapitre 4, on étudie l’influence des boulons au front sur les tassements. Nous avons cherché à discuter l’utilité de décrire en détail certains aspects du processus de construction, comme le cycle de renouvellement des boulons au front. Nous avons également discuté l’influence de la distance de pose du radier en arrière du front.Le chapitre 5 étudie l’influence de la voute parapluie sur les tassements. Nous avons établi une modélisation qui prend en compte la géométrie conique de la voute parapluie et du soutènement et le cycle de renouvellement des tubes de la voute. Enfin, on a proposé une modélisation originale du procédé de réduction des tassements au moyen d’injections réalisées à partir des tubes de la voute, appelé « présoutènement actif ».Les résultats fournissent des éléments pour le dimensionnement des procédés de présoutènements, en montrant, par exemple qu’il existe une valeur limite à partir de laquelle il n’est plus utile d’augmenter le nombre de boulons ou de tubes. Ils montrent également que certains choix de modélisation ont peu d’influence sur les tassements, ce qui justifie de prendre en compte des hypothèses qui simplifient la réalisation pratique des études numériques.La thèse a été financée par le projet FUI Newtun, piloté par Solétanche-Bachy / This thesis focuses on the use of pre-reinforcements to reduce the settlements, namely the reinforcement of the tunnel face by bolts, or the installation of a pipe-roof umbrella placed above the face. It seeks to provide tools to evaluate the influence of the construction techniques on the settlements by means of finite element simulations. A special attention is paid to the consequences of the choices of simulation on the numerical results obtained.Chapter 1 presents a comparison between different approaches of simulation for the excavation of a shallow tunnel in plane strain. The results show that the alternative approaches do not give better results, in terms of width of the predicted settlement trough, than the classical approach based on excavation forces. On the other hand, the implementation of the pre-reinforcements imposes to carry out three-dimensional simulations. In this context, ones discusses, in chapter 2, the influence of the geometry of the tunnel face of a tunnel on his stability: we compare the case of a vertical tunnel face and with an inclined or curved tunnel face.Chapter 3 focuses on the techniques that can be used to take into account in the numerical simulations the reinforcement of the tunnel face by bolting. We have compared different approaches, and showed that models that take into account in more detail the soil-bolt interaction give better results for the simulation of centrifuge tests.In Chapter 4, we discuss the influence of the bolts on the settlements. We have discussed the utility of taking into account in the simulation some aspect of the construction process, such as the renewal of the bolts. Also, we have discussed the influence of the distance between the tunnel face and the invert.Chapter 5 studies the influence of the pipe umbrella on the settlements. We have established a model that takes into account the conical geometry of the pipe umbrella and the lining, and the cycle of renewal of the pipes. In the last place, we have proposed an original modelling of the technique of aiming at reducing the settlements by means of injections carried out from the pipes, called “active pre-reinforcement”.The results provide some elements for the design of the pre-reinforcement elements, and show for example that there exists a threshold value above which it is not useful to increase the number of bolts or of pipes. On the other hand, they show that some choices of simulation have little influence on the computed settlements, which justifies some assumptions that can be useful to reduce the complexity of three dimensional numerical models.The thesis has been funded by the project FUI Newtun (under the coordination of Solétanche-Bachy)

The subject of this study is Viking-Late Norse settlement (c. AD800-1200) in the North Atlantic, focusing on Orkney and on longhouse complexes constructed on mounds. For the first time these mound settlements are investigated as a group and as deliberately constructed mounds. Settlement mounds in Orkney are also closely associated with nearly 40 Skaill ON skáli ('hall') place-names, which place-names linked the sites with the social and economic networks of Orkney's peripatetic leaders. This association is examined more closely. The analysis also demonstrates that constructing settlements on mounds required particular building techniques, which relied heavily on the use of midden-type material. Those techniques are examined using new and freshly analysed material from published and grey literature-published excavations and surveys of sites from the Viking-Late Norse period in Orkney and elsewhere. Three core data-sets were established to provide the evidential basis: the first, also drawing on site-visits, looking broadly at mound landscapes and skáli-areas in Orkney; the second at the building techniques and materials used on settlement mounds; and the third, also requiring site-visits, at all the skáli place-name sites. The possible origins of settlement mound living in the settlers' Scandinavian homelands are investigated, then the extent to which mound living was also followed in Shetland, Caithness and the Western Isles, and finally in previously unoccupied lands, using Iceland as a case study. The mound-sites, their archaeology, mound architecture, place-names and landscape setting are also analysed in a new theoretical framework to reach fresh understandings of Viking-Late Norse settlement in Orkney. The analysis thus considers the wider cultural significance of constructing and living on settlement mounds, and what that communicated about Viking-Late Norse society. The thesis argues that Viking-Late Norse groups chose prominently-placed sites for their visual dominance and commanding views, but also that the rebuilding of mound structures in one spot, and building out and up of the mound itself using midden material, set strong cultural messages about stability, continuity and association with the surrounding landscape. The mounds were complex features of culturally meaningful architecture.

M.A. (Geography) / Fast growing urbanisation in South Africa has resulted in a shortage of housing. Therefore, a programme of informal housing projects was undertaken. The planning of these informal settlements was detrimental because it was done under crisis management. Informal housing will develop over time to formal urban residence and must therefore be properly planned. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of Orange Farm as an informal housing area. The goal was achieved by concentrating on certain physiographical (geology, soil, relief, vegetation and climate) and human aspects. Certain physiographical and human aspects were superimposed to establish areas suitable for informal settlement development. The process was aided by using a Geographic Information System. The fmding of the study was that no area in Orange Farm was suitable for informal settlement development. Areas of more and less suitability were indicated according to the physiographical aspects. The study stressed the role of the Government in addressing the problems of planning an informal settlement. Proper informal settlement planning is necessary to assure that these settlements can develop into healthy formal settlements with minimal cost and time. This research proposes certain factors to be considered very carefully in the planning of informal settlements, for ego detailed geological surveys, soil surveys, vegetation research, climatological research and assessment of costs to supply the necessary services and infrastructure. The above-mentioned factors must be taken into consideration, and therefore be analysed, for each settlement as well as the demographical, economical and cultural characteristics of the specific population group in the settlement.

M.A. / Urbanization is a common feature worldwide and is even more prevalent in modern societies. This has brought tremendous changes to all known social structures. Third world countries, including South Africa, usually lack the capacity to effectively accommodate the influx from rural areas. A shortage of houses is the main reason for informal settlements being erected on the outskirts of these cities. Informal settlements are expanding almost daily. This can either be contributed to the insufficient infrastructures provided by third world cities or the influx of people from surrounding areas. There is a definite difference between the problems experienced by people living within the formal and informal parts of a city. The different type of problems experience by people living in different type of settlements has a direct influence on the survival of households in different settlements. Although previous studies have been conducted to determine the household structures in informal settlements, none have helped to give an understanding of the survival methods used by these settlements. Knowledge of their survival methods is needed to help support and develop these settlements. This study is therefore aimed at determining how these mostly unemployed and homeless people survive, considering their limited resources. A qualitative study was conducted, in the form of unstructured interviews, with the heads of twenty one households in Mandela informal settlement near Daveyton. Only twenty of the interviews were used for the purpose of this study. The main areas of investigation were: the biographical information of the households to determine whether different survival skills are used by certain household types, means to earn an income, the problems experienced with domestic services, and how different households solve these problems. In this study no indication could be found that there are links between the household structure, survival methods and problem solving skills of different households in the Mandela area. The normal household structures, such as nuclear family, single- and extended households, were found in Mandela. In this sample, most nuclear families consist of between two and six family members. Amount the respondents most working members of these households are employed in the informal sector. The respondents income range from 8500.00 to 81000.00 monthly. In this study is was found that households with no income rely heavily on family and friends for support. Most households in this study have running water, electricity, removal of refuse and sewerage systems in place. Most of the respondents in this study believe that these services are commodities. Except for their complaint about the costs involved, the respondents have no problems with the services. Households in study seem to have adapted to their circumstances and cope without amenities though people living in formal settlements would not. This, however, does not mean that they do not have the need for these services. After the study was conducted to find out whether the household that were interviewed in this study, use different type of strategies to survive in Mandela the findings indicated that there are perhaps no clear-cut survival strategies between different household types. Therefore the researcher argued that, perhaps living in an informal settlement is in itself a strategy of survival. This, however, needs to be further investigated.

D.Ed. / With the dawning of the new democratic South Africa the 'dream' of a a unified education system was realised. Children who previously attended racially segregated schools are now all being educated in desegregated schools. This meteoric change has been eagerly embraced by most of the people of South Africa. Change at macro level often means change at micro level as well. For teachers within the education system this meant the challenge of providing equitable education for all. Schools in Lenasia, previously administered by the House of Delegates (concerned specifically with the education of Indian), began admitting black children from Soweto and the informal settlements around Lenasia since 1989. Soon after their admission teachers from some of the schools requested assistance from the school psychologist attached to the now defunct House of Delegates. They reported that they were experiencing difficulty teaching the children from the informal settlements. This request by the teachers provided the impetus for the research. The overriding aim was to determine what the concerns were and to develop strategies for addressing the concerns. A review of the research literature revealed that the concerns would be most appropriately identified within the naturalistic paradigm. The teachers were chosen as the unit of analysis. This was based on the finding that there was a dearth of research studies which focused on "teachers' voices". Listening to the teachers themselves is important. The aims of the research were a) to gather information on the teachers' experiences of teaching children from the informal settlements b) to describe the conditions which prevail, beliefs and attitudes which are held, processes which are going on and trends which are developing and c) to present strategies that may assist the teachers in their task. The research was conducted at primary schools in Lenasia. The participants were teachers teaching primary school children at these schools. A pilot study was conducted to eliminate potential unforeseen difficulties in the planned research. Data was gathered by means of a combination of methods, namely, four focussed group interviews, four phenomenological interviews, analysis of pupils' workbooks, analysis of pupils' school reports, analysis of the proceedings at a conference on Multilinguality and field notes. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The proceedings at the conference were video-taped and also transcribed verbatim. The data was content and phenomenologically analysed by using Kerlinger's Method of Content Analysis (1986) and Giorgi's Method of Data Analysis (1985). Quality was built into the research by the application of strategies such as triangulation, persistent observation, referential adequacy materials, peer debriefing, member checks, purposive sampling, reflexive journals, dependability audits, confirmability audits and literature control. Several categories and themes emerged from the analysis of the data. The experiences of the teachers were categorised into the following divisions: pupil related experiences; parent related experiences; community related experiences; administration related experiences; didactic experience; personal experiences; strategies and suggestions. Teachers' attributed the difficulties that the children from the informal settlements were experiencing primarily to their lack of knowledge of English. The schools being English medium schools they expected the children to know English. They perceived the difficulties as arising from a number of factors such as a) pupils' emotional vulnerability, lack of motivation, classroom misbehaviour, ethnic groupings and cultural differences b) mother tongue instruction at their previous schools c) parents socio-economic status and illiteracy and d) social problems and lack of support from the community. It was generally felt that teachers did not have the necessary training and experience needed to teach children who spoke languages other than English. In addition, the children were of a different cultural group and they did not have the expertise to deal with this issue. Teachers perceived the administrators and subject advisors as not been sufficiently supportive and unable to guide them in their efforts to teach the children from the informal settlements. Further, practical problems such as the large number of children per class, wide range of ability groups in their classes, inappropriate placement of children, syllabus demands, and the policy of condoned passes was complicating their teaching. This often led to frustration, resentment, and 'burn-out'. In spite of these difficulties most teachers had attempted to address the difficulties in innovative ways. Understanding and empathising with the children's difficulties and being flexible in their teaching was one of the strategies used by the teachers. Other strategies included the provision of extra tuition in English. The analysis also revealed that some teachers had reflected deeply about their teaching instruction. From their reflections they concluded that they themselves had to change to meet the new demands in teaching. The literature review and control revealed many similarities between studies undertaken in South Africa and some differences and uniqueness. Drawing the threads of the various studies resulted in the development of the strategies suggested. In essence it involves a) the need for teachers to get in touch with their own beliefs, attitudes, strengths and weaknesses and address the needs b) teachers need to empower the children from the informal settlements to meet the demands of the school. This can be accomplished by a) improving their knowledge, skills, and expertise in addressing the concerns expressed b) enlisting the assistance of the parents and the community c) demanding that administrators and subject advisors provide the necessary guidance support and resources need to accomplish their task. Administrators and education advisors need to support, guide and enhance the teachers' expertise. Ways in which this can be accomplished is by providing appropriate, relevant, practical and challenging in-service training, presenting workshops and seminars, initiating staff development programmes and "just being there" for the teachers by valuing them and encouraging them.

This research investigates, using the New Institutional Economics theories of property rights and transaction cost, two interrelated problems. Firstly, the question of whether real estate markets in the urban informal settlements of Namibia could be used to alleviate poverty or, to put it differently, create wealth. The second problem relates to the question of whether specific forms of property rights matter for engendering pro-poor outcomes in real estate markets and, if so, what form these are likely to take. Corresponding to these questions are two working hypotheses respectively. Firstly, it is hypothesised that real estate is a significant asset held by the urban poor in Namibia and that there is potential for capital accumulation by trading up in real estate markets. Secondly it is hypothesised that, by affecting the incentive structure of, and transaction costs in real estate markets, systems of property rights affect market outcomes, thus ultimately determining whether these markets may be efficacious for poverty alleviation. The study employs the comparative institutional methodological approach in a case study framework to examine effects of three types of property rights regimes on low income real estate markets in settlements located on Windhoek’s periphery. The main empirical data for the study were collected by means of a questionnaire survey of 440 households in two settlements called Goreangab and Okahandja Park respectively. This survey was supplemented by 14 unstructured interviews with selected respondents and by key-informant interviews with officials from the Windhoek City Council (WCC), the Namibian Housing Action Group (NHAG), and the Namibian Housing Enterprises (NHE). The study finds that real estate is indeed a major asset held by the respondents. The study finds that, while there are robust rental markets for rooms and backyard structures, there is very limited sale activity. The study also finds that in the absence of formal property rights, social networks and hierarchical organisations rather than impersonal markets provide the institutional structure to transaction activity. It is found that the degree of formality of property rights correlates to perception of security, that property rights affect investment in housing and that property rights (to some extent) affects the degree of market activity. The study therefore concludes that while not insignificant gains are to be had from rental markets, there is at present limited potential to derive benefits from sale markets in Namibia due to a lack of trading activity. The first hypothesis is thus only partially confirmed. It is also concluded that while social networks guarantee access to urban land for the poor, they tend to lock them in enclaves of ethnic and kinship relations, inhibiting the development of wider, impersonal markets argued to be necessary for capital accumulation. Further, it is concluded that formal property rights create incentives for investment and therefore matter for capital accumulation, but that they are not necessarily accessible to the poor. The second hypothesis, that property rights affect market outcomes, is substantially confirmed. Overall the study concludes that there is good potential for leveraging real estate markets in Namibia’s (and other developing countries’) informal settlements for capital accumulation but that these need to be primed first. This means deliberate interventions with the aim of bringing about increased trading activity. In this regard specific proposals have been made for policy intervention in three key areas, namely, the creation of appropriate property rights systems, together with supporting organisational infrastructure, the expansion of physical infrastructure and the building of shared understanding and trust in urban communities. The study makes a number of key contributions to knowledge about the relationship between real estate markets and poverty alleviation in the area of theory, methodology, policy and empirical data. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Construction Economics / unrestricted