Orientador: Carlos Alberto Feliciano / Resumo: Esta tese é sobre os elementos que compõe a reprodução socioterritorial do campesinato. Tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias utilizadas por camponeses assentados para garantir a permanência da família no lote. Constitui-se como elemento basilar as reflexões acerca de conflitos e negociações intergeracionais entre camponeses e mediadores, que em diferentes escalas são elementos fundamentais para dar continuidade ao processo de reprodução socioterritorial nos assentamentos rurais. O recorte empírico da pesquisa é a região do Pontal do Paranapanema localizado no extremo oeste do Estado de São Paulo especificamente os assentamentos Nova Conquista – SP, que possui 104 lotes dentre os quais 77 estão no município de Rancharia – SP e 27 no município de Martinópolis – SP e o Porto Maria – SP que encontrase no município de Rosana – SP e possui 41 lotes. A escolha dos assentamentos deve-se ao fato de que o primeiro apresenta uma quantidade significativa de camponeses agregados em condição de trabalho assalariado e o segundo é fruto da luta de camponeses agregados do assentamento Gleba XV de Novembro. As metodologias utilizadas foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, entrevistas, diários de campo e cartografia social. O aporte teórico conta com os conceitos de trabalho, território, gênero, geração, juventude rural e reprodução socioterritorial. / Abstract: This thesis is on the elements which compose the peasants’ socio-territorial reproduction. It aims at analyzing the strategies used by settled peasants to guarantee their families remain in the lot. Its fundamental element were the reflections on the intergenerational conflicts and negotiations between peasants and mediators which are, in different levels, the foundation to allow the process of socio-territorial reproduction in rural settlements to continue. The research was conducted in the area of Pontal do Paranapanema, in the far west of São Paulo State, more specifically in the settlement of Nova Conquista – SP, which has 104 lots, from which 77 are in the city of Rancharia – SP and 27 in the city of Martinópolis – SP and in the settlement of Porto Maria – SP which is situated in the city of Rosana – SP and has 41 lots. The choosing of the settlements is due to the fact that the former present a meaningful amount of household peasants in wage earner position and the later is the result of struggles of household peasants from Gleba XV de Novembro settlement. The methodologies used in this research were bibliographic research, documentary research, interviews, field diaries and social cartography. The theoretical approach is based on the concept of labor, territory gender, rural youth and socio-territorial reproduction. / Doutor

MRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Two decades after the “Fast Track” land resettlement in Zimbabwe, little is known about the sustainability of livelihoods of households that benefited from the programme. “Fast Track” refers to the accelerated land resettlement which started in 2000 in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe argues that it introduced it as an intervention strategy to enhance the livelihoods of marginalised indigenous people. However, the nature of the fast track land resettlement has been met with considerable criticism. An exploratory study that sought to assess the sustainability of livelihoods through obtaining the perspectives of men, women and youth in fast track resettlement areas of Shamva District was carried out. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interview guides were used to obtain the perceptions. The attempt to understand the sustainability of livelihoods involved determining the perceived (a) major features of sustainable livelihoods, (b) criteria for assessing sustainability of livelihoods, and (c) livelihood strategies adopted. Data were coded and analysed using Atlas-it version 7.5 software. Dependability of livelihoods, ability to recover from stress, extent to which livelihoods conserved the environment, ease with which livelihoods were interchanged and ability to close the gap between rich and poor members of society were the perceived features of sustainable livelihoods. Criteria for assessing the sustainability of livelihoods included the ability of livelihoods to contribute to development, provide a stable flow of income, promotion of social development, potential for growth and ability to conserve the environment. Petty trading, agricultural intensification, self-employment and community savings were the main livelihood strategies pursued in the fast track resettlement areas of Shamva District. Inherent challenges that inhibited the sustainability of livelihoods were cited as lack of infrastructure, poor markets for agricultural products and poor communication. The use of participatory research was crucial in co-creation of knowledge with the resettled farmers. The information generated is useful for crafting empowerment strategies in the fast track resettled farming communities. / NRF

Orientadora: Sandra Cristina de Oliveira / Coorientador: Leonardo de Barros Pinto / Resumo: O crédito rural é considerado um dos principais instrumentos de política agrícola, pois favorece o desenvolvimento econômico e social do agricultor familiar. E, neste contexto, estão incluídos os produtores rurais assentados. Reconhecendo a importância deste segmento, o Governo Federal lançou uma linha de crédito com várias modalidades, o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), que foi criado em 1996 e vem sendo ajustado ao longo do tempo para se adequar aos cenários atuais. Existem critérios para acessar o PRONAF e, além disso, as instituições financeiras estão mais exigentes na concessão do crédito, visando minimizar os riscos de inadimplência. Portanto, conhecer os fatores associados às restrições de acesso ao crédito rural para tais produtores é muito relevante. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral avaliar os fatores que levam os produtores rurais assentados no município de Mirandópolis-SP a terem anotações restritivas que os impedem de acessar crédito rural. Realizou-se um levantamento de informações por meio de aplicação de formulário, com uma amostra estratificada proporcional de 80 famílias assentadas nos Assentamentos Primavera II, São Lucas e Florestan Fernandes, e os dados coletados foram analisados utilizando estatística descritiva e modelagem de regressão logística. Como principais resultados encontrou-se produtores com uma faixa etária mais avançada, baixa escolaridade, composição familiar pequena, problemas para acessa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Rural credit is considered one of the main instruments of agricultural policy, because it supports the economic and social development of the family farmer. In this context, settled farmers can be included. Recognizing the importance of this segment, the Federal Government launched a credit line with several modalities, the National Program for Family Agriculture Strengthening (PRONAF), which was created in 1996 and has been adjusted over time to suit current scenarios. There are criteria for accessing PRONAF and, in addition, financial institutions have been more demanding for granting credit, in order to minimize the risk of default. Therefore, knowing the factors associated with the restrictions of access to rural credit for those farmers is very relevant. Thus, the general aim of this work is to evaluate the factors that have led rural farmers settled in the municipality of Mirandópolis-SP to have restrictive annotations that prevent them from accessing rural credit. An information survey was performed through form application, with a proportional stratified sample 80 families settled in the Primavera II, São Lucas and Florestan Fernandes Settlements, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression modeling. The main results were producers with an older age, low education, small family composition, problems accessing credit due to restrictive annotations. PRONAF is one of the most accessed credits. Regarding the opinion of the pro... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The principle of child protection and the efforts to protect children from abuse and neglect in pre-modern societies have different notions. According to De Mause, the past was a barbaric place for children and the history of childhood is a nightmare (De Mause, 1995, p. 1). In 1989, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child outlined the fundamental rights of children, including the right to be protected from economic exploitation (Convention on the Rights of the Child: 1990). This study explores issues of Child Protection Policy in humanitarian settings, and focuses on how the outbreak of COVID-19 has affected its implementation in South Sudan Internally Displaced People (IDP) in Camp settlements. This study is underlined by the theory of Participatory Communication while making use of concepts like Communicative Competence and Community Engagement. A case study and qualitative approach method is chosen for this research because it explores  and captures the uniqueness and complexities of South Sudan IDPs Camp in “real life” contexts  through systematic inquiry and data analysis (Geertz, 1973). The primary research tool of this study makes use of both primary and secondary sources of information. Qualitative research methodology through literature review, semi-structured interviews are used to gather data from respondents because qualitative research method aligns with the aim of finding out “how” and “why” (Kulothungan & Oham, 2019, p.12). Public statements, reports, policy documents and other resources are also used. Results from the empirical data suggest that Child Protection services in IDP camp settlements have been greatly affected by COVID-19 mitigating measures because schools and Child Friendly Spaces (CFS) are not operational as before and children are not getting the maximum support and services that they need. These measures have significantly affected the wellbeing of children in key areas including education, food and nutrition, gender and mental health. The study gives crucial insights into how stakeholders can address challenges in implementing Child Protection Policies during a global pandemic and in humanitarian settings.

International Legal Issues Related to the Status of the State of Israel Abstract The emergence and continued existence of the State of Israel, which is completely surrounded by Arab neighbors, may be one of the main causes of the current conflict that began in this part of the region more than seventy years ago. At the same time, the creation of the State of Israel constitutes a certain exception to international law because it was linked to a non-legally binding resolution of a body of an international organization of a universal nature, in particular to the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II) of 1947. This resolution foresaw the establishment of both a Jewish and an Arab state in part of the territory of the former Ottoman Empire, which was then administered by Great Britain as a mandate territory. While the state of Israel declared its independence on 14 May 1948, the Arab people of the mandate rejected this resolution, and their right to self-determination was not pursued until many decades later. In relation to this, and as a result of several armed conflicts between the State of Israel and the surrounding Arab states, there has also been a controversial situation with regard to parts of the territory of the former Mandate of Palestine that is at the same time not the territory of the State of...

The use of inclined piles is an efficient way to handle horizontal forces in constructions. However, if the soil settles the structural bearing capacity of each pile is reduced because of induced bending moments in the pile. There are several reasons for a soil to settle, e.g. if an embankment is built on top of a clay settlements will occur. There is currently no validated method in Sweden to analyse horizontal loading from a settling soil. In the current report a non-linear 3D finite element model is validated by a previously conducted field test and the results are compared to three different beam-spring foundations. These consist of a standard model where a subsoil reaction formulation is used, a model where the soil is considered as a distributed load, and a model with a wedge type of failure. Furthermore, a parametric study is conducted for a cohesionless material where the weight and friction angle of the soil material is varied. The standard soil reaction model yields an induced bending moment almost three times larger than the one obtained from the field test and the two other calculation methods. The latter beam-spring models should therefore be considered in practical design. These findings imply that inclined piles can be used in a far greater extent than previously expected, hence decreasing the cost for the project. / Användning av lutande pålar är ett väldigt effektivt sätt att ta hand om horisontalkrafter i konstruktioner. Om marken omkring pålen sätter sig orsakas ett böjmoment i pålen som sänker den strukturella bärförmågan av pålen. För närvarande finns ingen validerad metod i Sverige för att beräkna storleken av den horisontella kraften som orsakas av sättningarna. I den här studien har en ickelinjär 3D-FEM modell validerats mot ett tidigare utfört fullskaleförsök, dessa resultat har därefter jämförts mot tre olika 2D-diskretiseringar. Den första modellen som beskrivs är den som idag används vid påldimensioneringar. De två andra modellerna är baserade på en annan brottmekanism i påltoppen där jorden istället för en fjädermodell utgörs av en utbredd last med två olika formuleringar. Vidare har en parametrisk studie utförts med en friktionsjord där vikten och friktionsvinkeln på jordmaterial varierats. Den nuvarande 2D-diskretiseringen ger ett böjmoment i pålen som är närmare tre gånger större än det i fältförsöket uppmätta och de två föreslagna beräkningsmodellerna. Ett böjmoment så stort att pålens kapacitet teoretiskt blir obefintlig enligt nuvarande beräkningsmodell.

A nonlinear finite element analysis was performed for an existing road bridge in order to see if that could show a higher load bearing capacity, as an alternative to repairing or replacing. The regular linear analysis had shown that the bridge could not take any traffic load due to the effects from large and uneven support settlements. It is a five-span reinforced concrete bridge with a continuous slab on supports made out of rows of columns. The width-to-span ratio was around 1 and the supports were angled up to about 30°, giving rise to a complex three-dimensional behaviour, which was seen and studied in the nonlinear results. Since the bending moment was the limiting factor, the nonlinear analysis focused on that. The direct result was that the load bearing capacity was 730 kN for the traffic vehicle boogie load, B, in the ultimate limit state. This was however only for the load case tested, and several more disadvantageous vehicle positions may exist. Other aspects also became limiting, as the maximum allowed vertical deflection in the serviceability limit state was reached at 457 kN. The most restraining though, was the shear capacity from the linear analysis; 78 kN, since it was not possible to simulate that type of failure with the shell elements used in the nonlinear finite element analysis. The main aim of the thesis was nonetheless reached, since the nonlinear analysis was able to show a significant increase in load bearing capacity.  A comparison was made with the settlements for the nonlinear case, to see how much influence they had on the load bearing capacity for traffic load. This was performed for both the bridge and a simple two-span beam. Both showed that there was no effect on the load bearing capacity in the ultimate limit. One thing to note was that the full settlements were applied, and with no relaxation due to creep.  Another aim of the thesis was to make comments on the practical usability of the nonlinear finite element method in load bearing capacity assessments. A linear analysis was performed before the nonlinear in order to be able to determine the load case to be used in the latter. This worked well, as the strengths of the two methods could then be utilized. Convergence problems were however encountered for the nonlinear when using the regular static solver. Due to this, the dynamic explicit calculation scheme was used instead, treating the case as quasi-static. This managed to produce enough usable results. It was concluded that the nonlinear finite element method is useable for assessment calculations, but that its strengths and weaknesses must be known in order to make it an efficient method.

The author Mike Davis has labelled our entire globe as a planet of slums. This hesis aims to provide some insights to the research field of slum rehabilitation, and thus contribution to efforts to make our globe slum free. The United Nations states that security of tenure is one of the essential preconditions for improvements in slums. The statement comes with support from academic research, which highlights the relation between secure tenure and a slums physical quality. Out of these messages two hypotheses are formulated and tested throughout the thesis; one theoretical, the other empirical. The theoretical section holds that tenure should be studied according to property rights and tenure status, that interventions for slum rehabilitation should support the dwellers efforts of incremental development, that tenure is granted in both the informal and formal land market, and that there are several causalities between secure tenure and the quality of housing and infrastructure. The case study examines 208 informal settlements in terms of their living conditions in the city of Pune, India. The thesis draws on empirical data in the form of a citywide slum survey that has been made available by the non-governmental organisations, Maharashtra Action League and CHF International, both of which operate in Pune. The empirical section reveals that secure tenure does not influence housing quality at all, that secure tenure just slightly influences available infrastructure in a settlement, and that urban planners are able to support a sustainable and incremental rehabilitation of slums by focusing on tenure security.

This diploma thesis analyses second homes in a specific region of the Lužnice river middle course (the cadastral town of Soběslav and the cadastral parcels of the Roudná, Klenovice and Skalice villages). The applied research part is based on a theoretical background research that defines basic terms, outlines appropriate topics with a connection to second homes (rural tourism, history of second homes, naturbanisation) as well as describes the analysed region. The aim of this thesis is to discover what motivates second home dwellers to use these dwellings for individual recreational activities and to identify the current situation of second home dwelling in this specific region. Another goal I have set for this thesis is to analyse how satisfied are second home dwellers with public services and facilities and whether they are thinking about converting their second (holiday) homes into permanent homes. The methodology of this thesis is based on a questionnaire analysing the second home settlements in the region specified above. The data have been evaluated using Microsoft Excel a PSPP software. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The Oregon Territory and later the State of Oregon have had a well-deserved reputation for encouraging free thought and liberal ideas. By tradition, Oregon has been the scene of rugged individualism, a proving ground for ideas and movements. The commune of New Odessa was one of the lesser known attempts of a group of immigrants coming from persecution in Russian to a new way of life in America. This thesis is a study starting with the background of Russian Jewry, the social climate in the United States and particularly Oregon which allowed for the development of communes, the story of New Odessa, and the reason for its disappearance. New Odessa was unique in Oregon as it was a Marxist commune founded by Russian Jews. The portion of the thesis on New Odessa was based on original research: the studying of periodicals of the time, original documents, and field research in the geographical location. The more accepted and productive New Odessa became, the faster the disintegration. The geographical and cultural isolation of Oregon proved to be too great for the members of the community, most of whom had been students and urban residents in Russia. A difference in ideology between the two leaders resulted in a gradual decline in membership. By 1887, the community had been declared bankrupt.