Darbą sudaro 52 puslapiai; panaudota 18 literatūros šaltinių. Darbe yra 41 paveikslai ir 12 lentelių. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro: Lietuvos ir ES nutekamųjų vandenų tvarkymo politika, Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymų ir reglamentų apžvalga, Europos gyvenviečių nuotekų valymo situacija, nuotekų surinkimo sistemos ir vamzdynų apžvalga ir aplinkos tarša nutekamaisiais vandenimis. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas išanalizuoti Šilutės rajono (Ž.Naumiesčio, Saugų, Juknaičių ir Švėkšnos) miestelių nuotekų valyklų darbo efektyvumą ir lauko nuotakynų būklę. Tyrimų rezultatai: Šilutės raj. nuotekų surenkama 32 % daugiau negu sunaudojam geriamojo vandens, o nuotekų surinkimo sistema naudojasi tik 42 % gyventojų. Per susidėvėjusius vamzdynus į nuotekų valyklas patenka, net iki 7 kartų, daugiau nuotekų nei, jų projektinis pajėgumas. Tyrinėtos nuotekų valyklos Šilutės raj. nuotekas išvalo iki šiuo metu galiojančių normų, o procentinis teršalų sumažinimas siekia net 98,2 %. / The work contains 52 p. of explaining text. There are 12 tables, 41 pictures. 18 sources of literature have being in the work. The work consists of: Lithuania and the EU's wastewater treatment policies, review of the laws and regulations of the Republic of Lithuania, the wastewater treatment situation in the EU, wastewater collection systems and pipelines, and review of environmental pollution with wastewater. The main purpose is to analyse the situation of wastewater treatment plans work efficiency, and the condition of sewege colection pipelines. Research results: In Silute district. wastewater is collected 32% more than the consumption of drinking water and wastewater collection system used by only 42% of the population. Worn over the pipelines to the sewage treatment plant fall, even up to 7 times more wastewater than they can clean. Studied sewage treatment plants in Silute district clean up to current standards, and the percentage of emission reductions is up to 98.2%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4632.pdf: 8984815 bytes, checksum: 8d68f51689a782923b2bcfbb5000f4a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Substances in Sewage Sanitary exert deleterious effects on bodies of water; the organic matter which is present may cause a decrease in concentration of dissolved oxygen, killing fish and other aquatic organisms, eutrophication by the presence of nutrients causing an accelerated growth of algae that give odor, taste and biotoxins to the water,darkening and siltation of the watercourse. In this scenario, it is of great importance the need for sewage treatment. However, in the treatment process, occurs the production of sludge rich in organic matter and nutrients, known as sewage sludge. This residue at the end of the treatment process should receive special attention, requiring proper disposal. Moreover, it is found that several sewage treatment projects do not include the final destination of the sludge that is produced, which results in the partial annulment of the benefits of collecting and treating collected wastewater. Therefore, this study presents results of analyzes performed on sludge from sewage treatment contained in BAG's of Geotextile Blanket of ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, located in the city of Presidente Prudente, SP. The objective of this work was to characterize the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters in accordance with Resolution N° 375/06 of Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, and evaluate the efficiency of dewatering of sludge. Based on this, the analysis of identification and quantification of heavy metals showed values below the maximum allowed concentrations in sludge. Regarding the assessment of macro and micronutrients, analysis showed that the sludge has significant amounts of essential nutrients to the soil and plants and it can be used for this purpose after specific treatment. Regarding the biological tests for quantification of fecal coliforms, the obtained concentrations showed values that were established for the sludge Class B. The sludge was also evaluated for stability using the relation between volatile solids and total solids. This relation presented results for SV/ST below 0.70 which allowed defining the sludge as stable according to Resolution 375/06. However, the evaluation of the water removal process showed commitment of the dewatering efficiency according to the characteristics of the sludge generated in the Sewage Treatment Plant. Geotêxtil da ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, localizada no Município de Presidente Prudente-SP. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi à caracterização dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos em conformidade com a Resolução Nº 375/06 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, e a avaliação da eficiência do processo de remoção de água dos lodos. Ante o exposto, as análises para identificação e quantificação de metais pesados apresentaram valores abaixo das concentrações máximas permitidas em lodos. Em relação à avaliação de macro e micronutrientes, as análises demonstraram que o lodo possui quantidades significativas de nutrientes essenciais aos solos e plantas, podendo ser utilizado para esta finalidade após tratamento específico. Referente às análises biológicas para quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes, as concentrações obtidas apresentaram valores estabelecidos para lodos Classe B. Os lodos também foram avaliados quanto à estabilidade através da relação entre sólidos voláteis e sólidos totais. Esta relação apresentou resultados para SV/ST inferiores a 0,70 permitindo definir os lodos como estáveis de acordo com a Resolução 375/06. Entretanto, avaliação do processo de remoção de água, demonstrou comprometimento da eficiência do desaguamento em função das características do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos. / As substâncias presentes nos esgotos sanitários exercem ação deletéria nos corpos de água, a matéria orgânica presente pode causar a diminuição da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido provocando a morte de peixes e outros organismos aquáticos, eutrofização pela presença de nutrientes provocando o crescimento acelerado de algas que conferem odor, gosto e biotoxinas á água, escurecimento e assoreamento do curso d água. Diante deste cenário, é de suma importância a necessidade do tratamento dos esgotos. Porem no processo de tratamento ocorre à produção de um lodo rico em matéria orgânica e nutriente, denominado lodo de esgoto. Este resíduo ao final do processo de tratamento deve receber uma atenção especial, necessitando de adequada disposição final. Contudo, constata-se que geralmente vários projetos de tratamento de esgotos não contemplam o destino final do lodo produzido, acarretando assim na anulação parcial dos benefícios da coleta e do tratamento dos efluentes coletados. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa apresenta resultados de análises realizadas em lodos de estação de tratamento de esgoto contidos em BAG´s de Manta Geotêxtil da ETE-Limoeiro / SABESP, localizada no Município de Presidente Prudente-SP. O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi à caracterização dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos em conformidade com a Resolução Nº 375/06 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente CONAMA, e a avaliação da eficiência do processo de remoção de água dos lodos. Ante o exposto, as análises para identificação e quantificação de metais pesados apresentaram valores abaixo das concentrações máximas permitidas em lodos. Em relação à avaliação de macro e micronutrientes, as análises demonstraram que o lodo possui quantidades significativas de nutrientes essenciais aos solos e plantas, podendo ser utilizado para esta finalidade após tratamento específico. Referente às análises biológicas para quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes, as concentrações obtidas apresentaram valores estabelecidos para lodos Classe B. Os lodos também foram avaliados quanto à estabilidade através da relação entre sólidos voláteis e sólidos totais. Esta relação apresentou resultados para SV/ST inferiores a 0,70 permitindo definir os lodos como estáveis de acordo com a Resolução 375/06. Entretanto, avaliação do processo de remoção de água, demonstrou comprometimento da eficiência do desaguamento em função das características do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos.

A unidade de estudo denominada bacia hidrográfica pode ser considerada um importante agente de integração entre processos naturais e antrópicos. Através do estudo do metabolismo dos corpos hídricos, pode-se conhecer fatores que implicam nas alterações funcionais destes processos. Seguindo nesse contexto, pode-se citar a bacia do rio Piracicaba, um autêntico modelo de bacia desenvolvida, com problemas ambientais típicos de áreas impactadas. Estudos desenvolvidos pelo Projeto PiraCena, entre os anos de 1994 e 2001, confirmaram que as emissões de esgotos domésticos e industriais e as mudanças no uso da terra, contribuíram para transformações drásticas no seu metabolismo. Entretanto, desde o encerramento deste projeto, recursos financeiros gerenciados pelos Comitês das Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí foram aplicados, principalmente, em obras de saneamento como coleta e tratamento de esgotos domésticos. Assim, este estudo buscou avaliar durante doze meses a evolução de parâmetros físicos e químicos da água, visando conhecer como o processo de urbanização ainda afeta o metabolismo do rio e como os lançamentos de efluentes provenientes de estações de tratamento de esgoto interferem na composição química e no metabolismo aquático de ribeirões da bacia do rio Piracicaba, situados em regiões densamente ocupadas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo foram ainda comparados com resultados publicados pelo Projeto PiraCena, com o objetivo de identificar possíveis melhorias na qualidade das águas desses ribeirões. Foi possível observar através dos resultados obtidos que apesar de todo esforço que tem sido feito visando a melhoria da qualidade da água dos corpos hídricos da bacia do rio Piracicaba, a deterioração ainda é continua. Além disso, foi possível reforçar os resultados encontrados pelo projeto PiraCena, uma vez que apesar de ter havido um aumento considerável no volume de esgoto doméstico tratado, esse tratamento não tem surtido efeito significativo sobre a qualidade da água de vários ribeirões da bacia. Portanto, é imperiosa uma avaliação detalhada sobre o funcionamento das estações de tratamento de esgoto para que as mesmas cumpram o seu papel que é prover a sociedade uma água de qualidade, assegurando ao mesmo tempo a integridade biótica da mesma. / The unit of study called watershed can be considered an important agent of integration between natural and anthropogenic processes. Studying the metabolism of water bodies, it is possible to know which factors are involved in the functional changes of these processes. In this context, it is inserted the Piracicaba river basin, an authentic model of developed basin with typical environmental issues of impacted areas. Studies conducted by PiraCena Project, between 1994 and 2001, confirmed that emissions from domestic and industrial sewage and changes in land use have contributed to drastic changes in its metabolism. However, since the end of the project, funds managed by the Watershed Committee of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí Watersheds were applied, mainly in sanitation, such as collection and treatment of domestic wastewater. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the evolution of physical and chemical water parameters, during twelve months, trying to understand how the process of urbanization still affects the metabolism of the river and how the discharge of effluents from sewage treatment stations interfere in the chemical composition and the aquatic metabolism of streams that belong to the Piracicaba river basin, located in densely populated regions. The results obtained in this study were compared with previous results published by PiraCena Project, with the goal of identifying possible improvements at the water quality of these streams. It was observed from the results obtained that, despite every effort that has been made, aiming the improvement of the water quality at the water bodies of the Piracicaba river basin, the deterioration is still present. Moreover, it was possible to reinforce the results found by PiraCena project, since there was a considerable increase in the treated domestic sewage volume, but the effect of this treatment has not been significant to the quality of some streams of the basin. Therefore, the necessity of a detailed evaluation about the functioning of the sewage treatment stations is imperative, so they can continue providing the society with water of quality, while ensuring biotic integrity.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As substÃncias denominadas desreguladores endÃcrinos (DE) sÃo uma categoria recente de poluentes ambientais que interferem nas funÃÃes do sistema endÃcrino, sendo encontradas no meio ambiente em concentraÃÃes na ordem de μg L-1 e ng L-1. Os efluentes de ETEs sÃo importantes fontes de lanÃamento desses compostos no ambiente aquÃtico uma vez que os processos convencionais de tratamento de Ãgua e esgoto nÃo removem totalmente esses micropoluentes. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficiÃncia da argila pilarizada utilizando o diÃxido de estanho como agente pilarizante para remoÃÃo de DE (de diferentes classes) em matrizes ambientais. Foi utilizado o planejamento experimental para avaliaÃÃo dos fatores que afetaram o processo adsortivo. Para etapa de otimizaÃÃo do mÃtodo analÃtico anteriormente validado foi estudada a eficiÃncia de trÃs cartuchos SPE comerciais. Foram obtidas concentraÃÃes afluentes, efluentes e eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo em duas estaÃÃes de tratamento de esgotos que operavam em escala real (UASB + cloraÃÃo). Por fim, foram realizados experimentos de adsorÃÃo de DE em sistemas mono e multicomponentes, assim como de regeneraÃÃo do adsorvente. Os cartuchos Oasis e Strata-X mostraram elevada eficiÃncia e capacidade seletiva, entretanto apenas o cartucho Strata-X foi o selecionado neste trabalho, uma vez que o mesmo mostrou maiores valores de recuperaÃÃo (%) de 50 (Sulfamethoxazol); 83 (Trimetoprima); 171 (Diclofenaco); 183 (Estrona); 14 (17β-estradiol) e 82 (Bisfenol-A). O mÃtodo cromatogrÃfico mostrou-se seletivo para todos os compostos estudados, exceto para o hormÃnio estriol. Os valores de limite de quantificaÃÃo (1,28-29,97 ng L-1) e limite de detecÃÃo (0,42-9,89 ng L-1) obtidos neste trabalho foram considerados baixos. A maioria dos valores de recuperaÃÃo encontrados foi menor que 100%. Foi possÃvel observar que o esgosto afluente Ãs ETEs estudadas ainda apresentam em seus efluentes quantidades considerÃveis de DE, com valores mÃdios efluentes entre 21,94-311,79 ng L-1 para ETE Aracapà e 4,41-123,47 ng L-1 para ETE Mondubim, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma etapa de pÃs-tratamento nas ETEs estudadas. Foram encontradas maiores eficiÃncias de tratamento para os compostos bisfenol A (90,8%) e 17α-etinilestradiol (76,6%) na ETE Mondubim. Jà para os compostos sulfametoxazol e estrona foi observado um incremento nos valores efluentes de 18,9 e 28,6%, respectivamente para a ETE AracapÃ. A argila pilarizada mostrou maior capacidade de adsorÃÃo quando comparada à argila natural, devido ao alargamento do espaÃo interlamelar da argila e aumento no volume de mesoporos como comprovado pelas tÃcnicas de caracterizaÃÃo. ApÃs anÃlise dos resultados do planejamento fatorial foi fixado os valores Ãtimos encontrados das variÃveis no processo para compor os estudos de cinÃtica e isoterma de adsorÃÃo, os quais foram Temperatura â 25 ÂC; AgitaÃÃo â 300 rpm; Massa do adsorvente: 300 mg e pH â 3. O estudo cinÃtico indicou tempo de equilÃbrio de 1 hora, sendo o modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem o que melhor se ajustou aos dados. O mecanismo de difusÃo intrapartÃcula nÃo foi a etapa determinante da velocidade e no processo de transferÃncia de massa. A maioria dos compostos DE estudados obteve maior remoÃÃo em sistema multicomponente quando comparados aos estudos monocomponentes. Os dados experimentais de isoterma de adsorÃÃo melhor se ajustaram ao modelo de Freundlich com exceÃÃo aos referentes aos compostos TMP e BPA. Os testes de regeneraÃÃo do adsorvente indicaram significante reduÃÃo da capacidade de adsorÃÃo da argila pilarizada no 2 ciclo de adsorÃÃo para os compostos TMP e BPA, com reduÃÃo de 99,5 e 79,2 %, respectivamente. Para os compostos E2 e E1, a adsorÃÃo foi afetada apÃs o 3 ciclo. / The substances called endocrine disruptors (ED) are a new category of environmental pollutants that interfere in the functions of the endocrine system, being found in the environment at concentrations in the order ug L-1 and L-1 ng. The WWTP effluent release are important sources of such compounds in the aquatic environment since the conventional methods of water treatment and sewage not completely remove these micropollutants. In this study we assessed the efficiency of pillared clay using tin dioxide as an agent for removing pilarizante DE (of different classes) in environmental matrices. Experimental design was used to evaluate the factors affecting the adsorptive process. For optimization step of the previously validated analytical method it was studied the effectiveness of three commercial SPE cartridges. Tributaries concentrations were obtained, effluents and removal efficiencies of two sewage treatment plants operating in full scale (UASB + chlorination). Finally, DE adsorption experiments were performed in single and multicomponent systems as well as regenerating the adsorbent. The Oasis and Strata-X cartridge efficiency showed high and selective ability, however, only Strata-X cartridge was selected in this study, since it showed higher recovery values (%) 50 (Sulfamethoxazol); 83 (Trimethoprim); 171 (diclofenac); 183 (estrone); 14 (17β-estradiol) and 82 (Bisphenol A). The chromatographic method was selective for all compounds studied, except for the hormone estriol. The quantification limit values (1.28 to 29.97 ng L-1) and detection limit (from 0.42 to 9.89 ng L-1) obtained in this study were low. Most of the recovery values was less than 100%. It was observed that the esgosto tributary of the studied WWTPs still present in their waste considerable amounts of DE, with average values of effluents from 21.94 to 311.79 ng L-1 for ETE Aracapà and 4.41 to 123.47 ng L 1 to ETE Mondubim, which highlights the need for a step of post-treatment in the studied WWTPs. They have found greater efficiencies treatment for compounds bisphenol A (90.8%) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (76.6%) ETE Mondubim. As for the compounds sulfamethoxazole and estrone it was observed an increase in effluent values of 18.9 and 28.6% respectively for the ETE AracapÃ. The pillared clay showed higher adsorption capacity compared to the natural clay, due to enlargement of the interlayer space of the clay and increased volume of mesopores as evidenced by the characterization techniques. After analyzing the results of the factorial design was set optimum values of the variables found in the process to make the studies of kinetics and adsorption isotherm, which was temperature - 25  C; Agitation - 300 rpm; Mass of adsorbent: 300 mg and pH - 3. The kinetic study indicated 1 hour equilibration time, with the model of pseudo-second order which best fit to the data. The intraparticle diffusion mechanism was not the determining step of the speed and mass transfer process. The majority of the DE compounds obtained greater removal in multicomponent system when compared to single-component studies. The experimental data better adsorption isotherm set the model Freundlich except to refer to the TMP and BPA compounds. The sorbent regeneration tests indicated a significant reduction in the adsorption capacity of pillared clay in the 2nd adsorption cycle for TMP and compounds BPA, with a reduction of 99.5 and 79.2%, respectively. For E2 and E1 compounds, adsorption was affected after the 3rd cycle.

Most of the municipalities in Czech republic have old or even disfunctional sewage systems for built up communal areas. General combined sewage systems built earlier are being today replaced by solutions separating rain waters and sewage waters. Municipality Vír has currently only few sewage branches that consequently flow into Svratka river. Aim of this Diploma Thesis is to propose 3 solutions for sewage produced in communal areas of Vír municipality and its consequent disposal in sewage treatment plant. Each of three solutions feature combined gravity-driven and pressure systems of sewage lines as well as water treatment in proposed MTB as well as household and container WTP. Each of three variant is economically weighed with proposed budget.

Den första april 2015 trädde en författning i kraft som innefattar ett förbud mot utsläpp av toalettavfall från fritidsbåtar inom Sveriges sjöterritorium. Redan före denna författning var det obligatoriskt för fritidsbåtshamnar att ha mottagningsanordningar för avfall, inklusive latrin, från fritidsbåtar. Många hamnar och båtklubbar har därför sugtömningsstationer för att kunna ta emot latrin. Detta avfall förs sedan till avloppsreningsverk för behandling på samma sätt som hushållsavlopp. Hur båtlatrinet hanteras vid insamlingen skiljer sig dock mycket åt inom Sverige. Vissa sugtömningsstationer är kopplade direkt till det kommunala avloppsnätet, om placeringen tillåter det, medan andra har blivit nekade detta. En anledning till detta är osäkerheten beträffande latrinets volym och innehåll och därmed osäkerhet i dess påverkan på avloppsreningsprocessen. För att fylla dessa kunskapsluckor och undersöka latrinets påverkan på ekosystemet vid direktutsläpp utfördes denna studie som den första av sitt slag i Sverige. Studien innefattar provtagningar och volymsberäkningar och är en del av ett LOVA-projekt som ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Norrtälje kommun, Vaxholms stad, Värmdö kommun, Transportstyrelsen och Ecoloop AB. Inom studien utfördes under hösten 2016 provtagningar på latrin från fyra sugtömningsstationer i de deltagande kommunerna. Provtagningen visade på höga koncentrationer av näringsämnen, syreförbrukande ämnen och metaller jämfört med hushållsavlopp. Analys av ett urval kemikalier samt bakterier utfördes för att påvisa eventuell användning av sanitetsvätskor vilka används i båttoaletter för att förhindra dålig lukt ombord. På grund av motstridiga resultat och osäkerhet i använd analysmetod kan användning av sanitetsvätskor inte påvisas och vidare analys bör utföras. Hos de flesta avloppsreningsverk finns det möjlighet att tillföra båtlatrinet successivt och därmed späda ut det. Utspädningen förhindrar att det koncentrerade båtlatrinet hämmar de biologiska processerna utförda av mikroorganismer på avloppsreningsverken. Då båtlatrinet har en sammansättning som avviker från hushållsvatten kan det även hota ett avloppsreningsverks eventuella Revaq-certifiering som garanterar att slammet har en kvalitet som möjliggör återföring till skogs- och jordbruk. Att samla in latrin kan alltså ge upphov till att avloppsreningsverken inte klarar av sina åtaganden med avseende på reningskrav, men problemen om avloppet släpps ut till naturen kan vara ännu allvarligare. Stockholms skärgård ligger i Östersjön vilket är ett av världens mest påverkade hav med eutrofiering som ett av de största hoten. Utsläpp av båtlatrin bidrar till ökad eutrofiering då det är väldigt näringsrikt. Enligt en enkätundersökning utförd inom studien innehåller en medelstor septiktank 34 l båtlatrin. Detta motsvarar exempelvis ungefär 2,5 g fosfor och 50 g kväve. Beräkningar utgående från enkätundersökningen visade även att det idag samlas in ungefär 350 m3 latrin per år in i de deltagande kommunerna. Införandet av utsläppsförbudet motiverades från miljö- och hälsosynpunkt då det skulle minska tillförseln av näringsämnen och smittsamma bakterier till miljön. Båtlatrinets höga innehåll av näringsämnen och metaller kan bidra till miljöproblem vid utsläpp. Dess påverkan på miljön i relation till andra källor kan dock inte påvisas i denna studie. Hälsoaspekten är desto påtagligare då båtlatrinet innehåller en hög mängd bakterier. / The first of April 2015 a constitution came into force which comprises a prohibition of discharge of sewage from leisure boats in Swedish territorial waters. It was mandatory for leisure boat marinas already before this constitution to have waste reception facilities for waste, including sewage, from leisure boats. As a result of this many marinas and leisure boat clubs have pump out stations in order to receive sewage. This waste is then transferred to sewage treatment plants for treatment as household sewage. How the boat sewage is handled at the collection differs within Sweden. Some pump out stations are connected directly to the municipal sewer system, if the placing permits, while some have been denied to connect. One of the reasons for this difference is uncertainty about volume and content of the boat sewage and hence uncertainty in the effects it has on the sewage treatment process. This study was performed in order to fill these knowledge gaps and to investigate the impact of discharge on the ecosystem, as the first of its kind in Sweden. The study includes sampling and volume calculations and is part of a LOVA-project as a cooperation project between Norrtälje, Vaxholm and Värmdö municipalities, the Swedish Transportation Agency and Ecoloop AB. During the autumn 2016 four pump out stations within the participating municipalities were sampled as a part of the study. The analysis of boat sewage showed high concentrations of nutrients, oxygen consuming substances, and metals in comparison with household sewage. Analyzes of a selection of chemicals and bacteria were performed in order to demonstrate the possible use of sanitary fluids, which are used in toilets to prevent odors. Because of conflicting results and uncertainty in the analysis method used no detection of the use of sanitary liquids could be done and further analysis should be carried out. It is possible in most sewage treatment plants to add the boat sewage gradually and in that way dilute it. The dilution prevents the concentrated boat sewage to inhibit the biological processes performed by microorganisms in sewage treatment plants. The boat sewage can be a threat to the Revaq-certification of some sewage treatment plants. Revaq-certification guarantees that the sludge is of a quality that allows recycling to forestry and agriculture. Collection of boat sewage can cause sewage treatment plants to not meet their commitments in terms of treatment requirements, but the problems with discharge can be even more serious. Stockholm archipelago is located in the Baltic Sea which is one of the most affected seas with eutrophication as one of the greatest threats. Discharge of boat sewage contributes to eutrophication since it is very nutritious. According to a survey conducted within this study an average boat septic tank contains 34 l sewage. This is equivalent to for example 2.5 g phosphorus and 50 g nitrogen. Calculations based on the survey also shows that the total volume of boat sewage collected in pump out stations in the participating municipalities is 350 m3 per year. The introduction of the prohibition of discharge was motivated from an environmental and health point of view since it would reduce the supply of nutrients and infectious bacteria to the environment. The high content of nutrients and metals in the boat sewage would contribute to environmental problems when discharged. The impact on the environment in relation to other sources could not be shown in this study. The health aspect, on the other hand, is unmistakable since the boat sewage contains a high amount of bacteria.

Avloppsslam innehåller näringsämnen, som bör återföras till naturen för att skapa ett så kallat näringskretslopp. Genom att optimera hygieniseringen av avloppsslam med effektivare behandlingsmetod kan avloppsslam bli mer lämpligt att avsättas ur ett bättre ekonomiskt- och miljömässigt perspektiv. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka och bedöma om effektiviseringav befintlig slambehandling är möjlig för att uppnå tillräcklig hygienisering. Utifrån den effektiviserade slambehandlingsmetoden utreda möjliga avsättningsalternativ som lämpar sig bäst för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. En litteraturöversikt utfördes för att öka kunskapen och förståelsen av avloppsslam, desshantering och avsättning. Fallstudien är utformad med kvalitativ metod och informationen har inhämtats från vetenskapliga artiklar, myndigheter, rapporter, examensarbeten och personligkontakt som komplement för att erhålla en god förståelse. Uppgradering av mesofil rötning av avloppsslam vid 37 °C till termofil rötning, 55 °C – 65 °C innebär förhöjd temperatur; det kräver mer energi och ökade energikostnader. Komponenter av den mesofila rötningsprocessen kommer att behöva uppgraderas eller bytas ut och därför tillkommer extra kostnader som också behöver ses över. Fördelarna med termofil rötning inkluderar kortvariga uppehållstider, mindre rötkammare och slammet blir tillräckligt hygieniserat. Ett framtidsscenario är framtaget utifrån effektiviserad slambehandling där två avsättningsalternativ är mest lämpliga för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun. Gödsel till produktiv mark är ett av de föreslagna alternativ som tillåter fosforn återvinnas och återanvändas. Om inte termofil rötning som effektivisering hade erhållit tillräcklig hygienisering borde andra komplementerande processer ha införts, exempelvis komposteringstrumma eller pastörisering. En fullständig kostnadsjämförelse mellan befintlig slambehandlingsmetod och mer effektiviserad slambehandlingsmetod är dock nästan omöjlig att utföra då alla kostnader beror på val av komponenter och faktorer. Denna fallstudie bidrar med ett underlag som kan ge större möjligheter för Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB att välja den mest lämpliga avsättningen för avloppsslammet i Avesta kommun i framtiden. / Sewage sludge contains nutrients, which should be returned to nature to create a so-called nutrient circulation. By optimizing sanitisation of sewage sludge with effective treatment methods, sewage sludge can be more appropriately disposed from a better economic- and environmental perspective. The aim of this work was to investigate and judge the efficiency of existing sludge treatment is possible to achieve a sufficent sanitation. Based on the streamlined sludge treatment method investigate the disposal options that is best suited for sewage sludge in Avesta town. A literature review was conducted to increase the knowledge and understanding of sewage sludge, its treatment and disposal. The case study is formed with qualitative method and information which has been collected from the scientific articles, authorities, reports, theses and personal contact as a complement to obtain a good understanding. Upgrading of mesophilic digestion of sludge at 37 ° C to thermophilic digestion at 55 ° C - 65 ° C means increased temperature; this requires more energy and hence increases energy costs. Components of the mesophilic digestion process need to be upgraded or replaced and therefore additional costs should also be considered. The advantages of the thermophilic digestion include short residence time, smaller digester and sludge becomes sufficiently disinfected. A future scenario is developed based on more efficient sludge treatment where two disposal options are most appropriate for the sewage sludge in Avesta town. Returning digestate to productive land is one of those suggested alternatives that allows phosphorus to be recovered and recycled. If not thermophilic digestion as streamlining is not effective enough for sufficient sludge sanitation, other complementary processes have to be introduced, for instance, composting drum or pasteurization. A full cost comparison between the existing sludge treatment and more efficient sludge treatment method is, however, almost impossible to be performed when all costs depend on the choice of components, factors and so on. This case study contributes with first-hand information that can provide greater opportunities for Avesta Vatten och Avfall AB to select the most appropriate options for sewage sludge disposal in Avesta town in the future.

Stora mängder receptbelagda- och receptfria läkemedel brukas årligen. Farmaceutiska föreningar såsom exempelvis preventivmedel, antibiotikum och smärtstillande läkemedel når reningsverk via urin och fekalier. Traditionella reningsverk saknar förmågan att helt reducera dessa föreningar och de släpps ut via det utgående vattnet till en recipient där de kan medföra en negativ påverkan i miljön. Duvbackens reningsverk i Gävle har en traditionell uppbyggnad och det behandlade spillvattnet släpps ut i Inre Fjärden. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån Duvbackens avloppsreningsverks förhållanden föreslå en rekommenderad kompletterande reningsmetod för att reducera läkemedelsrester ifrån spillvattnet.   För att kunna föreslå en kompletterande reningsmetod har en provtagning efter läkemedelssubstanser på det inkommande och det utgående spillvattnet genomförts i Duvbackens reningsverk. Detta för att se vilka substanser reningsverket reducerar och vilka som släpps ut i Inre Fjärden.  En litteraturstudie har genomförts där aktivt kol och ozons reduktionsförmåga av läkemedelsrester granskats, samt vart i reningsverket de bör implementeras. Kostnader av aktivt kol och ozon har ställs i förhållande till varandra genom en ekonomisk undersökning.   Duvbackens reningsverk är dimensionerat för 100 000 personekvivalenter och är beläget mellan stadsdelarna Brynäs och Bomhus i Gävle. Reningsverket använder sig av mekanisk, biologisk och vid behov kemisk rening. Resultaten från provtagningen visade att av de 22 läkemedelssubstanser vilka granskats reducerades sex substanser med mindre än 45 % och två substanser fick en förhöjd halt efter de passerat Duvbackens reningsverk.   Både ozon och aktivt kol har i tidigare pilotförsök visat god förmåga att reducera läkemedelssubstanser från avloppsvatten. Variation av reduktionsgrader har visats bero på kolförbrukning och dosering av ozon. En skillnad mellan de kompletterande reningsmetoderna är att aktivt kols reduktionsförmåga försämras med tiden medan ozon har en mer konstant reduktion av läkemedelssubstanser.   Ozon bör implementeras efter slutsedimenteringen följt av ett sandfilter för att reducera reaktiva biprodukter. Vid användning av aktivt kol bör reningsmetoden implementeras efter slutsedimenteringen, då det är av stor vikt att spillvattnet inte har för höga halter av suspenderade ämnen som mättar kolet. När aktivt kol och ozons kostnader jämförts under samma förhållanden har aktivt kol visats vara marginellt dyrare. Energikostnader utgör de stora kostnaderna för ozonrening medan kolförbrukningen visats utgöra den stora kostnaden för rening med aktivt kol. / Large amounts of prescription- and non-prescription pharmaceutical drugs are used annually. Pharmaceutical compounds such as contraception, antibiotics and analgesic drugs end up in sewage treatment plants via urine and feces. The traditional sewage treatment plant lacks the ability to completely reduce pharmaceutical compounds and they are emitted via efflux to a recipient, where they can have a negative impact on the environment. The sewage treatment plant Duvbacken in Gävle has a traditional structure and the treated effluent end up in Inre Fjärden. The purpose of this study is to recommend a complementary treatment method to reduce pharmaceutical compounds based on the sewage treatment plant Duvbacken’s circumstances.   In order to recommend a complementary treatment method samples of the incoming and outgoing efflux have been tested for pharmaceutical substances. The samples were taken to see what substances the sewage treatment plant reduces and what substances end up in Inre Fjärden. A literature review was conducted to examine activated carbon and ozone’s ability to reduce pharmaceutical compounds, it also researched where the treatment methods should be implemented. An economical investigation was done to show the costs for activated carbon and ozone in relation to each other.   The sewage treatment plant Duvbacken in Gävle is constructed for 100 000 persons and is located between the suburban areas Brynäs and Bomhus. The sewage treatment plant uses mechanical, biological and if necessary chemical treatment. The results from the samples of the 22 substances that were examined showed that six pharmaceuticals were reduced by less than 45 % and two substances had an increased concentration after treatment in the sewage treatment plant.   Both ozone and activated carbon have in previous studies shown good ability to reduce pharmaceutical substances from the municipal efflux. Variations in the ability to reduce pharmaceuticals depends on carbon consumption and ozone dosage. One difference between the complementary treatment methods are that activated carbons ability to reduce pharmaceuticals decreases with time, while ozone has a more constant reduction.   Ozone should be implemented after the traditional treatment followed by a sand filter to reduce reactive byproducts. Activated carbon should also be implemented after the traditional treatment due to an efflux with high content of suspended substances can saturate the carbon. When the costs of activated carbon and ozone are compared under the same circumstances it has been shown that activated carbon is marginally more expensive. The energy use represents the major costs for ozone treatment while carbon consumption has shown to be the major cost for activated carbon.

O objetivo foi desenvolver e avaliar uma metodologia simplificada para detecção de vírus entéricos humanos em lodo de esgoto. O método foi baseado em eluição viral com solução protéica, seguida de ultracentrifugação. Alguns parâmetros foram avaliados (tempo e pH de eluição, condições de clarificação e purificação). A seguir, foi aplicado à pesquisa de adenovírus, vírus da hepatite A e norovírus em amostras colhidas ao longo de 12 meses em duas ETEs do estado de São Paulo. Amostras pareadas de esgoto foram também examinadas como referência da presença viral. A detecção viral por PCR, RT-PCR e PCR em tempo real, revelou a presença de adenovírus, incluindo os entéricos (espécie F) e vírus da hepatite A tanto nas esgoto como no lodo de ambas as ETEs. Norovírus não foram detectados. Vírus infecciosos não foram detectados no lodo submetido ao tratamento químico (ETE A). Parte dos vírus presentes na água de esgoto ficaram retidos no lodo e análises estatísticas revelaram que o tratamento químico adotado na ETE A é eficiente para a inativação viral. / The aim was to develop and evaluate a simplified methodology for detection of human enteric viruses in sewage sludge. The method was based on viral elution with protein solution, followed by ultracentrifugation. Several parameters were evaluated, including time and elution pH, clarifying and purifying conditions. The method was applied to the detection of adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus and noroviruses in sewage sludge samples collected for twelve months at two sewage treatment plants in Sao Paulo state. Raw sewage samples were also collected as a reference for viral presence. PCR, RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR revealed the presence of adenoviruses, including the enteric ones (species F) and hepatitis A virus found both in sewage and sludge. Noroviruses were not detected in any samples. Cell culture infectious viruses were not detected in the sludge subjected to chemical treatment (STP A), and statistical analyses revealed the efficiency of this treatment for virus inactivation.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to monitor seasonal concentration changes of 7 antibiotics norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater influent and (cleaned) water effluent in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) České Budějovice. Time-proportional 24 hours pooled samples of wastewater were collected every month from March 2011 to February 2012 in the influent and effluent pof the STP. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using in line SPE/LC-MS/MS analysis. The highest average concentration in the influent was detected in case of norfloxacin (0.563 microgram/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.406 microgram/l). The highest average concentration in the effluent was detected in the case of trimethoprim (0.255 microgram/l) and erythromycin (0.117 microgram/l). Higher concentration of antibiotics was measured in the colder periods of the year. It was connected with increased use of antibiotics and with less cleaning efficiency of the STP in this season. The highest removal efficiency was determined for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, the lowest for erythromycin. The influence of the season on the removal efficiency of antibiotics was found esp. for azithromycin,trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.