Trata-se de um estudo misto metodológico e analítico com delineamento quase-experimental, com objetivos de elaborar e validar um instrumento para avaliar conhecimento de agentes comunitários de saúde sobre um conjunto de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis quanto à aparência, ao conteúdo e à semântica, elaborar e validar quanto a conteúdo e estratégia de sistematização e aplicação do processo de capacitação destes profissionais e avaliar o impacto de um processo de capacitação, em São Sebastião do Paraíso- MG, no ano de 2015. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do instrumento elaborado e validado para avaliar o conhecimento desses profissionais em relação a um conjunto de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, por meio de livro de registros para avaliar o número de orientações em sala de espera dessas doenças pelos agentes, por meio de livro de registros para avaliar o número de encaminhamentos de portadores desses agravos para tratamento e por meio de fichas de notificações realizadas pelas equipes das unidades saúde da família dessas doenças. A população do estudo foi constituída de 134 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde pertencentes às 20 unidades saúde da família que receberam capacitação no tema, com emprego de metodologia ativa, sendo o processo educativo realizado pela própria pesquisadora. Os resultados da validação aparente e de conteúdo do instrumento mostraram que foi necessário mudar duas palavras em dois itens, sendo os demais itens avaliados positivamente por 100% dos participantes. Na validação semântica, foram empregados formulários adaptados do DISABKIDS® para 24 agentes do ensino fundamental e médio que participaram da mesma, e 91,3% de ambos os grupo acharam os itens do instrumento relevantes, relataram dificuldades em relação a três itens. Os participantes da capacitação referiram adquirir novos conhecimentos por meio da metodologia empregada. O intervalo de tempo para a coleta de dados foi de 12 meses. Em relação aos resultados do conhecimento em doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, houve aumento estatisticamente significativo com mudanças de erros para acertos dos 24 itens do instrumento pelos agentes, no período pós-capacitação. Houve aumento da média de 4,2% para 23,4% (p < 0,0001) no número de orientações realizadas pelos agentes, em sala de espera, no período pós-capacitação. Houve aumento da média de 5,2 para 17,9% (p < 0,0001) do número de encaminhamentos de portadores de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis para tratamento e aumento da média de 2,5% para 18,7% (p < 0,0001) do número de notificações realizadas desses agravos, no período pós-capacitação. Frente aos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a capacitação produziu mudanças positivas no conhecimento e nas práticas dos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, em relação ao conjunto das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis estudadas, e espera-se que este estudo torne relevante o desenvolvimento de futuras capacitações nesse tema, possibilitando aos profissionais de saúde repensarem suas condutas, fortalecerem o trabalho em equipe e transformarem suas práticas profissionais / This is a mixed methodological and analytical joint study with quasi- experimental desing, whith aims to develop and validate an instrument to assess knowledge of community health agents on a range of sexually transmitted diseases according to the appearance, content and semantics, develop and validate as the content and strategy of systematizing and implementation of the training of these professionals process, and evaluate the impact of a training process in São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG. Data were obtained through the elaborated and validated tool to assess these professionals\' knowledge in relation to a set of sexually transmitted diseases. A book of records was also used to assess the number of waiting room orientations for these diseases by the health agents, and to assess the number of referrals of patients with these diseases for treatment. The notification forms filled out by members of the family health units\' teams were also considered. The study population consisted of 134 Community Health Workers belonging to 20 family health units who received training on the subject, with active methodology and the educational process was carried out by the researcher. The results of the apparent validation and of the instrument contents showed that it was necessary to change two words in two items. The remaining items were evaluated positively by 100% of participants. In semantic validation, forms adapted from DISABKIDS® were applied to 24 agents working in Brazilian basic education (primary school and high school), and 91.3% of both groups found the instrument questions relevant and, in the specific part of the form, the difficulty both groups presented in relation to three items. Participants of the training mentioned they acquired new knowledge through this study methodology. The time interval for the data collection was 12 months. Regarding the results of knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases, there was a statistically significant increase with changes from errors to correct answers of the 24 items of the instrument, by the health community agents, in the post-training period: there was an increase in the average of 4.2% to 23.4% (p <0.0001) in the number of orientations performed by agents in the waiting room; an increase average of 5.2 to 17.9% (p <0.0001) in the number of referrals of patients with sexually transmitted diseases for treatment; and, an increased average of 2.5% to 18.7% (p <0 , 0001) in the number of these diseases notifications. Given the results, it is concluded that the training produced positive changes in knowledge and practices of community health agents in respect of all the sexually transmitted diseases studied, and it is hoped that this study becomes important to develop future trainings in this theme, allowing health professionals to rethink their behavior, to strengthen teamwork and to change their professional practices

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o sêmen da jararaca ilhoa, Bothrops insularis, quanto ao volume, motilidade, vigor e concentração, além de verificar se estes paramentos estão relacionados ao comprimento ou massa dos animais ou se variam ao longo das estações, uma vez que esta espécie possui ciclo reprodutivo sazonal. Para tanto, foram avaliadas amostras de sêmen de 18 machos, com comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) variando de 43,5 a 73,70 cm, pertencentes ao plantel do Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução do Instituto Butantan, entre os meses de agosto de 2012 e maio de 2013. O sêmen de Bothrops insularis apresentou coloração variando de esbranquiçada a amarelada e consistência cremosa e espessa. Foi possível observar amostras de sêmen viáveis em todos os 18 animais avaliados, indicando que animais com CRC igual ou acima de 43,5 cm já são sexualmente maduros. O espermatozoide de Bothrops insularis é filiforme, possui cabeça alongada, fina e com formato pontiagudo, seguindo o padrão morfológico descrito para outros Squamata. Não foi observada nenhuma relação entre o comprimento, massa e cada um dos parâmetros seminais avaliados. Foi observada variação significativa da motilidade e da concentração do sêmen de Bothrops insularis entre as estações, porém o volume e o vigor do sêmen não variaram. Foi no outono, época de cópula da espécie, que o sêmen apresentou as maiores médias para os parâmetros avaliados. / This study aimed to evaluate sperm parameters of the golden lancehead, Bothrops insularis, including appearance, sperm motility, vigor, volume and concentration, determine if these parameters varied with body size or weight and to verify whether these vestments vary throughout seasons, since this species has a seasonal reproductive cycle. Samples of semen of 18 males with snout-vent length (SVL) ranging from 43.5 to 73.70 cm, belonging to the squad of the Ecology and Evolution Laboratory at Instituto Butantan, were collected between August 2012 and May 2013. Sperm color from Bothrops insularis ranged from whitish to yellowish, and a creamy and thick consistency. Viable sperm was observed in samples from all 18 males evaluated, indicating that animals with SVL equal to or above 43.5 cm are sexually mature. Sperm of Bothrops insularis is thready, has elongated, thin and pointed shaped head, following the morphological pattern described for other Squamata. No relationship between length, mass and each of seminal parameters evaluated was observed. Significant variation of concentration and motility of semen from Bothrops insularis between seasons was observed, but volume and vigor did not change. It was during Fall, mating season of the species, that sperm had the highest means for all parameters evaluated.

The purpose of this treatise was to synthesize the current research, nationally and internationally, both qualitative and quantitative, concerning online child sexual abuse. The study focused on crimes of a sexual nature perpetrated against children, with or without consent, in an online environment. The aim was to clearly articulate the characteristics of victims, including both their vulnerabilities and their protective factors and to provide offender profiles, including their methodologies. Method: A systematic search for peer reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2006 was conducted. The final sample included 73 articles, which were arranged in order of publication, and the top and bottom interquartile range was selected for review and coding. Results: 36 articles were thematically coded in order to identify the most prominent themes in the articles. The result of this review was a typology of victims and offenders, as well as offender methodologies that reflects an aggregation of the most prominent research on the subject of online child sexual abuse. Conclusion: Much of the common knowledge concerning online child sexual offenders and their victims is incorrect. The typologies identified in this review show a much more diverse picture of both offenders and victims than is held in popular knowledge. This research has identified the damage that misinformation can do, and has highlighted the need for accurate, empirically sound information to be made available to parents, teachers, health care professionals and youth.

Introduction: Emerging adults (young people age 18 to 29) are increasingly using the Internet to seek sex partners, with over 30% having tried an online or mobile dating site. As more emerging adults use dating and sex-seeking websites (DSP) for their love and sexual pursuits, it is imperative to understand how DSPs contribute to HIV/STI risk. Objectives: The objectives of this research were accomplished by pursuing the following specific aims: Aim 1. To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize evidence from published findings to determine the association between condom use and meeting venue (online and offline). Aim 2. To determine whether condom use behaviors during the first sexual interaction among heterosexual emerging adults vary depending on the venue in which participants met their partners in the past six months. Aim 3. To describe how the Information Motivation Behavioral (IMB) Skills Model applies to the relationship between condom use and meeting venue. Methods: This mixed methods study identified sexual risk behaviors of emerging adults. Men and women—recruited via social networking, classified ad and dating and sex-seeking websites— who met a heterosexual partner on a DSP and/or in-person in the past six months completed a survey about behavioral, communication and relationship factors that influence condom use. Additionally, a subset of people who met partners on DSPs and or offline (i.e., in-person) who completed the survey participated in qualitative interviews designed to explore in-depth factors that influence condom use during the first offline sexual encounter. The Information Motivation Behavioral (IMB) skills model was used to further understand the HIV/STI sexual risk behaviors of emerging adults with sex partners they met on DSP compared to those who met partner’s offline. Results: The findings of this study were that DSP are not associated with greater risks of condomless sex compared to offline meeting venues. The qualitative findings suggest that emerging adults have an attitude that condoms are to be used in new sexual relationships. However, whenever emerging adults do not have condoms available, they are less likely to use a condom. Conclusion: Although the findings of this study suggest that there is no statistical difference in condomless sex by venue, DSPs are an important place for public health messaging about condom use for the prevention of HIV/STIs, and unintended pregnancy. DSPs can help achieve some of the objectives set by Healthy Campus 2020, Healthy People 2020, and the National HIV/AIDS Strategy. In addition to targeting DSPs, it is important to continue sexual health promotion efforts in offline meeting venues.

School project focused on sexually transmitted diseases ABSTRACT This Thesis forms two segments: theoretically oriented and practically oriented. Theoretical background doesn't only deal with development of project-based learning from history to the present but characteristics of project-based learning as such. There is an emphasis on positives at work but also cons that this innovative method brings, analysis of different types of project, important role of a student and a teacher and planning of the project itself. Second segment of theoretical part forms basic information about bacterial and viral diseases (chlamydia, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, hepatitis B, genital herpes, AIDS, genital warts and cervical cancer). Practical part is dedicated to application of theory of project-based learning itself into practice. The result is a formation of a particular project called Sexually transmitted diseases, which is then completed on higher level of high school. Further there is thoroughly described project planning, realization and its evaluation. The Thesis emphasizes project-based learning as an innovative process that is capable of helping students with development of key competencies and fulfilling requirements of Framework educational program for upper secondary general education. KEYWORDS: school...

M.Ed. (Psychology of Education) / This study was conducted with standard five children on the East Rand. The aim with this project was to evaluate the knowledge of the children on AIDS and to see whether the information they received was in fact correct. The following questions were asked: what do children really know about AIDS? is the information they receive, correct? where do children get their information from? what more do they want to know about AIDS? The aim of this study was to give reliable answers to these questions. The respondents were five hundred standard five children from five schools. The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of fifteen questions. The results of the empirical research show that children have a lot of questions regarding AIDS and they need good guidance. Based on this fact one can recommend that the inclusion of more guidance regarding AIDS in the school curriculum should seriously be considered. The following specific findings have been made: No significant relationships has been found between sex and their knowledge of AIDS. Children know that AIDS is a deadly virus disease. There is much confusion of how one can contract AIDS. It could be that the children did not get the right information. Many of the respondents were of the opinion that AIDS could soon be cured and that it is not as serious as it is made out to be. Children are not sure whether one could get AIDS from having sex with different people...

D.Litt. et Phil. / The psychological impact of childhood sexual abuse has been widely researched. Despite the numerous negative effects cited in the literature, few studies have focused on the treatment of children within this population group. Furthermore, a minority of research has investigated the efficacy of group therapy and art therapy as a treatment approach with these children, and even fewer studies have focused on the combination of group art therapy. Evident is particularly the lack of control groups consisting of sexually abused children with which to compare results and utilise as an indicator of treatment effect. The most prevalent symptoms found among sexually abused children seem to include depression and anxiety. Although fewer studies have focused on variables such as sexual trauma and self-esteem, these symptoms also seem common. Children between the age of 7 and 13 years seem to experience the most negative consequences associated with sexual abuse, and seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of emotional, behavioural, cognitive, and social difficulties. The purpose of the present study was to design a group art therapy intervention aimed at reducing depression, anxiety, sexual trauma, and low self-esteem, and to evaluate the success rate of the programme using the Solomon four-group design. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and the Human Figure Drawing were used as measures for assessing symptom change both within and between the four groups. A sample of 25 sexually abused girls, aged 8 to 11 years was recruited using a purposive sampling technique. Criteria for selection further involved having the ability to speak English and living with a non-offending caretaker. For practical reasons groups were selected from children’s homes in the Gauteng area. The sample consisted of four groups, namely two experimental groups and two control groups, whereby the experimental groups received the treatment and the control groups did not. The first experimental group and the first control group were assessed prior to and after termination of the therapy. The purpose was to measure the degree of change as a result of the intervention. The control groups were provided with the therapy after the post-test had been administered. Results indicate that the experimental group improved significantly compared to the control groups with regard to anxiety, depression and sexual trauma. Furthermore, in the absence of the intervention the control group demonstrated deterioration between the pre- and post-test. The study indicates a high success rate using the group art therapy intervention. It is anticipated that the value of this study may further enhance the quality of future research on this topic.

M.Cur. / HIV and AIDS education as a prevention strategy is priority number one in the National Strategic Plan for South Africa. Prevention of illnesses is also an integral part of primary health care (Department of Health, 2007: 10). There are different role players offering age-appropriate HIV and AIDS education to primary school learners, such as educators (within the Life Orientation programme), school health nurses (as part of health promotion) and non-governmental organisation (NGO) peer educators who visit schools per invitation or as part of their programme. Knowledge of collaboration amongst different role payers is necessary in order to pool the complementary strengths and maximise the positive impact of education on adolescents’ sexual behaviour. The design used in this research is quantitative and descriptive in nature. The respondents were clustered according to categories, namely school health nurses, primary school educators and NGO peer educators. As school health nurses (n=8) and peer educators (n=15) constituted a small population, they were all included in the study. Systematic random sampling was used to select respondents from the population of educators (N=75: n=42). A developed questionnaire was distributed to the consenting respondents who met the inclusion criteria. A checklist was also developed to review policies and guidelines used as a framework for providing HIV and AIDS education to learners by role players. A pilot study was conducted. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS14.0) for Windows was used to analyse the data.

M.A. / The study is based on the social model of disability focusing on issues of human rights for people with intellectual disabilities. Disability is defined as the social restriction confronted by people with disabilities living in a society that is not organized to take account of their needs. Disability is not an individual condition but rather an issue of equal opportunities. Self-determination for people with intellectual disability should be respected as it is a central aspect of personal well being based on the understanding that disability is a result of social attitudes, architectural, and legal barriers that confront people with disabilities. The research was aimed at the acquisition of information on the knowledge of people with intellectual disabilities about sexuality and if that knowledge is appropriately linked to HIV and AIDS. The study uses research as a scientific tool that will assist policy makers and programme developers to dispel the myths on issues affecting people with intellectual disabilities. Self-advocacy of people with intellectual disabilities in research was key to the research method that was applied. People with mental retardation, head injury, other or any type of actual or perceived mental or cognitive disability are often marginalized by society. The HIV/AIDS global epidemic has greatly exceeded earlier predictions. About 95% of all people infected are living in developing countries, which have to cope with poverty and health problems. HIV and AIDS prevalence can remain undetected for long periods, particularly in local groupings and settings. HIV remains localized before the epidemic spreads to involve the wider population. These localized groupings can be classified as having no known cases. It is during this period that the proactive interventions should be implemented. It is for these reasons that this study was undertaken to address HIV and AIDS among the grouping of people with intellectual disabilities.

Master of Public Health - MPH / The overall aim of this study was to evaluate quality of STI services in Umjindi local municipality. A concrete objective was to investigate the health system issues that may have a negative impact in the provision of quality STI service in the local municipality. These include accessibility of the STI services to the community, training of health workers in syndromic management, availability of necessary equipment and supplies for STI management, turn-around time for blood results and infrastructure of the facilities. / South Africa