Skuggor i 3D-miljöer är ett mycket efterforskat område, och detta arbete koncentrerar sig på shadow map-algoritmen. Det finns ett problem med denna algoritm, för då en shadow map projiceras på en yta som är större än sig själv så bildas stora trappstegseffekter, vilket kallas aliasing. Problemet som har undersökts är hur olika shadow map-algoritmer i en miljö med långa skuggor beter sig, där ett minimerat antal artefakter så som brus och aliasing är synligt. För detta undersöktes Percentage-Closer Filtering (PCF), som är en variant av shadow map, med olika samplingstekniker – och även en vidarebyggnad med Percentage-Closer Soft Shadow (PCSS) implementerades. Mätningar av realism och brusmängd genomfördes med en användarstudie. Prestandan mättes i klockcykler. Resultatet visade att PCF med samplingstekniken Edge Tap Smoothing kan vara den algoritm som lämpar sig bäst i situationer med långa skuggor i en 3D-miljö; detta för att den interpolerar mellan de projicerade texlarna.

Purpose: The purpose is to investigate the size of the shadow economy within the EU, by studying undeclared work, bribery and tax evasion in 28 Member States in 2013, and answer the question how to better combat shadow economy. Research design: The study is a quantitative research as it uses data from existing surveys and a report. The collected data is analyzed by multiplying the number of respondents with the percentage of the issue in each Member State. Calculating all three issues for 28 Member States presents the size of the shadow economy in the EU in 2013. Findings: Research has found that shadow economy is present within the EU. The study shows that the size of shadow economy in 2013 is 17,6 %. Amongst the three issues, tax evasion was more extensive than the other two issues. Besides regulation, there are other considerable factors that contribute to the gap in the shadow economy. The findings show that EU has taken measures to combat these issues. However, the study finds other measures to be needed to combat shadow economy. Contribution: This study contributes to the research of shadow economy within the EU by focusing on three issues: undeclared work, bribery and tax evasion. The study is supposed to raise awareness to not neglect the issues but rather combat them in a cross-border effort as shadow economy is not only affecting each Member States at national level but also at EU-level.

This thesis deals with the measurement of tax evasion. The first part deals with the theory of tax evasion, its general, legislative and economic definition and its consequences. A special subsection is devoted to relation of the tax evasion and the shadow economy. The second part deals with the theory of tax evasion measurement and the last chapter focuses on shadow economy volume measurement and tax evasion measurement in the Czech Republic.

Both the ECB and the Fed implemented various unconventional measures in response to the last crisis. While the ECB's policies were based on direct lending to banks, the FED adopted large-scale asset purchases. According to the empirical evidence these policies had economically beneficial effects in the US and the Eurozone but these measures have also certain spillovers which scope and exact impacts are quite difficult to estimate. There have been already many papers focusing on cross-border impacts of the FED's policies, but far less studied the spillovers of the ECB's policies. This work provides a theoretical background concerning the unconventional monetary policies implemented by the ECB and the FED after 2008 and analyse the impacts of ECB's policies on six particular countries outside euro area. The Impulse Responses of output, inflation, domestic interest rate and exchange rate are analyzed via block-restricted VAR model. My results confirm that euro area monetary policy does have an impact on non-euro area countries, although the response of macroeconomic variables in analysed countries are heterogeneous and also differ in the period before and after September 2008. Countries seem to be indeed affected more by conventional monetary policies until September 2008, but the euro-area monetary policy spills over via unconventional policies after September 2008. Overall, the ECB's policies affect economic activity outside euro area, but does not have significant impact on inflation. Furthermore, the exchange rate just initially drops in response to monetary tightening, but this reaction usually does not last for more than four months.

It is the purpose of this thesis to determine the function of marionette, puppet and shadow plays as a tool for learning in the elementary school.

[EN] Abstract Alejandro de la Sota suffers a major transformation in his career in 1955. With the feeling of a deep personal crisis to the architectural situation in which he operates, the appearance of a book titled "Marcel Breuer: Sun and Shadow. The Philosophy of an Architect ", acts as a trigger for a period in which he'll develope some of his most important works. This thesis studies on the one hand, the reasons and contents of this publication and the influences that could have on Alejandro de la Sota. In addition, two unique projects of each architects are analyzed and neighborhoods that exist between them are exposed. Their relations in the field of architecture, based on a constructive sense, the value of prefabrication, the sense of utility, as well as the work done in the field of teaching or furniture design are presented in this document. It has assembled a full bibliography consists of drawings, documents and photographs, supplemented by a graphic reconstructions of the projects analyzed, using the drawing as a tool of analysis. / [ES] Resumen Alejandro de la Sota sufre una importante transformación en su carrera profesional en el año 1955. Con el sentimiento de una profunda crisis personal ante la situación arquitectónica en la que se desenvuelve, la aparición de un libro titulado "Marcel Breuer: Sun and Shadow. The Philosophy of an Architect", actúa como detonante de un período en el que desarrollará alguna de sus obras más importantes. Esta tesis estudia, por un lado, las razones y contenidos de esta publicación y las influencias que pudo tener sobre el Alejandro de la Sota. Además, se analizan dos obras singulares de cada arquitecto y se exponen las vecindades que entre ambos existen. Sus relaciones en el campo de la arquitectura, atendiendo a su sentido constructivo, el valor de la prefabricación, el sentido de utilidad, así como la labor desempeñada en el campo de la docencia o el diseño del mobiliario son presentados en este trabajo. Se ha reunido un material bibliográfico completo formado por planos, documentos y fotografías, completado por unas reconstrucciones gráficas de los proyectos analizados, empleando el dibujo como una herramienta de análisis. / [CAT] Resum Alejandro de la Sota patix una important transformació en la seua carrera professional l'any 1955. Amb el sentiment d'una profunda crisi personal davant de la situació arquitectònica en què es desembolica, l'aparició d'un llibre titulat "Marcel Breuer: Sun and Shadow. The Philosophy of an Architect", actua com a detonant d'un període en què desenrotllarà algunes de les seues obres més importants. Esta tesi estudia, d'una banda, les raons i continguts d'esta publicació i les influències que va poder tindre sobre l'Alejandro de la Sota. A més, s'analitzen dos obres singulars de cada arquitecte i s'exposen els veïnats que entre ambdós existixen. Les seues relacions en el camp de l'arquitectura, atenent al seu sentit constructiu, el valor de la prefabricació, el sentit d'utilitat, així com la labor exercida en el camp de la docència o el disseny del mobiliari són presentats en este treball. S'ha reunit un material bibliogràfic complet format per plans, documents i fotografies, completat per unes reconstruccions gràfiques dels projectes analitzats, emprant el dibuix com una ferramenta d'anàlisi. / Sanchis Gisbert, SJ. (2015). Alejandro de la Sota: Sun and shadow the philosophy of an architect [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59439 / TESIS

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Shadow banking in the view of legal regulation Abstract This diploma thesis deals with shadow banking in the view of legal regulation focusing on the Czech territory. Although the shadow banking sector amounts almost to the same extent as the traditional banking, its legal regulation is barely discussed in the Czech Republic. So this work aims at stimulation of that kind of debate. Shadow banking contributes to more effective redistribution of the financial means between investors and debtors. Nevertheless, due to its nature it involves significant systemic risks, which played a crucial role during the spread of the mortgage crisis in 2007-08. Therefore this area has to be regulated. In the first part the thesis explains the term shadow banking including the entities and activities, which are able to be classified within this sector, and the risks, which it carries. In the second part the work deals with the current legal regulation of this area and points to the advantages and the deficiencies. Finally, in the third part it provides with the proposals regarding the deficiencies. Particularly the thesis proceeds from study and research of the documents published by the supervision bodies of the financial stability area and from the applicable provisions relevant to the shadow banking. Concerning this I am...

Organisationer möter nya utmaningar då IT möjliggör för delning av information att ske i stora mängder och i hög hastighet. De alltmer utsuddade gränserna mellan privatliv och arbetsliv leder till att privat teknik används för arbetsrelaterade syften, så kallad shadow IT [SIT]. För att anskaffa sig konkurrensfördelar ställs krav på organisationer att hantera informationsteknologier, men också en av de största tillgångarna organisationer besitter: medarbetarnas kunskap. Denna uppsats ämnar till att undersöka relationen mellan shadow IT och tyst kunskap. SECI-modellen som innehåller konverteringar mellan tyst och explicit kunskap har använts som ett verktyg för att undersöka kunskapsdimensioner (socialisering, internalisering, kombination och externalisering) och hur dessa förhåller sig till SIT. Inom ramen för denna kvalitativa studie har 7 intervjuer genomförts, varav 3 telefonintervjuer och 4 besöksintervjuer. Resultatet visar att kunskapkonverteringarna residerar i olika informationstyper, där indikationer visar att shadow it [SIT] är kopplat till tyst kunskap och target IT [TIT] är kopplat till explicit kunskap. SIT spelar en stor roll i socialiseringsprocessen på grund av teknikens förmåga att bygga relationer som kan ligga till grund för delningen av tyst kunskap. SIT utgör vidare en plattform för internalisering genom att skapa ett forum för att skapa och dela arbetsmaterial på ett informellt sätt. Utan SIT finns det en risk att delningen av tyst kunskap inte skulle ske i samma utsträckning, vilket är något organisationer måste ta i beaktning. I och med SITs inbyggda ‘sense of urgency’-design kan kunskapskonverteringar även ske i en hög hastighet då medarbetarna behandlar förfrågningar mer brådskande. / Organizations face new challenges as IT enables information sharing in large quantities and at a high speed. The increasingly blurred boundaries between private and working life lead to usage of private technology for work-related purposes, so called shadow IT [SIT]. In order to gain competitive advantages organizations must manage its information technologies, but also one of the largest assets an organization possess: the knowledge that resides within their employees. This paper aims to explore the relationship between shadow IT and tacit knowledge. The SECI-model that contains conversions between tacit and explicit knowledge has been used as a tool for exploring knowledge dimensions (socialization, internalization, combination and externalization) and how these relate to SIT. Within the framework of this qualitative study, 7 interviews have been conducted, of which 3 telephone interviews and 4 visit interviews. The result shows that the knowledge conversation resides in various information concepts, where indications show that shadow IT [SIT] is linked to tacit knowledge and target IT [TIT] is linked to explicit knowledge. SIT plays a major role in the socialization process due to its ability to build relationships that can form the basis for tacit knowledge sharing. SIT further provides a platform for internalizing by creating a forum for creating and sharing work materials in a informative manner. Without SIT, the sharing of tacit knowledge might not happen to the same extent, which is something organization must take into consideration. Due to the build-in ‘sense of urgency’-design in SIT, knowledge conversions can also happen at a high rate since employees process request more urgently.

Without light, there can be no shadows.  Architectural decisions can be structured in such a way as to filter, manipulate, or diffuse light to create an array of conditions in which both light and shadow become part of the architecture itself.  Light and shadow create spaces within a place, or a place inside of a space.  They can define, emphasize, and disguise. / Master of Architecture