Der Autor versucht mit dieser kurzen Einführung eine Übersicht über den Stand der Forschung zu einem Thema zu geben, das in der Forschung bisher noch nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt wurde: der außerschulischen, privatwirtschaftlich organisierten Zusatzbildung, der sogenannten Shadow Education. Der Fokus der Arbeit richtet sich dabei auf die Länder Japan, welches bereits seit den 1970er Jahren ein System außerschulischer Bildungsinstitutionen besitzt, dessen Einfluss auf den Bildungserwerb junger Menschen so stark ist wie in kaum einem anderen Land, und Deutschland, dessen Schattenbildungs- oder Nachhilfesystem noch keinen derartig starken Einfluss ausübt, jedoch in den vergangenen Jahren steten Zuwachs verzeichnen konnte. Interessierten soll dieser Einblick durch die umfangreiche Bibliographie eine Hilfe bei der Recherche zu diesem Thema bieten. / With this short introduction the author tries to provide an overview about the status of research about a theme that has not been sufficiently taken into consideration by researchers yet: the out-of-school, privately organized remedial education or private tutoring, the so called shadow education. Hereby this work focuses on the countries Japan and Germany. While in Japan a system of shadow education exists for decades, which shall lead the Japanese youth to superior results compared to compulsory school education, a comparable influence of institutionalized private tutoring can’t be found in Germany so far. This work shall provide a help to those who want to research about this theme, especially through its comprehensive bibliography.

Title: Extent and Cause of Private Tutoringat Czech Primary School Summary: This dissertation explores the catch-up classes (shadow education) phenomenon and its forms. Presented research aims to map the scope and root causes of shadow education in the Czech primary/elementary school. Using a questionnaire for parents of primary school students, the research seeks answers how age, gender and social-economic family status relates to preferred form of this education type. The dissertation is based on the results of Mrs. M. Hoschl's research and develops it further. Research sample has been expanded to the area outside of the capital city. Attention has also been paid to comparison between the situation in the Czech Republic and foreign countries. Key words: shadow education - forms, scope, root-cause, shadow education of socially and/or culturally handicapped childre

Tutoring and its influence to quality of education is rather topical subject for the educational system. This is the main topic of this master thesis. The aim of this research is to determine amount of additional occupation in an incidentally chosen schools in Siauliai. It was also interesting to discover what is pupil’s opinion about the services provided by tutors and their quality of education. There were arranged a set of tasks: to rate the amount of pupils who attended additional occupation, to determine the variety of tutoring forms and their distribution, to settle the efficiency and availability of tutoring and its influence on quality of education. There were used various methods of analysis, such as theoretical analysis and generalization, form questioning and mathematical statistics. A. Markeviciute’s questionnaire was applied for usage. 336 pupils from Siauliai schools were present in the research. All the received questioning data were processed with computer software SPSS 11.0. Obtained data shows that tutoring is very popular in Siauliai district schools. Almost about 33% of pupils are taking tutor services. On the basis of this research it is possible to state that “shadow education” is one of the quality of education indicators.

The aim of the thesis is to describe reference of an elementary school to private tutoring in form of one - case study, concerning second grade of a factual elementary school taken as example, from the viewpoint of all the participants of the educational process. In the course of this work the school became participant of a programme of Ministry of education, youth and sports (MŠMT) - Patterns; that's why the work is enlargened by research of the way this programme has influenced the operation of school. Basic terms are defined, like private and school tutoring, types of its organisational forms, participants of tutoring; also methodology of the research is described. The research plan was set as one-phase research with mixed- method research design. Different forms of data collection were used: the quantitative questionnaires for pupils (n=247) and qualitative interviews with the school leadership, teachers and parents (n=13). There are both types of tutoring in function at the given elementary school, private and school ones, but not in a big scale. The school tolerates private tutoring but doesn't encourage it. Nevertheless the school offers school tutoring within the framework of the project Patterns, which provides adequate help to weak pupils, but its form doesn't satisfy school or children....

Abstrakt Denna text är tänkt att jämföra läxhjälp, supplemental instruction samt privatundervisning. För att kunna jämföra de tre delarna med varandra söktes forskningsartiklar inom respektive område. Artiklarna som används har sökts via databaserna, ERC och ERIC, samt i några fall via tips från lärare eller kedjesökning på redan funna artiklar. I texten jämförs bland annat effektivitet inom de olika formerna av undervisning utanför ordinarie utbildning samt dess påverkan på elever och samhälle. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av tre olika nivåer i samhället för att enklare kunna visa på dess påverkan inom olika skikt och se hur de påverkar individen men också samhället i stort.  Slutsatsen av kunskapsöversikten är att läxhjälp, supplemental instruction och privatundervisning har olika platser inom elevernas matematiska utbildning, där alla kan fylla en funktion. Likvärdigheten i utbildningen i Sverige kan ifrågasättas då privatundervisning inte, likt annan utbildning för barn och ungdomar, är gratis. Läxhjälpen som organiseras i skolan idag kan ses som ett försök att möjliggöra ett extra stöd likt privatundervisning för alla. Bristande styrning gör att det ser väldigt olika ut på olika delar i landet och det finns begränsat med forskning som stödjer att den skulle vara positiv för eleverna överlag.

The dissertation thesis deals with the shadow education phenomenon, which has yet not been explored in the Czech context. In the international literature, the term shadow education entails various forms and types of paid private supplementary tutoring. The dissertation provides a diagnostic-analytical inquiry on taking paid private tutoring lessons and preparatory courses for university entrance examinations by students of upper-secondary schools in programmes concluded with maturita examination in Prague and Moravian-Silesian Region. Its objectives are: 1) to describe the chosen types of private supplementary tutoring at upper secondary level of education concluded with maturita examination (scale, subjects, intensity, organisational forms, providers etc.), 2) to analyse the contextual factors underlying the demand for these types of private supplementary tutoring. The research employed multi-phase mixed-method research design with priority given to quantitative data. Three research methods were used: 1) quantitative content analysis of the internet mediated notice board for private tutoring lessons, 2) the quantitative questionnaire survey research of randomly chosen students studying in academic and technical track upper-secondary schools in Prague and Moravian-Silesian Region (n=1265), 3)...

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L’essor fulgurant du soutien scolaire privé dans le monde témoigne d’une évolution des systèmes scolaires intégrant de plus en plus la dimension « marchande » de l’éducation. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons le cas du Japon, pays dans lequel cette tendance est très marquée, en nous intéressant notamment à la manière dont s’articule la pratique du soutien scolaire privé dans les gakushû juku et les yobikô avec la scolarisation à l’école – obligatoire au Japon – à travers les choix des familles et des individus. Notre travail, qui s’appuie principalement sur des données empiriques quantitatives et qualitatives de première et de seconde main, montre que le recours au soutien scolaire privé est devenu pour les familles un recours indispensable en complément de l’école, et cela de façon plus prononcée depuis les années 1990 qui ont marqué la mise en place de réformes néolibérales touchant les différents étages du système éducatif. Parallèlement à cette intégration progressive du soutien scolaire privé dans le système scolaire, nous mettons en évidence l’apparition depuis les années 2000 d’un phénomène de « jukuisation » des écoles, c’est-à-dire la transformation de celles-ci en un modèle marchand, qui se manifeste entre autres par une coopération de plus en plus forte entre les écoles et les entreprises de soutien scolaire privé. / The boom in shadow education worldwide shows an evolution in school systems to increasingly incorporate the commercial side of education. This thesis will explore the case of Japan, where this tendency is extremely marked, with a particular focus on the way private tutoring at gakushû juku and yobikô is interlocked with formal schooling – compulsory in Japan – through the choices made by families and individuals.My research, which draws mainly on first- and second-hand qualitative and quantitative data, shows that private tutoring has become essential for families as a complement to formal schooling. This is especially true since the 1990s, which saw neoliberal reforms implemented throughout the education system.Alongside this gradual integration of private tutoring into the education system, I highlight the appearance in recent years of a phenomenon that could be described as the « jukuization » of schools, in other words, the transformation of mainstream schools into a commercial model, notably via increasingly close cooperation between schools and private tutoring firms.

Disertační práce popisuje stav soukromého doučování, jeho míru a intenzitu využívání v průběhu druhého stupně základní školy, především v posledních dvou ročnících. Studie je součástí rozsáhlejšího výzkumu fenoménu soukromého doučování v České republice a svými výsledky doplňuje informace o využívání soukromého doučování na základních školách. Tato práce poskytuje analýzu využívání soukromého doučování na druhém stupni základních škol ve Středočeském a Ústeckém kraji. Cílem je 1) charakterizovat žáka využívajícího soukromé doučování, zejména individuálních lekcí nebo skupinových kurzů (rodinné zázemí, školní úspěšnost, studijní ambice, názory na soukromé doučování atd.), 2) popsat vybrané typy soukromého doučování (míra využívání, předměty, poskytovatelé atd.). Jedná se o kvantitativní výzkum s využitím dotazníkového šetření u žáků 9. tříd náhodně vybraných základních škol ve Středočeském a Ústeckém kraji (n = 1 016). Žáci se nacházejí na rozhraní primárního a sekundárního vzdělávání, řeší přestup na střední školu a mnoho z nich musí konat přijímací zkoušku. Tyto dva kraje byly vybrány z důvodu jejich odlišnosti vzhledem k socioekonomickým poměrům. Výsledky šetření potvrzují vysokou míru využívání placeného doučování, individuálních i přípravných kurzů v průběhu 2. stupně základní školy v obou...

This study examined the schooling experiences of eleven graduates from the rural south of Egypt with primary community schools in Assiut. The study used individual interviews and focus groups to examine how community school graduates understood their experiences. The community schools were found to have removed previous obstacles of distance and cost. The quality of education that the students received allowed them to flourish in education rather than falter, and that was largely influenced by the quality of their relationship with their teachers. The students learned academic skills, as well as attitudes and dispositions that serve as cultural capital. They have more opportunities than before, yet also face significant challenges as they transition to the public system. The model of community schooling is also facing significant challenges as differences with the public schooling systems are exerting tension on the community school model to converge.