[pt] Os problemas na perfuração associados à instabilidade do poço são geralmente agravados quando camadas de folhelho são atravessadas, as quais constituem uma alta porcentagem do total das rochas perfuradas no mundo. O folhelho, quando submetido às tensões in situ, pode atuar como uma membrana semipermeável à passagem de íons através do seus poros. Este comportamento e o desenvolvimento de pressões osmóticas ao redor do poço, desempenham um papel fundamental no balanço das forças que instabilizam a rocha. Neste trabalho, um modelo computacional baseado na teoria da poroelastoplasticidade com formulação numérica pelo método dos elementos finitos, é utilizado para avaliar a influência da interação rocha-fluido na estabilidade de poços perfurados através de folhelho. Simulações efetuadas para diferentes cenários esclarecem a maneira como o modelo acopla e trata os mecanismos de transporte envolvidos (difusão hidráulica, osmose química, difusão iônica, advecção). Resultados mostram a pressão de poros e a resistência da rocha adversamente afetadas à medida que o folhelho fica exposto ao fluido de perfuração. É discutida a instabilidade do poço segundo os dados obtidos da variação da pressão de poros, tensões efetivas, área plastificada e deslocamento radial do poço. / [en] Drilling problems associated with wellbore instability are aggravated when shale beddings are drilled, which constitute a high percentage of drilled rocks in the world. Shale in contact with water base mud (WBM), when submitted to the in situ stresses, could have a semipermeable membrane system behavior. This behavior and the osmotic pressure developed around the wellbore have a fundamental role in the force equilibrium that makes the formation unstable. On this document, a computer model based in the poroelastoplasticity with numerical formulation based on finite element code is applied to estimate the influence of rock-drilling fluid interaction on the stability of borehole drilled through shale. Modeling conditions explains how the model couples and deals with driving forces involved (hydraulic diffusion, chemical osmosis, chemical diffusion, advection). Unfavorable consequences about the pore-pressure and rock strength are showed with the time rock exposure. Wellbore instability is discussed according to pore-pressure, effective stress, plastic zone and radial displacement results obtained in this document.

Les niveaux gargasiens et albiens du Bassin vocontien (Sud-Est de la France) sont constitués par des marnes sombres dénomées "Marnes Bleues". Elles renferment en de nombreux points, des nodules barytiques qui ont été étudiés par PAILLERET (1983) . Une étude minéralogique, granulométrique et géochimique est effectuée sur dix coupes, de situations géographiques et d 'âges différents. La minéralogie des argiles est dominée par l'héritage, et elle permet de différencier trois périodes : - Gargasien - Albien inférieur: l'illite est dominante; - Albien moyen: les smectites prennent le pas sur l'illite; - Albien supérieur: les smectites dominent toujours, mais il apparait une proportion importante de kaolinite. Ces observations sont comparées avec celles de BROSSE (1982) sur les black shales gargaso-albiens de l'Atlantique Central. Un certain nombre d'indices minéralogiques et de relations entre la minéralogie et la géochimie des marnes nous font envisager une origine diagénétique pour certains minéraux: la chlorite, le quartz et certains minéraux entourés d'une auréole de lattes. Il n'existe pas de variations minéralogiques et/ou géochimiques importantes dans les horizons à nodules barytiques. Cependant dans les niveaux à nodules de l'Albien moyen et supérieur. la teneur en Ba est anormalement élevée et se traduit systématiquement par la présence de cristaux de barite (de l'ordre de 1 micron) * dans l'encaissant. L'étude granulométrique couplée aux résultats de l'analyse minéralogique permet de construire un modèle pour expliquer les différents types de croissance des nodules barytiques . Les teneurs anormales en Ba ne sont pas d ' origine détritique : il n'existe aucune relation entre la teneur en Ba dans la roche totale ou la fraction argileuse et la proportion en smectites ou en illites des marnes. Tant que les teneurs en Ba restent faibles, une corrélation avec les quantités de silice biogénique permet de retenir une origine diagénétique pour cet élément. Mais cette relation disparait lorsque les teneurs sont très élevées. Seule l'hypothèse d'une origine hydrothermale peut alors être avancée. Des déc0uvertes récentes (PAULL et al. , 1984) sur un hydrothermalisme "froid" donnent un nouvel éclairage à ce problème.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 16, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

The Woodford Shale formation is currently an important unconventional gas resource that extends across parts of the mid-continent of the United States. A resource shale acts as source, seal, and reservoir, and its characterization is vital to successful exploitation and production of hydrocarbons. This work is a surface seismic observation and investigation of the seismic anisotropy present in the Woodford Shale formation in the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma. One of the main causes of anisotropy here is commonly believed to be vertical natural fractures (HTI) and horizontal alignment of clay minerals (VTI). Understanding the natural fracture orientation and density, as well as regional stress orientation, is important to the development of hydraulic fracturing programs in shales, such as the Woodford, producing natural gas. Dipole sonic log measurements in vertical boreholes suggest that the Woodford does possess vertical transverse isotropy (VTI), due possibly to horizontal layering or aligned clay minerals. Further, the borehole logs do not indicate horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI) associated with fracturing in the Woodford interval. An amplitude varying with angle and azimuth (AVAZ) analysis was applied to 3-D surface seismic data in the Anadarko Basin and shows the dipole sonic logs may not be completely characterizing the anisotropy observed in the Woodford. Once this apparent contradiction was discovered, additional work to characterize the fractures in the formation was undertaken. A petrophysical model based on the borehole data of the Woodford Shale was created, combining various techniques to simulate the rock properties and behavior. With a more complete rock physics model, a full stiffness tensor for the rock was obtained. From this model, synthetic seismic data were generated to compare to the field data. Furthermore, analytic equations were developed to relate crack density to AVAZ response. Currently, the application of this AVAZ method shows fracture orientation and relative variations in fracture density over the survey area. This work shows a direction for a quantified fracture density because the synthetic seismic data has a quantified fracture density at its basis. This allowed for a relationship to be established between explicit fracture parameters (such as fracture density) and AVAZ results and subsequently may be used to create regional descriptions of fracture and/or stress orientation and density. / text

Carbon/phosphorus ratios for late Devonian-early Mississippian marine black shales along a transect from the Illinois Basin, across the Cumberland Saddle, and into the Appalachian Basin were evaluated to assess the role of productivity in organic carbon accumulation. Phosphorus is a key limiting nutrient for biological productivity in marine environments and may be regenerated preferentially relative to organic carbon, the amount of regeneration possibly being related to bottom-water anoxia. A positive feed-back mechanism (more specifically, productivity-anoxia feedback or PAF) has been proposed between water-column anoxia, high benthic regeneration of phosphorus, and marine productivity. This regeneration of phosphorus under anoxic conditions and overturn of surface waters has been proposed as an explanation for enhanced organic matter accumulation in the Appalachian Devonian Basin. The Cumberland Saddle is a structurally low segment of the Cincinnati Arch that lies at the crest of the arch between the Jessamine and Nashville domes that connects the Illinois and Appalachian basins. C/P data for two cores in the Illinois Basin, four cores across the Cumberland Saddle, and two cores in the Appalachian Basin are discussed in light of the productivity-anoxia feedback model.

Submitted by Gustavo Nascimento (gustavo.diniz@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T12:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLY VIEIRA DE LUCENA – TESE PPGCEMAT 2018.pdf: 3908947 bytes, checksum: fcd5d2bc8ce65b22562ab8feb11da6ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T12:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLY VIEIRA DE LUCENA – TESE PPGCEMAT 2018.pdf: 3908947 bytes, checksum: fcd5d2bc8ce65b22562ab8feb11da6ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-21 / Estudar formações geológicas suscetíveis à hidratação se configura como um desafio por se tratar de um fenômeno responsável por cerca de 90% dos problemas relacionados com a perfuração de poços de petróleo, além de se tratar de um tema que pouco se conhece sobre os mecanismos que regem tal fenômeno e ainda, pela escassez de estudos voltados para a análise de diferentes produtos que evitem a ocorrência da problemática (inibidores) da hidratação. Deste modo, este trabalho objetivou o estudo e a avaliação da eficiência de fluidos de perfuração aquosos inibidos e isentos de cloro no controle da hidratação de formações de folhelhos de várias regiões do país. Para isto, foram estudadas treze amostras de folhelhos brasileiros e duas amostras de argilas bentoníticas. Inicialmente, realizou-se a caracterização de todas as amostras com a finalidade de identificar as mais suscetíveis à hidratação. Em seguida, foi realizado o estudo para selecionar a melhor concentração de inibidor para contenção da expansão de argilas reativas e a partir dos resultados foi estabelecida a concentração ótima de inibidor (20g/ 350mL de água). A partir disto, foram desenvolvidos fluidos de perfuração com quatro diferentes inibidores de argila expansiva (sulfato de potássio, acetato de potássio, citrato de potássio e cloreto de potássio) e determinados o pH, a densidade, as propriedades reológicas e de filtração. Foi também determinada a dispersibilidade dos fluidos desenvolvidos. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que foram desenvolvidos com êxito fluidos de perfuração que apresentam satisfatórios desempenhos reológicos e de filtração e propriedades inibitivas. Excelentes resultados em relação às taxas de dispersibilidade também foram obtidas. De modo geral, os resultados obtidos indicam que o inibidor citrato de potássio apresentou o melhor controle da reatividade de formações reativas e que o mesmo se constitui em um produto alternativo à substituição dos inibidores comerciais utilizados pela indústria. / To study geological formations susceptible to hydration is a challenge because it is a phenomenon responsible for about 90% of problems associated to the drilling of oil well, in addition it is a topic that deal with mechanisms little known governing this event and also due to the scarcity of the studies focused on the analysis of different products that avoid the occurrence of the hydration problems (inhibitors). In this way, the aim of this work was study the efficiency of the based water inhibited drilling fluids free of chlorine in the control of hydration of shale formation from various regions of the country. For this, it was studied thirteen samples of brazilian shales and two samples of bentonite clays. Firstly, it was done the characterization of the samples with the purpose of identifying the more susceptible to hydration. Then, it was studied the best concentration of the inhibitor to hinder the expansion of reactive clays and from these results it was established the best concentration of inhibitor (20g/350mL of water). After, it was developed drilling fluids with four different inhibitors of expansive clay (potassium phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium citrate and potassium chloride) and estimated the pH, density, rheological and filtration properties of these fluids. It is also estimated the dispersibility of the developed fluids. From the results, it was concluded that the fluids was developed with success and presented satisfactory rheological, filtration and inhibits properties. Excellent results with regard to the rates of dispersibility were also obtained. In general, the results indicated that the inhibitor potassium citrate presented the best control of reactivity of the formation and it constitutes an alternative to substitute the commercial inhibitors used by petroleum industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 watanabe_cb_dr_rcla.pdf: 1454404 bytes, checksum: b2e4875e9d719a0c8fa1a8878a96d99a (MD5) / Entre as mais variadas atividades econômicas geradoras de alterações significativas no meio ambiente, a mineração tem sido considerada altamente impactante, por gerar profundas mudanças nos meios físico, biótico e antrópico. Este é o caso da mineração do folhelho pirobetuminoso da Formação Irati, extraído a céu aberto no município paranaense de São Mateus do Sul. O objetivo desta tese foi levantar os impactos ambientais desencadeados durante as fases de implantação e operação da Mina Dois Irmãos, lavrada pela PETROBRAS-SIX desde 2009, identificando seus efeitos sobre a comunidade local, com vistas ao delineamento de uma estratégia de gestão participativa que conduza esta atividade econômica à sustentabilidade. Entre os principais impactos levantados estão a desapropriação de 646 hectares de terras pertencentes à 90 famílias de agricultores da Comunidade Dois Irmãos, o rebaixamento do nível freático na área da Mina Dois Irmãos e a geração de ruídos. Foi constatado, por meio da aplicação de questionários às famílias desapropriadas de suas terras, que tais impactos provocam efeitos negativos a longo prazo na comunidade local, como o deslocamento humano involuntário, rompimento das relações sociais estabelecidas internamente, as dificuldades iniciais na retomada das atividades agrícolas nas novas propriedades, surgimento de doenças psicológicas, entre outros detalhados nessa tese. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a minimização dos impactos ambientais da mineração do folhelho pirobetuminoso sobre a comunidade local, foi elaborada e apresentada uma proposta de Agenda 21 Local que poderá ser construída e implementada na Comunidade Dois Irmãos, para que os efeitos dos impactos da mineração sejam minimizados, ao máximo ao mesmo tempo... / Among the various economic activities generating significant changes in the environment, mining has been considered highly impactful, to generate profound changes in the physical, biotic and human environments. This is the case of mining oil shales Formation Irati extracted on a open-pit mine in the city of São Mateus do Sul, Paraná. The objective of this thesis was to identify the environmental impacts triggered during the deployment and operation of the Dois Irmãos Mine, prepared by this PETROBRAS-SIX since 2009, identifying their effects on the local community, toward the design of a participatory management strategy that will lead to economic sustainability of this activity. Among the main impacts are raised to the expropriation of 646 hectares of land belonging to 90 families of farmers in the Community Dois Irmãos, the lowering of the groundwater in the area of Dois Irmãos Mine and noise generation. It was found by means of questionnaires applied to families evicted from their land, that such impacts cause long term adverse effects in the local community, such as involuntary human displacement, disruption of social relations internally, the initial difficulties in the resumption of agricultural activities in new properties, development of psychological diseases, among others detailed in this thesis. Aiming to contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of mining oil shales on the local community, was prepared and submitted a proposal for a Local Agenda 21 which can be constructed and implemented in the Community Dois Irmãos, so that the effects of the impacts of mining are minimized as... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Gilda Carneiro Ferreira / Banca: Antonio Carlos Gondim de Andrade e Silva / Banca: Irineu Mário Colombo / Banca: Marcus Cesar Avezum Alves de Castro / Banca: José Eduardo Zaine / Resumo: Entre as mais variadas atividades econômicas geradoras de alterações significativas no meio ambiente, a mineração tem sido considerada altamente impactante, por gerar profundas mudanças nos meios físico, biótico e antrópico. Este é o caso da mineração do folhelho pirobetuminoso da Formação Irati, extraído a céu aberto no município paranaense de São Mateus do Sul. O objetivo desta tese foi levantar os impactos ambientais desencadeados durante as fases de implantação e operação da Mina Dois Irmãos, lavrada pela PETROBRAS-SIX desde 2009, identificando seus efeitos sobre a comunidade local, com vistas ao delineamento de uma estratégia de gestão participativa que conduza esta atividade econômica à sustentabilidade. Entre os principais impactos levantados estão a desapropriação de 646 hectares de terras pertencentes à 90 famílias de agricultores da Comunidade Dois Irmãos, o rebaixamento do nível freático na área da Mina Dois Irmãos e a geração de ruídos. Foi constatado, por meio da aplicação de questionários às famílias desapropriadas de suas terras, que tais impactos provocam efeitos negativos a longo prazo na comunidade local, como o deslocamento humano involuntário, rompimento das relações sociais estabelecidas internamente, as dificuldades iniciais na retomada das atividades agrícolas nas novas propriedades, surgimento de doenças psicológicas, entre outros detalhados nessa tese. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a minimização dos impactos ambientais da mineração do folhelho pirobetuminoso sobre a comunidade local, foi elaborada e apresentada uma proposta de Agenda 21 Local que poderá ser construída e implementada na Comunidade Dois Irmãos, para que os efeitos dos impactos da mineração sejam minimizados, ao máximo ao mesmo tempo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the various economic activities generating significant changes in the environment, mining has been considered highly impactful, to generate profound changes in the physical, biotic and human environments. This is the case of mining oil shales Formation Irati extracted on a open-pit mine in the city of São Mateus do Sul, Paraná. The objective of this thesis was to identify the environmental impacts triggered during the deployment and operation of the Dois Irmãos Mine, prepared by this PETROBRAS-SIX since 2009, identifying their effects on the local community, toward the design of a participatory management strategy that will lead to economic sustainability of this activity. Among the main impacts are raised to the expropriation of 646 hectares of land belonging to 90 families of farmers in the Community Dois Irmãos, the lowering of the groundwater in the area of Dois Irmãos Mine and noise generation. It was found by means of questionnaires applied to families evicted from their land, that such impacts cause long term adverse effects in the local community, such as involuntary human displacement, disruption of social relations internally, the initial difficulties in the resumption of agricultural activities in new properties, development of psychological diseases, among others detailed in this thesis. Aiming to contribute to reducing the environmental impacts of mining oil shales on the local community, was prepared and submitted a proposal for a Local Agenda 21 which can be constructed and implemented in the Community Dois Irmãos, so that the effects of the impacts of mining are minimized as... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The Caledonian alum shales of Sweden host a vast number of economically interesting metals. In Fetsjön, Västerbotten, the shales contain significant amounts of rare-earth elements, vanadium, molybdenum and uranium. As metals with a multitude of high-technological applications, the former rare-earth elements (REEs) are particularly attractive in a world where the supply may be exhausted as the demand continuously increase while new deposits are not being discovered fast enough. Meanwhile, the latter uranium notably constitutes as an unwanted secondary product during the extraction of rare-earth elements. As the mineral association of the REEs in Fetsjön is unknown, the intent of this study is to analyze and thus determine their mineralogical expression. The assumed REE-bearing mineral apatite was confirmed to host the rare-earths in the Fetsjön shales after microscopy and spectrometry analyses.

<p> The beach deposits at the head of the Lion's Head Peninsula are described and categorized according to the type, size and morphology of the rocks making up the deposit and their origins. This categorization emerges as a pattern of four zones along the l ength of the beach. </p> <p> The points at each end of the beach, which used to be in a much more defined bay, have been glacially eroded by re-entrants and undercut by postglacial lakes. Shales and dolomite from the escarpment make up this zone's deposits. </p> <p> Zone two is a dolomite cobble beach supplied by the escarpment's erosion from a blockaded late-glacial ice margin and the undercutting of postglacial lakes. </p> <p> Zone three is a mixture of the dolomite from the escarpment, lacustrine sand deposits, and glacial erratics. </p> <p> Zone four is made up of a distinct band of erratics deposited by the ice of the Georgian Bay lobe of the Late Wisconsin Glaciation. The Lion's Head promontory stood resistant to the flow of ice and caused it to deposit these large erratics which are still visible today. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)