The aim of this thesis was the exploration of shame. Four experiments are among the very first to empirically test the validity of Tomkins' shame concept. The relation between internalized shame and memories of early interactions was examined, as well as Tomkins' concept of shame as an innate, momentary emotion. The influence of internalized shame as a personality trait on momentary shame emotion was also explored. Thirdly, how momentarily activated shame influences perception of self and others was studied. Finally, consequences of conscious versus unconscious shame activation was compared. Data from two survey studies implied that memories of ignoring and abandoning behaviors from mother are those that correlate most strongly with internalized shame. In the four experimental studies, internalized shame did not seem to influence momentary shame emotion, although two experiments implied different reactions to the praise that constituted part of the shame activating sequence depending on degree of internalized shame. Two experiments in part supported Tomkins’ notion of shame as a consequence of impeded positive emotion. However, participants with a high degree of internalized shame reacted with shame emotion to the praise feedback intended to elicit positive emotion. Therefore Tomkins’ concept of shame was successfully tested only with participants with a low degree of internalized shame. With this group, Tomkins’ conceptualization, however, received support. In addition these two experiments implied different processes for consciously versus unconsciously activated shame, since consequences for social perception and self-image following shame were reversed depending on whether the activating circumstances were conscious or not. The two subsequent experiments did not support the conclusions from the previous two, but gave some implications that shame activation, its consequences, and the effects of conscious versus unconscious activation are highly dependent on personal characteristics and social context. Taken together, data give some support to the validity of Tomkins’ shame conceptualization, but implies that it might be far too general, and that shame emotion might be primarily socially dependent.

Ett nytt sätt att behandla panikångest i form av gruppterapi med KBT redovisas ur ett patientperspektiv. Gruppterapeutisk historia och beståndsdelar i KBT tas upp liksom skamkänslor, ”compliance” och ”holding”. Fem kvinnor och tre män ur olika terapigrupper och med olika bakgrund intervjuades om sina upplevelser. Deltagarnas förväntningar, erfarenheter av gruppsammansättning och gruppdynamik samt gruppens bidrag till personliga förändringar och insikter studerades. Materialet bearbetades genom begreppskategorisering. Farhågor och förväntningar på andra deltagare dominerade hos deltagarna inför terapin. Under terapins gång hade andra deltagare motiverat och uppvärderat varandras behandlingsarbete samt visat på att individen inte var ensam om sitt tillstånd. Ingen var helt fri från panikångest efter behandling men har kunnat återerövra delar av sitt liv. Alla planerade någon form av behandlingsfortsättning.

Syftet med denna studie är att genom kvalitativ metod få förståelse för hur det är möjligt för f.d. kriminella att gå från ett slutet system, präglat av utanförskap och ensamhet, till en gemenskap i organisationen KRIS. Utifrån tio semi-strukturerade intervjuer med f.d. kriminella inom KRIS (Kriminellas Revansch i Samhället) i Göteborg , varav fem var kvinnor och fem män, hämtade vi vårt material för att kunna besvara vår frågeställning. Resul-tatet av studien visar att man som kriminell individ lätt hamnar i ett utanförskap och är stigmatiserad vilket försvårat för våra informanter att skaffa jobb, ha tillitsfulla relationer etc. Man kan bli bemött av samhället som icke trovärdig vilket ökar avståndet och klyftorna mellan den kriminella och den icke kriminella vilket försvårar återetableringen i samhällsgemenskapen. Att gå från ett utanförskap med stigmatisering till att ingå i en gemenskap är en komplex process. Utifrån vår uppsats ser vi att ett gott och respektfullt bemötande, där man inte bemöter individen utifrån dennes stigma, är en av flera betydande komponenter för individens förändringsprocess. KRIS har varit en plats för den kriminella att i lugn, trygg och respektfull miljö kunna återetablera sig i samhället. / The purpose of this study is to use qualitative methods to understand how it is possible for the former criminals to move from a closed system, characterized by alienation and loneliness, to a community in the organization KRIS. Based on ten semi-structured interviews of former criminals in the organization KRIS (Criminals Return into Society) in Gothenburg we collected our material. The results of the study show that criminals easily fall into exclusion and stigmatization which making it difficult for the individual to get a job or to have trusting relationships etc. The individual can be treated by the society as non-credible and increasing the distance and the gap between the criminal and the non criminal which impedes the re-establishment in the society. To go from an outsider with a stigma to being a part of a community is a complex process. A good and respectful treatment, which does not react to the individual based on their stigma, is one of several significant components of the individual change. KRIS has been a calm, safe and respectful environment for the individuals to re-establish themselves in the society.

This investigation examined multidimensional perfectionism, shame and maltreatment in 45 women with bulimia nervosa, 14 women with binge eating disorder and 26 women with anorexia nervosa, purging type, all of whom suffered from comorbid substance use disorders. Participants completed three perfectionism scales, one shame scale and one maltreatment scale. Results revealed that in the bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder group, perfectionistic self-promotion and bodily shame were significant predictors of eating disorder severity while other-oriented perfectionism was a significant predictor of alcohol use severity. In the anorexia group, other-oriented perfectionism and bodily shame were significant predictors of eating disorder severity and nondisplay of imperfection was a significant predictor of drug use severity. All participants experienced elevated levels on all types of shame and maltreatment and on most perfectionism dimensions compared to normative samples. Findings should be utilized in developing treatment programs for those with comorbid eating and substance use disorders.

This investigation examined multidimensional perfectionism, shame and maltreatment in 45 women with bulimia nervosa, 14 women with binge eating disorder and 26 women with anorexia nervosa, purging type, all of whom suffered from comorbid substance use disorders. Participants completed three perfectionism scales, one shame scale and one maltreatment scale. Results revealed that in the bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder group, perfectionistic self-promotion and bodily shame were significant predictors of eating disorder severity while other-oriented perfectionism was a significant predictor of alcohol use severity. In the anorexia group, other-oriented perfectionism and bodily shame were significant predictors of eating disorder severity and nondisplay of imperfection was a significant predictor of drug use severity. All participants experienced elevated levels on all types of shame and maltreatment and on most perfectionism dimensions compared to normative samples. Findings should be utilized in developing treatment programs for those with comorbid eating and substance use disorders.

Studien syftar till att belysa en aspekt av livsvillkoren för personer med funktionsnedsättningar. Hur professionen inom LSS uppfattar och resonerar om klienters sexuella behov. För underlag till vår studie använde vi oss av kvalitativa intervjuer av professionella som dagligen genom sina arbeten kommer i kontakt med människor med funktionsnedsättning. Arbetet har analyserats utifrån teoretiska perspektiv så som stigmatisering och skam. Hur beskriver professionella att klienternas sexuella behov uppmärksammas? Hur uppfattar professionella sina möjligheter att möta dessa behov? Lagstiftning som LSS och Socialtjänstlagen skall ge funktionshindrade möjligheter till ett "normalt" liv så som icke funktionshindrade i samhället. Även FNs rättigheter ger vid handen att behov som rätt till sexualitet är av vikt även för funktionshindrade. Resultatet visar att sexualitet hos människor med funktionsnedsättningar fortfarande är skamfullt att samtala om. Avseende möjlighet att stödja funktionshindrade till att bygga ett förhållande, så har professionen kommit olika långt i hur de bemöter klienten. Resultatet visar vidare att den funktionsnedsattas sexualitet till viss del uppmärksammas och att det kan skilja sig åt hur professionen bemöter detta. Inom en del verksamhet är det mer tillåtet med sexualhjälpmedel medan det är mindre tillåtande vid andra boenden. / The study aim to highlight one aspect of the lives of people with disabilities. How the professionals within LSS perceive and reason about clients sexual needs. For input to our study, we used qualitative interviews of professionals who through their daily basis work are in contact with people with disabilities. The work has been analyzed by theoretical perspectives such as stigma and shame. How do professional describe how cients sexual needs are intented to? How do professionals do about the opportunities to meet those needs? Legislation to LSS and Social Services Act shall provide opportunities to have such a "normal" life as nondisabled people in society. Even UN has suggested that it is important even for people with disabilities. The result shows that the sexuality of people with disabilities is still shameful to talk about. Regarding the possibility of supporting disabled people to build a relationship, has the profession reach different stages of how they respond to the client. The results further shows that the disabled people´s sexuality to some extent recognized and that it may vary how the profession responds to this. In some social businesses, it is more accepted sexual aids, while it is less tolerant at other accommodations.

Since the theory of paternalistic leadership was established, an increasing number of empirical studies have proved that Chinese of enterprises in the organization does have a unique act of paternalistic leadership. So a leader in the leadership behavior displayed at the same time, their subordinates would die behavior, such as: authoritarian leadership: dependence and compliance, benevolence leadership: gratitude and repay, moral leadership: respect and identification. However, it has been for years of paternalistic leadership research, mostly emphasis in leadership behavior and performance of their subordinates, but less emotion involved subordinates reaction. Therefore, the study director of the paternalistic leadership and subordinate emotion, respectively in charge of the authoritarian leadership behaviors and subordinates anger and shame response to emotional responses, benevolence leadership behaviors and subordinates happy emotional responses, moral leadership behaviors and subordinates respect emotional responses, to explore the tradition of his subordinates on the emotional reaction of the psychological adjustment; and subordinates own sense of perception, to discusse the subordinate changes in emotional responses relationship. Total valid 300 subordinates to carry out research are found that: (a) the traditional psychological adjustment subordinates will anger and shame response to emotional responses; traditional psychological reaction to the anger was not significant, but a significant emotional reaction of shame. (B) Subordinates own consciousness and traditional psychological adjustment subordinates at the same time anger and shame response to emotional responses; high traditional subordinate own psychological, emotional reaction of shame have a significant effect of regulation.Finally, direction for follow-up studies are offered,the implications for leadership theory and practice are also discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Philosophy, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.) in Psychology--University of Maine, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-123).

This essay uses Sara Ahmed's theory of affect to analyze Jamaica Kincaid´s A Small Place. I argue that Jamaica Kincaid uses anger to create a position for Western reader and to evoke emotions such as shame. Theorist Sara Ahmed argues that emotions have political dimension. Thus, I will use Sara Ahmed´s theory to examine what function anger and shame have in A Small Place. In her essay, Kincaid provokes her readers by attacking them for past injustice through anger. Because of this many critics have claimed that A Small Place has an angry tone. However, Kincaid´s aim seems to be to reverse the gaze by exposing the Europeans and Americans of exploitation, slavery, imperialism and colonization and this way reverse the traditional travel gaze, which allows us to see Antigua through the perspective of the third world.