Um equipamento triaxial convencional originalmente utilizado para ensaios em amostras de solos saturados saturada foi modificado para que fosse possível a realização de ensaios triaxiais em solos não saturados. As principais modificações foram a instalação de uma pedra cerâmica de alto valor de entrada de ar (300 kPa) na nova base da câmara triaxial e uma nova linha de aplicação de pressão para aplicação de pressão de ar na amostra. A técnica de translação de eixos é utilizada para evitar cavitação no sistema de aplicação de pressão. O solo estudado nesta pesquisa consiste de um colúvio de arenito localizado nas encostas da Formação Serra Geral, entre os municípios de Timbé do Sul (SC) e São José dos Ausentes (RS). Ensaios triaxiais convencionais foram realizados nas condições drenado e não drenado em amostras indeformadas para tensões de confinamento iniciais variando de 50 até 500 kPa; ensaios triaxiais convencionais foram realizados na condição drenada em amostras remoldadas para as tensões de confinamento iniciais de 50, 100 e 200kPa. Ensaios triaxiais com sucção controlada foram realizados na condição drenado em amostras indeformadas para as tensões normais líquidas de 50, 100, 150 e 200 kPa em níveis de sucção variando de 25 até 150 kPa. A partir dos resultados dos ensaios triaxiais determinou-se os parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento: c’ – intercepto coesivo efetivo; f´ - ângulo de atrito interno efetivo; fb – ângulo de atrito interno que quantifica a contribuição da sucção na resistência ao cisalhamento. O comportamento encontrado foi de uma envoltória de resistência ao cisalhamento não saturada bilinear com acréscimo na resistência ao cisalhamento para baixos níveis de sucção até aproximadamente 75 kPa, e após um decréscimo na resistência ao cisalhamento. A tensão normal líquida não influencia no valor de fb e a sucção não provoca alteração no valor de f´. O valor de fb apresenta valores superiores ao valor de f´, quando se utiliza o critério de ruptura clássico de resistência ao cisalhamento. Alguns critérios de determinação dos valores máximos de ruptura foram aplicados para um melhor entendimento do comportamento resistente deste material. / A conventional triaxial equipment, originally used for testing saturated soil specimens, was modified in order to allow the testing of unsaturated specimens. The main modifications consisted of the installation of a high air-entry value porous ceramic (300 kPa) in the modified cell base and a new drainage line for application of pore-air pressure to the specimens. The axis-translation technique is used to prevent cavitation in the pressure measuring system. The soil studied consists of a colluvium of sandstone located on hillsides of the Serra Geral Formation, in the municipal districts of Timbé do Sul (SC) and São José dos Ausentes (RS). Saturated triaxial tests were carried out under drained and undrained conditions for undisturbed specimens for initial effective stresses of 50 to 500 kPa; saturated triaxial tests were carried out under drained conditions for remolded specimens for initial effective stresses of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. Unsaturated triaxial tests were carried out under drained conditions for undisturbed specimens for net normal stresses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kPa with suction levels varying from 25 to 150 kPa. Shear strength parameters were determined from the results of those triaxial tests: c' – effective cohesion intercept; f´ - angle of internal friction; fb - angle of internal friction that indicates the rate of change in shear strength due to changes in matric suction. The observed behavior was of a bi-linear unsaturated shear strength envelope with increments of shear strength at low suctions until a value of suction equal to 75 kPa was reached; above this value a loss of shear strength was observed. The net normal stress has negligible influence on the fb value and suction does not cause changes in the f´ value. The fb value is higher than f´ value when the classic shear strength criterion is used. Other criteria for the determination of failure values were used for a better understanding of the shear strength behavior of the soil studied.

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento e a condutividade hidráulica de dois solos coluvionares não saturados situados na divisa dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina, em um dos trechos do Gasoduto Bolívia-Brasil. Esses solos são constituídos por sedimentos oriundos da Formação Serra Geral (basalto – Solo RO) e da Formação Botucatu (arenito – Solo AV). O trabalho de pesquisa realizado com esses solos tem seu enfoque dividido em duas partes principais: (1) obtenção direta da resistência ao cisalhamento e da função condutividade hidráulica em diferentes níveis de sucção, e (2) previsão indireta dessas propriedades a partir da determinação da curva característica do solo e de parâmetros geotécnicos saturados. As curvas características dos solos AV e RO, nas condições indeformada e remoldada (sem e com secagem prévia do solo), foram obtidas pelo uso combinado do método do papel filtro e da placa de sucção. Para as condições indeformada e remoldada sem secagem prévia, essas curvas exibiram um formato bimodal. A dessaturação é controlada pelos macroporos, para baixas sucções, e pelos microporos, para altas sucções. Para valores de sucção intermediários, praticamente não ocorre remoção de água do solo, devido, provavelmente, à ausência de poros com tamanho intermediário. Já as curvas características das amostras remoldadas com secagem prévia do solo tendem a apresentar um formato mais próximo do unimodal. A influência do índice de vazios inicial e da história de umedecimento e secagem no formato da curva é também discutida. A resistência ao cisalhamento dos solos estudados foi determinada em laboratório através de ensaios de cisalhamento direto convencionais e com sucção controlada. Os resultados, obtidos para amostras indeformadas e remoldadas sem secagem prévia, permitiram a determinação dos parâmetros de resistência ao cisalhamento c’, f’ e fb. Para determinação direta da função condutividade hidráulica do Solo AV foi construído um permeâmetro triaxial com controle de sucção, baseado no modelo apresentado por Huang et al. (1998). Esse equipamento foi utilizado para determinação da função condutividade hidráulica do Solo AV não saturado, em diferentes trajetórias de umedecimento e secagem. Os resultados evidenciaram que as amostras do Solo AV nas três condições de moldagem - indeformada, remoldada sem e com secagem - tendem a reproduzir o comportamento de dessaturação exibido nas curvas características. A função condutividade hidráulica apresenta inicialmente um decréscimo para sucções até 50 kPa, seguido por um valor praticamente constante, para sucções até 90 kPa. / This thesis presents a study about the shear strength and hydraulic conductivity of two unsaturated colluvium soils situated at the border between the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, along one of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline stretches. These soils are constituted by sediments originated from Serra Geral (basalt – sample RO) and Botucatu formations (sandstone - sample AV). The research performed with these soils had its focus divided in two main parts: (1) direct measurements of shear strength and hydraulic conductivity function at different suction levels and (2) indirect prediction of these properties from the soil-water characteristic curves and saturated geotechnical parameters. The soilwater characteristic curves of AV and RO Samples, in undisturbed and remolded conditions (without and with previous drying), were determined with both the filter-paper technique and the suction-plate technique. The undisturbed and remolded samples without previous drying showed a bimodal shape. The desaturation is controlled by the macropores for low suction values and by the micropores, for higher values. For intermediary suctions values, practically no removal of water from the sample occurs, possibly due to the lack of intermediate pore sizes. The remolded samples with previous drying tend to present a shape close to unimodal. The influences of void ratio and the drying and wetting history in the shape of the soil-water characteristic curve are also discussed. The shear strength of the studied soils was determined with conventional and suction-controlled direct shear tests. The results obtained for undisturbed and remolded samples without previous drying allowed the determination of shear strength parameters c’, f’ e fb. For the direct measurement of hydraulic conductivity function, a flexible-wall permeameter was built, based on the model presented by Huang et al. (1998). This equipment was used for determining the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of Sample AV in different drying and wetting paths. The results showed that Samples AV in the three molding conditions - undisturbed and remolded without and with previous drying – reproduced the desaturation behavior showed by the soil-water characteristic curves. The hydraulic conductivity function presents initially a decrease for suctions up to 50 kPa, followed by a practically constant value, for suctions up to 90 kPa.

Este estudo avaliou in vitro a dureza da camada de adesivo e da camada híbrida de uma interface entre resina composta e dentina humana por meio de ensaios de nanodureza (DUH). Foi avaliada a resistência de união por meio de testes de microcisalhamento (MC) com o objetivo de observar a relação desta resistência com a propriedade da dureza. Os fatores de variação compreendem quatro sistemas adesivos (Adper Scotchbond Multiuso, Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond e Single Bond Universal) e duas profundidades dentinárias (dentina rasa e dentina profunda). As unidades experimentais foram compostas por 144 fragmentos dentais obtidos da face vestibular de molares humanos, os quais foram distribuídos em 16 grupos, 8 grupos com n=6 para os ensaios de DUH e 8 grupos com n=12 para os ensaios de MC de forma que os quatro sistemas adesivos foram aplicados sobre fragmentos de dentina rasa e de dentina profunda. Após a confecção das restaurações em resina composta e 24h de armazenamento em estufa a 37°C, os ensaios de DUH foram realizados no ultramicrodurômetro DUH-211S (Shimadzu) com carga de 1mN/mseg. Os testes de MC foram realizados na máquina de ensaios universais Instron 5942(Instron Co) com velocidade de 1mm/min seguido da análise do padrão de fratura em microscópio digital. A análise estatística foi realizada por ANOVA (p<0,01%), Tukey e correlação de Pearson (p<0,05%). O sistema SB Universal (M=31,82±4,72) evidenciou os maiores valores de resistência de união e o Clearfil SE (M=26,75±3,73) os menores. O Single Bond 2 (M=28,83±4,07) e Scotchbond MP (M=28,53±4,61) não apresentaram diferenças entre si e obtiveram valores intermediários, não se diferenciando do maior e nem do menor valor. A resistência de união na dentina rasa (M=30,45±4,40) foi maior que em dentina profunda (M=27,52±4,01). Os sistemas SB Universal (M=22,57±2,42) e Scotchbond MP (M=22,13±2,89) não apresentaram diferença entre si e evidenciaram valores de dureza na camada de adesivo maiores que o Clearfil SE (M= 19,11±1,23). O sistema Single Bond 2 (M=20,11±1,49) apresentou valores intermediários de dureza e não foi diferente do maior e do menor valor. A camada híbrida em dentina rasa (M=38,23±3,08) apresentou maior dureza que a camada híbrida em dentina profunda (M=33,09±1,85). Pode-se concluir que tanto o sistema adesivo utilizado quanto a profundidade dentinária influenciaram nos resultados de resistência adesiva. A dureza da camada de adesivo varia conforme o sistema utilizado sendo que os adesivos SB Universal e o Scotchbond MP apresentaram os maiores valores de dureza. A dureza da camada híbrida foi influenciada pela profundidade dentinária do substrato. Foi observada uma correlação direta entre a dureza da camada de adesivo e a resistência adesiva. / This study evaluated in vitro the hardness of the adhesive layer and the hybrid layer interface between composite and human dentin using nanohardness test (DUH). Was evaluated the bond strength by microshear test (MC) in order to observe the relationship of this resistance with the hardness property. The variation factors consist of four adhesive systems (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil SE Bond and Single Bond Universal) and two dentin depths (superficial and deep dentin). The experimental units consisted of 144 dental fragments obtained from molars vestibular area, which were divided into 16 groups, 8 groups with n = 6 for DUH test and 8 groups with n = 12 for the MC test, so the four adhesive systems were applied on dentin fragments of superficial and deep dentin. After the construction of the composite resin restorations and 24h storage at 37 °C, DUH analysis were performed using a nanoindentation device DUH-211S (Shimadzu) with load of 1mN/mseg. The MC tests were performed in a universal testing machine Instron 5942 (Instron Co) with speed 1mm/min followed by analysis of the failure site in digital microscope. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA (p <0.01%), Tukey, and Pearson correlation (p <0.05%). The system SB Universal (M = 31.82 ± 4.72) showed higher values of bond strength and Clearfil SE (M = 26.75 ± 3.73) lower. The Single Bond 2 (M = 28.83 ± 4.07) and Scotchbond MP (M = 28.53 ± 4.61) did not differ among themselves and had intermediate values, not differentiating the largest and the smallest value. The bond strength of superficial dentin (M = 30.45 ± 4.40) was higher than in deep dentin (M = 27.52 ± 4.01.) Universal Systems SB (M = 22.57 ± 2.42) and Scotchbond MP (M = 22.13 ± 2.89) did not differ among themselves and showed hardness values in the adhesive layer higher than Clearfil SE (M = 19.11 ± 1.23.) The system Single Bond 2 (M = 20.11 ± 1.49) showed intermediate values of hardness and was not different from the largest and smallest value. The hybrid layer in superficial dentin (M = 38.23 ± 3.08) was harder than the hybrid layer in depth dentin (M = 33.09 ± 1.85.) It can be concluded that both the adhesive system used as the dentin depth influenced the bond strength. The hardness of the adhesive layer varies depending on the system used and the SB Universal adhesive and Scotchbond MP showed higher hardness values. The hardness of the hybrid layer was influenced by the depth of the dentin substrate. We observed a direct correlation between the hardness of the adhesive layer and the bond strength.

Orientador: Lourenço Correr Sobrinho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramalli_EdvaldoLuiz_D.pdf: 836688 bytes, checksum: 22c18067abe55c01f713fc62bbe6b0a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes metálicos (Victory Series, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA) com e sem compósito incorporado à base (APC II e APC Plus) e com os cimentos de ionômero de vidro modificados por resina (Fuji Ortho LC e Fuji Ortho Band), em diferentes condições de superfície de esmalte bovino. Após a remoção dos braquetes foi analisado o índice de remanescente do adesivo (IRA). Duzentos e quarenta incisivos inferiores permanentes bovinos foram incluídos centralizados em tubos de P.V.C. com resina acrílica ativada quimicamente com a face vestibular perpendicular à base do troquel. Na face vestibular dos dentes foram realizadas profilaxia com pedra-pomes e água por dez segundos, lavagem, secagem e os dentes divididos em dezesseis grupos (n=15): Grupo 1 ¿ condicionamento do esmalte com ácido fosfórico à 37%, lavagem e secagem +Transbond XT primer + APC II; Grupo 2 ¿ condicionamento do esmalte com ácido fosfórico à 37%, lavagem e secagem + esmalte umedecido com água destilada + Transbond XT primer + braquetes APC II; Grupo 3 ¿ esmalte seco + Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer + braquetes APC II; Grupo 4 ¿ esmalte umedecido com água destilada + Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer + braquetes APC II; Grupos 5 a 8 ¿ tratamento de superfície semelhante aos grupos 1 a 4, porém a colagem dos braquetes realizada com APC Plus; Grupos 9 a 12 - tratamento de superfície semelhante aos grupos 1 a 4, porém braquetes fixados com cimento de ionômero de vidro Fuji Ortho LC; Grupos 13 a 16; tratamento de superfície semelhante aos grupos 1 a 4, porém fixados com cimento de ionômero de vidro Fuji Ortho Band. Após a fixação, os corpos-de-prova foram armazenados em água destilada a 37oC por 24 horas, seguidos de 500 ciclos térmicos de 5oC e 55oC, com duração de 30 segundos em cada banho. Em seguida, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento em máquina Instron (Modelo 4411) com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (5%) e mostraram que independente do tratamento superficial do dente, o APC Plus mostrou valores de resistência ao cisalhamento estatisticamente superiores em relação ao Fuji Ortho LC, APC II e Fuji Ortho Band que apresentou o menor valor. Independente do material de colagem, nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada entre os quatro tratamentos de superfície. Com relação ao IRA, para os materiais APC II, APC Plus e Fuji Ortho LC, não houve influência dos diferentes tratamentos superficiais. No entanto, para o material Fuji Ortho Band, o tratamento com o TPSEP em ambiente seco mostrou maior remanescente do adesivo na estrutura dentária, e, para os tratamentos superficial úmido e seco, os materiais APC Plus e Fuji Ortho LC mostraram os mais altos índices de remanescente do adesivo. Com o TPSEP na condição de ambiente seco, não houve diferença estatística significante entre os materiais. Já com o TPSEP na condição úmido, os materiais APC Plus e Fuji Ortho LC mostraram os mais altos índices de IRA / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength from orthodontic brackets (Victory Series) bonded with composites (APC II and APC Plus) and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji Ortho LC and Fuji Ortho Band) applied on bovine enamel surface under different enamel conditions (either dry or moisten with distilled water). The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated after the bracket removal. Two hundred and forty mandibular incisors were included into PVC tubes with chemically activated acrylic resin leaving the vestibular face of perpendicularly to the botton plane of the tube. The vestibular face of all the teeth were cleared with nonfluoridated pumice and water for 10 seconds, washed 10 seconds, dried for the same time and divided into 16 groups (n = 15): Group 1 ¿ enamel etched with 37% phosphoric acid, washed and dried + Transbond XT primer + APC II; Group 2 ¿ enamel etched with 37% phosphoric acid, washed and dried + enamel moistened with distilled water + Transbond XT primer + APC II; Group 3 ¿ dried enamel + Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer + APC II; Group 4 ¿ enamel moistened with distilled water + Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer + APC II; Groups 5 to 8 ¿ enamel surface treatment similar to those from Groups 1 to 4, but brackets bonded with APC Plus; Groups 9 to 12 ¿ enamel surface treatment similar to those from Groups 1 to 4, but brackets bonded with glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC); Groups 13 to 16 ¿ enamel surface treatment similar to those from Groups 1 to 4, but brackets bonded with glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho Band). After the bonding procedures, all samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 hours, followed by 500 thermocycle between 5 and 55oC, during 30 seconds. The shear bond strength was performed using an Instron universal testing machine (model 4411) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The values were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey¿s test (5%) and showed that, regardless of the enamel surface treatment, the shear bond strength values concerning the APC Plus were statistically greater than those obtained by using Fuji Ortho LC, APC II or Fuji Ortho Band material. Regardless of the bonding material, it was observed no statistical difference between the four enamel surface treatments. In relation to the adhesive remnant index, no influence was observed for the different treatments using APC II, APC Plus or Fuji Ortho LC material. In relation to the Fuji Ortho Band material, however, the conventional treatment using Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (TPSEP) showed a better ARI score for the dental structure than the other treatments. In addition, the conventional treatments using APC Plus and Fuji Ortho LC materials for moistened enamel surface showed the highest ARI scores. Regardless of the material used, the Transbond Plus Self- Etching Primer conventionally used showed no difference. On the other hand, the Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer used under moistened condition showed the highest ARI scores for both APC Plus and Fuji Ortho LC materials / Doutorado / Ortodontia / Doutor em Ortodontia

ABSTRACT De-bonding is the most common failure of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures. The aim was to determine if the shear bond strength (SBS) differed between a dental adhesive and a Co-Cr alloy and an yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP). Furthermore, to determine whether retention holes in the two materials and storage for 21 days in water affected the results. The hypothesis was that there are no significant differences between the compared groups. 10 embedded discs of Co-Cr alloy without and 10 with retentive holes, and 10 discs of Y-TZP without and 17 with retentive holes were sand- and steam blasted. A pillar of adhesive cement was bonded to the surface of the discs and stored in water at 37 °C for 24 hr and / or 21 days. An UltraTest machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/ min was used for SBS. The mean SBS after 24 hr / 21 days in water were recorded. The SBS of Co-Cr alloy without retentive hole was 16.3 MPa after 24 hr and 11.4 MPa after 21 days, the SBS of Y-TZP without retentive hole was 18.5 MPa after 24 hr and 12.6 MPa after 21 days. The SBS of Co-Cr alloy with retentive hole 13.9 MPa after 21 days and Y-TZP with retentive hole 16.9 MPa after 21 days. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with or without retentive holes and after 24 hr or 21 days in water, p&gt; 0.05.

Les barrages induisent un impact potentiellement important sur l'environnement et la société par la modification des écosystèmes, le déplacement des populations en amont et surtout par la présence d'un risque imposé aux populations situées à l'aval. Même si les ruptures de ces ouvrages ont une probabilité d'occurrence faible, la cause principale des accidents, à côté des submersions par des crues imprévues, a toujours été la rupture des fondations (ICOLD 1993) suite à des problèmes d'érosion, ou d'insuffisance de résistance au cisaillement le long des discontinuités rocheuses, des joints de levées ou de l'interface barrage-fondation. La fréquence de ruptures par défaut de résistance au cisaillement des discontinuités des fondations des barrages en béton est estimée à 21 % (ICOLD 1995). Les fondations rocheuses présentent souvent une variabilité verticale et horizontale des propriétés de résistance au cisaillement des discontinuités. Une variabilité verticale peut être matérialisée par une moyenne de la propriété de résistance qui varie en profondeur et dont la prise en compte réduit la variance de cette propriété de résistance. Aussi, la rupture des fondations rocheuses par défaut de résistance au cisaillement des discontinuités est un mécanisme qui mobilise les propriétés ponctuelles de résistance au cisaillement présentes sur cette discontinuité. La résistance au cisaillement mobilisée le long de cette discontinuité présente parfois une variance moins élevée que celle de la résistance ponctuelle au cisaillement (échelle de laboratoire). Ces phénomènes de variabilité spatiale ne sont pas pris en compte dans la justification du comportement en cisaillement des fondations ni dans les travaux de recherches publiées dans la littérature. L'objectif de la thèse est d'élaborer une démarche d'analyse de la variabilité spatiale de la résistance au cisaillement qui prend en compte cette réduction de la dispersion. Cette démarche a été élaborée dans le contexte de l'état de l'art actuel, avec la combinaison des impératifs suivants : 1. La démarche est basée sur une méthodologie expérimentale i)-alternative à l'essai de cisaillement direct (coûteux en temps et en argent) pouvant être relativement simple à mettre en œuvre ii)- qui permet de générer des données quantitatives de cisaillement suffisamment abondantes pour analyser la variabilité spatiale de la résistance au cisaillement. 2. Cette démarche a été mise en œuvre au contexte des outils numériques et des méthodes de justification de la résistance à l'effort tranchant d'une fondation rocheuse de barrage-poids. La méthodologie expérimentale définie dans la thèse a fait l'objet d'une validation par étude comparative avec 35 essais de cisaillement direct sur des joints à différents degrés de rugosité et d’altération, prélevés d'une fondation de barrage-poids en béton. Il a été développé une démarche d'analyse de la variabilité spatiale de la résistance au cisaillement des joints. Cette démarche repose sur l'utilisation des données géo référencées de paramètres de cisaillement caractérisant la même famille de discontinuité le long d'un forage vertical. Afin de valider la pertinence et l’applicabilité de cette démarche, nous l’avons implémentée dans un cas d'étude de fondation rocheuse de barrage. A l'aide d'un code de calcul numérique basé sur la méthode des éléments finis, une étude a permis d'illustrer la pertinence de l'analyse de la variabilité spatiale de la résistance au cisaillement des joints dans une étude de stabilité au glissement des fondations rocheuses de barrage. Les résultats montrent que la prise en compte de la variabilité spatiale des paramètres de cisaillement permet d'augmenter la marge de sécurité mesurée à travers une hausse du coefficient de sécurité et une baisse significative de la probabilité de défaillance. / Dams induce a potentially significant impact on the environment and society by changing ecosystems, by populations’ relocation upstream and especially by the presence of an imposed risk on populations located downstream. Although dam failures have a low probability, the main cause of accidents, near submersions by unexpected flood has been foundations failures (ICOLD 1993) due to problems of erosion, or insufficient shear strength along the rock discontinuities or the interface between dam and foundation. Among dam failures, 21% are related to lack of shear strength along the discontinuities of the foundations (ICOLD 1995). It is well known that rock, as soil, is a complex engineering material formed y natural process, which induces vertical and horizontal variability. Plus, the sliding process of a rock foundation discontinuity is a mechanism that mobilizes points shear properties of this discontinuity. The variability of shear properties averaged over the sheared discontinuities is less than that of their point shear properties. This is known as the average effect in spatial variability. These phenomena of spatial variability are not taken into account in the standards of stability analysis of dam foundations sliding or research work published in the literature. The aim of the thesis is to develop an analysis of the spatial variability of shear strength that takes into account the reduction of the variability by scaling up effect. This approach was developed in the context of the current state of the art. An experimental method, which aimed to investigate in a simple way the shear strength of joints, was suggested in the thesis and has been validated by comparative study with more than thirty direct shear tests on joints taken from a foundation of concrete gravity dam. It was developed a process to analyze the spatial variability of the shear strength of the joints using the input parameters of the model of Barton and Choubey (1977). This approach is based on the use of geo -referenced data on these parameters characterizing the family of discontinuity along a vertical borehole. To validate the relevance and applicability of this approach, we have implemented it in a case study of a rock dam foundation. Using finite element software, a study illustrates the relevance of the analysis of the spatial variability of the shear strength of the joints in the assessment of stability against rock dam foundations sliding. The results show that taking into account the spatial variability of shear parameters can increase the margin of safety measured through an increase in the safety factor and a significant decrease in the probability of failure.

The use of the cold-formed steel sheet bolted connections without washers is so significant; however, the North American Specifications for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members, NASPEC, doesn't provide provisions for such connections. The bearing failure of sheet and the shear failure of sheet were considered in this study. For the sheet shear strength, it was found that the NASPEC (2007) design provisions can be used for oversized holes in both single and double shear configurations and for the double shear connections on short slotted holes. For the sheet bearing strength, a new design method was proposed to be used for low and high ductile steel sheets. The method was compared with the NASPEC and the University of Waterloo approach. Washers were still required for single shear connections on short slotted holes. Besides, connections using ASTM A325 bolts yielded higher bearing strength than connections using ASTM A307 bolts.

In cold-formed steel (CFS) construction, bolted connections without washers for either oversized or slotted holes may significantly expedite the installation process and lower the cost. However, the North American Specification (AISI S100, 2007) for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members requires washers to be installed in bolted connections with oversized or slotted holes. A research project (Phase 1) sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) was recently completed at the University of North Texas (UNT) that investigated the performance and strength of bolted CFS connections with oversized and slotted holes without using washers. The research presented in this thesis is the Phase 2 project in which the bolted CFS connections were studied in a broader respect in terms of the failure mechanism, the material thickness, and the hole configurations. Single shear and double shear connections without washers using oversized holes, oversized combined with standard or slotted holes were experimentally examined. Combined with Phase 1 results, the Phase 2 gives a comprehensive evaluation of the behavior and strength of bolted CFS connections with oversized and slotted holes without using washers. Revisions to the existing AISI North American Specification requirements for bolted connections are proposed to account for the reduction in the connection strength caused by the oversized and slotted hole configurations without washers. Specific LRFD and LSD resistance factors and ASD safety factors for different hole configurations in terms of the new proposed methods were presented.

Orientador: Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:52:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Theobaldo_JessicaDias_M.pdf: 1963787 bytes, checksum: cb1d935e6d8c39551ed0eb14ebf3065f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da fumaça do cigarro nas propriedades físico-químicas da estrutura dental e na resistência de união à resina composta utilizando diferentes sistemas adesivos, em dois estudos. O objetivo do Estudo 1 foi avaliar a influência da exposição à fumaça (20 cigarros/dia, durante 5 dias) e da ciclagem de pH (8 dias) na composição química e na dureza superficial e sub-superficial do esmalte dental. Foram utilizados 40 fragmentos dentais bovinos (esmalte e dentina), divididos em 4 grupos (n=10): Controle¿ sem nenhum tratamento; CS- exposição à fumaça de cigarro; PC- ciclagem de pH; e CS-PC¿ exposição à fumaça e ciclagem de pH. Após os tratamentos, as amostras foram submetidas à análise de Microfluorescência por Rx, Fluorescência por Rx e análise de microdureza superficial e sub-superficial. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística ANOVA e teste de Tukey, além do Teste de Fisher para análise de Microfluorescência por Rx (?<0,05). Na microfluorescência, observou-se uma maior quantidade dos elementos Cádmio e Níquel, e traços de Chumbo e Arsênio para CS e CS-PC. A microdureza superficial e sub-superficial de esmalte foi maior para o grupo CS diferindo estatisticamente do grupo controle. Para os grupos submetidos à ciclagem de pH, houve menor microdureza, sem diferença entre amostras expostas ou não à fumaça de cigarro, e estas diferiram dos grupos Controle e CS. No Estudo 2, analisou-se resistência adesiva de restaurações realizadas com diferentes sistemas adesivos, através do teste de microcisalhamento em esmalte e dentina, sendo o esmalte submetido ou não à exposição à fumaça de cigarro. Utilizou-se 80 fragmentos dentais bovinos, divididos em 8 grupos (n=10), de acordo com o tipo de adesivo [SBMP- Scotchbond¿ Multi-uso (3M ESPE), SB- Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE); CSEB- Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) e SBU- Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE)] e a exposição à fumaça (sem exposição; exposição), previamente à realização da restauração com resina [Filtek Z350XT flow (3M ESPE)]. Após o microcisalhamento em esmalte, o mesmo foi desgastado até exposição da dentina, e o procedimento restaurador foi repetido. Para esmalte, não houve diferença em relação à exposição ou não à fumaça de cigarro (p=0,1397), somente entre os sistemas adesivos (p<0,001). CSEB e SBU apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência de união, mas ambos diferiram do SB, que apresentou os menores valores. SBMP apresentou valores intermediários. Para dentina, os grupos submetidos à fumaça de cigarro obtiveram valores de resistência de união menores que os não expostos (p<0,001). Para os grupos não expostos à fumaça de cigarro, CSEB apresentou os maiores valores diferindo do SBMP. SB e SBU apresentaram valores intermediários. Para os grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, SBU apresentou os maiores valores diferindo de SB e CSEB. SBMP apresentou valores intermediários. Conclui-se que a exposição à fumaça de cigarro permitiu a incorporação de metais pesados na estrutura dental, aumentou a microdureza do esmalte sem promover efeito no processo de desenvolvimento da cárie in vitro, e a fumaça de cigarro diminui a resistência de união adesiva para alguns sistemas adesivos em dentina, mas não em esmalte / Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of cigarette smoke on physico-chemical properties of enamel and dentin and bond strength to resin composite using different adhesive systems. For this, it was divided into two studies. Study 1 evaluated the influence of exposure to smoke (20 cigarettes per day for 5 days) and pH cycling (8 day cycle) in the chemical composition and surface and cross-sectional microhardness of dental substrate. 40 bovine dental fragments (enamel and dentin) were allocated into 4 groups (n=10): Control- without any treatment, CS- exposure to cigarette smoke, PC- pH cycling and CS-PC- exposure to smoke and pH cycling. After that, samples are subjected to X¿Ray Microfluorescence, X¿Ray Fluorescence and surface and cross-sectional microhardness. It was possible to observe a high amount of Cd and Pb and a low amount of Ni and As in dental structure. The enamel surface and cross-section microhardness means of CS was statistically higher than the control group. The samples exposed to pH cycling (PC and CS-PC) showed lower surface microhardness means than the groups not exposed to the cycling (CS and Control), did not differ them. Study 2 evaluated the bond strength of composite resin restorations in teeth submitted or not to exposure to cigarette smoke. The bond strength was be evaluated in both enamel and dentin tissue. A total of 80 bovine dental fragments will be used. The fragments are divided into 8 groups (n=10), according to the type of adhesive (Scotchbond ¿ Multi-Purpose - 3M ESPE; Single Bond 2 - 3M ESPE; Clearfil SE Bond ¿ Kuraray; Single Bond Universal - 3M ESPE) and exposure to smoke (no exposure; exposure for 5 days, using 1 pack per day) previously to restoration with composite resin [Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE)]. After microshear enamel, it has been worn to exposed dentin and the restorative procedure was repeated. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (p <0.05). For enamel, there was no difference in relation to exposure or not to cigarette smoke (p=0.1397), however, there were differences among the adhesive systems (p<0.001). CSEB showed higher values and did not differ from SBU, but both were statistically different from SB. The SBMP showed intermediate values while SB demonstrated lower values. For dentin, specimens subjected to cigarette smoke obtained bond strength values smaller to those not exposed to smoke (p<0.001). For the groups without exposure to cigarett smoke, CSEB showed higher values, differing from SBMP (lower values). SB and SBU showed intermediary values. For the groups with exposure to cigarett, SBU showed higher values differing from adhesives SB and CSEB that showed the lower. The adhesive SBMP showed intermediate value. It is possible to conclude that the exposure to cigarette smoke promoted heavy metal contamination both in surface and in depth, the smoke exposure increased the enamel microhardness without promoting an effect on the development of caries in vitro and the exposure of the tooth structure to cigarette smoke influence on the bonding strength of some adhesive on dentin, but not in enamel / Mestrado / Dentística / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

The aim of this work was to investigate the properties of bonded ballistic materialsBalistic composites are mainly glued to reduce weight while keeping their protective properties. On this basis, the materials used were ballistic steel, ceramics, rubber kevlar, non-gummed kevlar, Dyneema and fiberglass. For bonding used were a one-component adhesive Collano 36.104 and two-component adhesive Biresin U1305. The strength of the joint was measured in shear at tensile loads. From these results, deformation energy was further calculated.